Hälsa i arbetslivet är ett prioriterat område i politiken och återfinns i målområde fyra som är kopplat till det svenska folkhälsomålet. På senare år har hälsa i arbetslivet uppmärksammats eftersom den arbetsrelaterade ohälsan har ökat, vilket har resulterat i sjuktal som skjuter i höjden med ökande kostnader som följd. Människor spenderar stor del av sin livstid i arbetslivet och för att bibehålla en god hälsa genom livets alla skeden är goda arbetsförhållandena en förutsättning för att människor ska må bra. En viktig del i det hälsofrämjande arbetet i arbetslivet handlar om ledarskap, vilket påverkar människors hälsa i stor utsträckning. Tidigare studier visar att ledarskap har stor betydelse för människors hälsa och därför har denna studie genomförts. Syftet med studien är att undersöka chefers upplevelse av ledarskapets betydelse för medarbetarnas hälsa. En kvalitativ metodansats har används för att besvara studiens syfte. Fem chefer inom den privata sektorn har deltagit vid individuella semistrukturerade intervjuer. Det empiriska materialet har analyserats genom en manifest innehållsanalys. Resultatet visar att cheferna anser att ledarskap har stor betydelse för medarbetarnas hälsa. En utmaning som framkommit i studien är att cheferna uttrycker en frustration över bristande resurser och prioritering från företagsledning, vilket försvårar för cheferna att bedriva ett hälsofrämjande ledarskap. / Work related health is a priority area in national policy, being the fourth public national health target area which is connected to the Swedish public health goal. In recent years work related health has been highlighted due to that work related illness has increased, with the result of increased morbidity and with increasing costs as a result. People spend a whole lot of their lifetime at work, to keep a good health through all stages in life it is important that working conditions are good. Health promoting leadership is important at work, and affects people greatly. Previous research show that leadership affects people’s health and this is the reason why the study was conducted. The aim of this study was to examine the managers’ perception of the importance of leadership for employee health. A qualitative method was used to answer the purpose of the study. In this study five mangers in the private sector has participated in individual semi-structured interviews. The empirical material was analyzed by a manifest content analysis. The result show that leadership is important for the employees’ health. A challenge for managers in this study is a frustration over the lack of resources and priority from upper management.

Le concept d’Hôpital Promoteur de Santé (HPS) a pris beaucoup d’importance depuis son élaboration vers la fin des années quatre-vingt. Dans le contexte de la dernière réforme, le réseau montréalais des HPS et CSSS a été créé. Le Centre Universitaire de Santé McGill (CUSM) fait partie de ce réseau depuis 2007. Cette étude vise la création d’un milieu hospitalier promoteur de la santé pour les patients et s’adresse à l’expérience d’un repas pour les personnes âgées nécessitant une diète purée. Une étude de cas qualitative a été utilisée pour explorer la perception de patients vis-à-vis les aspects relatifs à leur cabaret, l’assistance qu’ils recevaient et le contexte social de leur repas. Les impressions des professionnels de la santé quant à l’expérience des patients ont aussi été obtenues. Les résultats indiquent que l’identification difficile des aliments en purée, la saveur, l’apparence et la variété sont tous des éléments qui affectent négativement leur expérience repas. Des sentiments d’impuissance ont aussi été rapportés par les patients et les professionnels de la santé. Le contexte social du repas a été souligné comme étant un aspect à cibler pour améliorer l’expérience des patients. Un programme utilisant des purées formées pourrait contrecarrer les effets négatifs de la prescription d’une diète purée. Des changements dans les pratiques infirmières, à savoir la création d’une ambiance sociale agréable au moment des repas, semble être une option peu couteuse qui pourrait améliorer l’expérience repas des patients et diminuer les sentiments d’impuissance relevés par les professionnels de la santé à l’égard de cet aspect de soin. / The Health Promoting Hospital (HPH) concept has gained much momentum since its development in Europe in the late nineteen eighties. The Montreal network of HPH was created in 2005, within the context of the last reform. The McGill University Health Center (MUHC) is a part of this network since 2007. This study focuses on the creation of a health promoting hospital setting for patients and addresses the mealtime experience of older hospitalized patients requiring a puree diet. A qualitative case study design was used to explore patients’ perceptions of aspects of their puree meal tray, assistance provided by staff and the social context in which the meal was taken. Health professionals’ view of the patients’ experience were also obtained. Results indicate that the difficult identification of food items, flavour, appearance and variety were all important factors negatively affecting the mealtime experience. Feelings of loss of control were also reported by patients and staff. The social context in which the meal was taken was highlighted as an area which could be targeted to improve mealtimes. A program using formed puree food items could help lessen the negative impact of the prescription of a puree diet. Changes in nursing practices regarding the creation of a pleasant social atmosphere were identified as an inexpensive option to improve the mealtime experience for patients and decrease feelings of lack of control for staff in this aspect of care.

