No description available.

This thesis is primarily concerned with the question of personality in international law. In order to assessp ersonality the vehicles of the Palestinian situation and representation of Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip are used. Therefore at points in the study each dominates in order to further the overall thesis. The study looks beyond the jaded constitutive/declaratory debate regarding recognition and personality and examines recent state practice, which sheds further light on the issue. A flexible approach to personality is taken and it is asserted that the best description of the process of recognition and achievement of status for both emerging states and representative groups is that an entity's status can be variable: variable in an evolutionary sense, in relation to the range of responses which the international community may have and also in relation to status on the international stage. Thus an entity may operate with different degrees of status at any one point in time depending on with whom and what circumstances are in question. This theory is then examined in relation to the Palestinian situation. The progression of the Palestinian Liberation Organisation and the Palestinian Authority on the world stage is investigated through, inter alia, their relationships with other states and international organisations. The variability theory asserted above appears to be borne out in the Palestinian context which leads on to questions of what broader implications this may have for other areas of international law. Two subject areas are then discussed in relation to the implications of the theory of variable personality. First, the concept of responsibility which has traditionally been adopted in relation to states rather than other entities on the international stage. Second, the protection of the rights of those placed under the jurisdiction of an entity with variable levels of personality, noting that this is also an issue which is generally dealt with at a state level. In each examination the Palestinian situation is drawn upon to provide concrete examples of the possible problems which may arise for other areas of international law due to the theory of variable personality. Examples of ways in which those issues could be reconciled are also considered. Lastly, both subject areas provide further important conclusions in relation to the assertion that personality may be variable.

No description available.

El objetivo de la tesis es estudiar en términos del ruido de fase, el diseño de osciladores de microondas sintetizados. La tesis realiza una revisión tecnológica de los componentes habitualmente empleados, en términos de ruido de fase, estableciendo las prestaciones y limitaciones de los subsistemas, analizando e incorporando las no alinealidades al método de diseño.Asimismo se realiza una caracterización experimental consistente en la medida del ruido de fase de los subsistemas y en la propuesta de un método innovador para la medida de la función de transferencia del pll. La tesis establece a partir de un catalogo de medidas, los criterios de diseño a seguir para la optimización de un oscilador sintetizado a frecuencias de microondas.

This essay takes a look at Israel's security policy and the definition of threat as a major factor in building up the security policies. This essay brings up also the problems of having a realist way of acting towards a more constructivist problem, as it is in this case. To understand better the constructivist context an analysis of Israel's security policy and a research of its roots are made as well as how Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), Hamas and Hezbollah are seen as threats to the Israeli state security. The aim is to look at the problem and at the basis of the foundation of both the organizations and Israel. From there, the conclusion takes its essence. In fact. what come forward are the social structures that created the infrastructures and this phenomenon is the root of the problem and not just the balance of power, which tends to come from a more bipolar problem thinking. This means that this problem might be easier to please with a more constructivist way of thinking and of looking at the problem to be able to think of solving it.

Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Rutin is a flavonoid widely reported in the literature for its antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory, vasoprotective, antithrombogen, among others. However, its low solubility in aqueous media reduces its bioavailability orally and, therefore, transdermal administration proves to be promising. Thus, the present work aimed to obtain, characterize and evaluate an activity and antioxidant activity of a gel. PLO (Pluronic Lecithin Organogel) containing rutin for transdermal administration.The analytical methodology for rutin quantification was developed and validated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Initially it was evaluated as an influence of the concentration of Polaxamer 407, obtained by the extrusion method with the aid of syringes, in front of the centrifugation test. The formulation that remained stable after the test was characterized by partical size determination, in vitro release study, in vitro skin penetration study, in vitro skin adhesion study. Also assessed for stability for 60 days at varying temperatures and at predetermined times, physico-chemical characteristics such as pH, density, viscosity and spreadability, as well as organoleptic characteristics, were evaluated. The antioxidant activity of the formulation was evaluated by the TRAP and TAR methods, comparing it with a positive control, Trolox. The results demonstrate that a formulation with higher concentration of Polaxamer is more stable and that is why it was characterized. The partical size were perfect for dermal administration. The formulation demonstrated controlled release of the drug after 24 hours, being able to permeate as deeper layers of the skin and to be absorbed into the systemic circulation, in addition to good adhesion to the skin surface. During the accelerated stability study, as formulations stored at low temperature, they underwent small variations in density, viscosity and spreadability relative to those stored at room temperature, while the pH remained stable throughout and favorable for application in skin. However, as observed variations were not sufficient to cause visual signs of instability. As for the antioxidant activity, a formulation showed greater activity in relation to the Trolox control and the free rutin, but it was not able to sustain an activity for a longer time, presenting a lower TAR value than Trolox. Thus, a chosen formulation has been shown capable of promoting a permeation of the rutin by transdermal route in a controlled manner, as well as being stable at an ambient temperature and having more significant antioxidant activity than the free rutin, and is therefore promising to administration of rutin by this route. / A rutina é um flavonoide bastante estudado devido principalmente as suas propriedades antioxidantes, anti-inflamatória, vasoprotetora e antitrombogência. No entanto, sua baixa solubilidade em meio aquoso reduz sua biodisponibilidade por via oral e, portanto, a administração por via transdérmica pode ser uma alternativa promissora. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo obter, caracterizar e avaliar a estabilidade e a atividade antioxidante de um gel contendo Pluronic Lecithin Organogel (PLO) contendo rutina, para administração pela via transdérmica. A metodologia analítica para quantificação de rutina foi desenvolvida e validada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Inicialmente foi avaliado qual a influência da concentração do Polaxamer 407, obtidos pelo método de extrusão com auxílio de seringas, frente ao teste de centrifugação. A formulação que permaneceu estável após o teste foi caracterizada através da determinação do tamanho de partícula, estudo de liberação, penetração cutânea e adesão à pele, todos in vitro. Foi também avaliada a estabilidade do produto durante 60 dias em variadas temperaturas em tempos pré-determinados, além das análises físico-químicas, como pH, densidade, viscosidade e espalhabilidade, bem como características organolépticas. A atividade antioxidante da formulação foi determinada pelos métodos TRAP e TAR, em comparação com um controle positivo, o Trolox. Os resultados demonstraram que a formulação contendo maior concentração de Polaxamer é mais estável e por isso esta foi caracterizada. O tamanho de partícula encontrado foi 4,33 μm e o sistema se mostrou homogêneo, ideal para administração cutânea. A formulação demonstrou liberação controlada do fármaco após 24 horas, sendo capaz de permear as camadas mais profundas da pele e ser absorvida para circulação sistêmica, além de boa adesão à superfície da pele. Durante o estudo de estabilidade acelerada, as formulações armazenadas em baixa e alta temperatura, sofreram pequenas variações na densidade, na viscosidade e na espalhabilidade, em relação àquelas armazenadas a temperatura ambiente, enquanto que o pH se manteve estável durante todo o tempo e favorável à sua aplicação na pele. Além disso, as variações observadas não foram suficientes para provocar alterações visuais de instabilidade. Quanto à atividade antioxidante, a formulação demonstrou maior atividade em relação ao controle Trolox e à rutina livre, porém de forma não duradoura, apresentando valor de TAR menor que o Trolox. Sendo assim, a formulação escolhida, demonstrou-se capaz de promover a permeação da rutina por via transdérmica de forma controlada, bem como estabilidade a temperatura ambiente e com atividade antioxidante significativa, sendo considerada então promissora a administração da rutina por esta via. / São Cristóvão, SE

列建國迄今四十五年以來，甚至更早以前，巴勒 直是中東和平未能達成 之關鍵之一，而中東的戰略地 _和平與世界和平息息相關。因此為著世界 和平，巴勒 o妥善的解決。巴勒斯坦問題除了直接關係猶太人及巴 鴷□ 撉□唭B國家而言都休戚相關。本文旨在自巴勒斯 □-巴解--的立場出發 ，將其外交政策之轉折做為研究 珓炯e穿整個決策過程。首先本文對巴勒 斯坦問題之源 齱A其中並闡述當今之巴勒斯坦問題與巴人建國權利問 C而 巴解正是領導巴人爭取建國權利的組織。本文接著 峖芋B發展、及其內部 結構做一描述。巴解在一九六四 |年獲得阿拉伯國家承認其為巴人唯一合 法代表，其由 ㄗt組成，因派系間缺乏共識，因此組織本身的生存為 e之 先決問題，加上巴解並無固定據點，又無固定財政 坌O其組織分裂性之外 的一大特徵。在此種特性下，巴 甈F策，實則為當時所處內外環境情勢之 反映。本文先 鴾皒悁菑@九六四年以來對外政策的發展做一回顧，次 筍 □衧偶g緯，找出八０年代之中，巴解在外交政策上 禸銵C同時並自國際 環境、國內環境及決策機器本身等 @改變之原因。另外再進一步探討目前 情勢中可能使巴 o生變化的因素。本文雖擇題為研究巴解外交政策於八 M 實則藉對此轉變關鍵之探討，發現巴解所處內外環境 颩y跡為本文另一重 點。而預測巴解未來外交政策之可 筒Z問題之解決提出建議方案，則是本 文希望做出的貢獻。

I mer enn hundre år har konflikten mellom jøder og arabere pågått med nestenuforminsket styrke. Krig og terrorisme har preget denne regionen mer enn noe annetog dette har ført til enorme lidelser på begge sider av konflikten. Til tross for dette bledet satt i gang hemmelige fredsforhandlinger mellom PLO og Israel høsten 1992.Forhandlingene førte frem til en fredsavtale og til etableringen av en palestinskselvstyremyndighet på Vestbredden. I 1994 kunne Yasser Arafat, formann i PLO, etter46 år i landflyktighet igjen sette fot på palestinsk jord. Til tross for en tilsynelatendegod vilje fra begge partene sin side, har 8 år med selvstyre for palestinerne ikke førtdem nærmere en løsning på konflikten med Israel. Denne studien vil belyse årsakenetil at det fortsatt hersker tilnærmet krigstilstand mellom partene og at veien til fredsynes lenger enn på mange år. / For more than a century the conflict between Arabs and Jews over the samepiece of land has been an ongoing issue in International Relations. Severalwars have been fought in the region since 1947 between the Israelis on one sideand several different Arab countries on the other. This paper, however, focuseson the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians living in the occupied areasof the West Bank and Gaza Strip.In 1993, Israel and the Palestinians agreed to mutual recognition and limitedself-rule for the Palestinians in Jericho and Gaza. They also agreed to concludea permanent treaty that would resolve the status of the West Bank and Gazawithin 5 years after the implementation of the Oslo-accord. Today, almost 9years after the signing of ”The Declaration of Principles” in Washington DC,there are more violence in the region than in decades and peace seems furtheraway than it did in September of 1993. Why is that?This article sets out to try to explain the security dilemma that exists betweenthe two identities using an analytical framework that allows us to determinewhether or not a certain matter is one of security, simply by the fact that it ismade so by one of the actors. Barry Buzans theory that security can refer to anumber of different referent objects such as individuals, groups and states,makes it possible to broaden the traditionalist wiew of just looking at thestate’s security as the only means of analysis.The analytical framework also makes it possible to identify existential threatsin other sectors than the political/military. The article attemts to point out thedifferent issues that requires securitizing actions by the actors within 5different sectors. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP 00-02

This thesis aims to analyze Islamic rhetoric of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and its underlying objectives and reasons by examining policies, speeches and declarations of the PLO, Fateh and Yasser Arafat. It is widely accepted that the PLO functiones according to secular rules / perceives Israel, Palestine and the Israeli-Palestinian question on Palestinian nationalist and Third worldist grounds. However in spite of its secular functioning and goals, the PLO since its inception has referred to Islamic rhetoric on natinal struggle of Palestine&rsquo / s liberation. Henceforth it is argued that the PLO has chosen a pragmatist and instrumentalist language in referring to Islamic symbols and discourses. Islamic rhetoric of the PLO has aimed primarily to mobilize the Palestinians for national goals and to legitimize the PLO against rising power of political Islam headed by Hamas. Furthermore the thesis also demonstrates that the PLO&rsquo / s Islamic rhetoric was affected by Palestinian society&rsquo / s shift along Islamic lines and Islamic component of Palestinian nationalism and culture. The PLO seemed to intensify its resort to Islamic rhetoric with every crisis that decreased the PLO&rsquo / s authority and power. It is concluded that content of the PLO&rsquo / s pragmatic Islamic rhetoric was never related with making Islam as normative and legal basis of Palestinian society, rather it was related with mobilization and legitimating.

The following thesis examines the identity-based implications of the disengagement from the West Bank, the Madrid Conference, the Oslo Accords, and the Peace Treaty with Israel on Palestinian identity in Jordan. The paper analyzes various sub-groups of Palestinian-Jordanians and their relationships with Jordanian and Palestinian identities; it then discusses the way in which Jordan’s narrative has been projected onto and internalized differently by its Transjordanian and Palestinian-Jordanian citizens. As the Jordanian government’s position shifted from “Jordan is Palestine” to “Jordan is Jordan and Palestine is Palestine,” this thesis exposes the tension inherent in hybridized Palestinian-Jordanian identities that developed in the absence of the possibility of return to Palestine over subsequent generations.