En 2006, un hôpital universitaire de la région de Montréal a décidé d’implanter le projet « Hôpital Promoteur de Santé » dans un contexte où les conditions de travail des infirmières étaient particulièrement difficiles. Une étude de cas a été menée dans le CHU, afin de mieux comprendre le contexte interne d’implantation du sous-projet ‘milieu de travail promoteur de santé’. Des entrevues ont été menées auprès de 7 acteurs-clés du niveau stratégique et 18 infirmières-chefs pour examiner leurs perceptions relativement à l’implantation du projet HPS, et plus particulièrement d’un ‘milieu de travail promoteur de santé’ pour les infirmières. Un questionnaire a aussi été administré par entrevue à quatre acteurs-clés stratégiques du CHU afin d’évaluer la compatibilité des pratiques organisationnelles avec les critères d’une des dimensions du projet HPS, le milieu de travail promoteur de santé. Les résultats montrent des similitudes et des différences parmi les perceptions des acteurs stratégiques au sujet du contexte interne d’implantation. Les similitudes portent sur l’utilité, la compatibilité du sous-projet ‘milieu de travail promoteur de santé’ avec les valeurs de l’organisation, la nécessité d’une implantation graduelle ainsi que sur l’existence d’obstacles à l’implantation. Les différences ont mené à cinq discours d'acteurs stratégiques aux niveaux d’engagement différents, en fonction de facteurs d'intelligibilité (i.e. compréhension du concept HPS, rôle perçu dans l'implantation, stratégie d'implantation, vision des implications du concept HPS). Les résultats révèlent aussi que toutes les infirmières-chefs perçoivent l’utilité et la compatibilité du sous-projet ‘milieu de travail promoteur de santé’ avec les valeurs, normes, stratégies et buts organisationnels, ainsi que les mêmes obstacles à son implantation perçus par les acteurs stratégiques. Ils montrent aussi l’existence de deux groupes différents chez les infirmières-chefs quant aux stratégies proposées et utilisées pour implanter un ‘milieu de travail promoteur de santé’. Ainsi, les stratégies des infirmières-chefs du groupe 1 peuvent être assimilées à celles de leaders transactionnels, tandis que les infirmières-chefs du groupe 2 peuvent être assimilées à celles de leaders transformationnels. Finalement, les résultats de l’analyse des données du questionnaire indiquent divers niveaux de compatibilité des pratiques de l’hôpital par rapport aux critères d’un ‘milieu de travail promoteur de santé’. Ainsi, la compatibilité est élevée pour les critères portant sur l'organisation apprenante et performante, les stratégies pour un milieu de travail sain et sécuritaire, les activités liées à la promotion de saines habitudes de vie ainsi que les modifications de l'environnement physique et social. Cependant, elle est faible pour les critères portant sur la politique de promotion de la santé et la participation des infirmières. Notre étude a souligné l’importance de l’état de préparation d’une organisation de santé à l’implantation d’une innovation, un concept peu étudié dans les études sur l’implantation efficace d’innovations dans les services de santé, plus particulièrement du projet HPS. Nos résultats ont également mis en évidence l’importance, pour un hôpital souhaitant implanter un milieu de travail promoteur de santé, de former son personnel et ses gestionnaires au sujet du projet HPS, de disposer d’un plan de communication efficace, et de réaliser un état des lieux préalablement à l’implantation. / In 2006, a University Hospital in Montreal decided to implement the "Health Promoting Hospital" project in a context where nurses’ working conditions were particularly difficult. A case study was conducted at the University Hospital in order to better understand the internal context of implementation of the subproject ‘health promoting workplace'. Interviews were conducted with 7 strategic stakeholders and 18 head nurses to examine their perceptions about the implementation of the HPH project, and particularly of a ‘health promoting workplace’ for nurses. A questionnaire was administered by interview to four key strategic stakeholders of the hospital to assess the compatibility of organizational practices with the standards and criteria of one dimension of the HPH project i.e. the health promoting workplace. The results show similarities and differences among strategic stakeholders’ perceptions about the internal context of implementation. The similarities are on utility, compatibility of the subproject ‘health promoting workplace’ with the organizational values, the need for a gradual implementation, as well as obstacles to its implementation. Differences have lead to five discourses from strategic actors with different levels of commitment. These levels depend on factors of intelligibility (i.e. understanding of the HPH concept, perceived role in the implementation, implementation strategies, vision of implications of the HPH concept). The results also reveal that all head nurses perceive the usefulness and compatibility of the subproject ‘health promoting workplace' with the organizational values, norms, strategies and goals, as well as the same obstacles to its implementation perceived by the strategic stakeholders. They also show two groups of head nurses differing on proposed and used strategies to implement a ‘health promoting workplace’. The strategies of group 1 can be compared to those of transactional leaders, while those of group 2 can be compared to transformational leaders. Finally, results from the questionnaire show various levels of compatibility between hospital practices and the criteria of a health promoting workplace. Compatibility is high on the criteria for organizational learning and efficiency, health and safety strategies, activities related to health promoting lifestyles, and changes in the physical and social environment. However, it is low for the criteria on health promotion policy and nurses’ participation. Our study has shown the importance of organizational readiness to implement an innovation, a concept hardly considered in the studies about the implementation efficacy of innovations in health services, and particularly the HPH project. Our results also highlighted the importance for a hospital wishing to implement a ‘health promoting workplace’, to train its staff and managers about the HPH project, to have an effective communication plan, and to achieve an organizational diagnostic prior to implementation.

Thesis "Health Education in School Books and Educational Reality at Primary School" deals with the realization of Health Education at primary school. Theoretical part of diploma paper results from the content of Health Education in curricular documents, further there is stated up-to-date legislation which regulates this topic. Furthermore the most frequent school books with Health Education are described in this thesis. Practical part of the diploma paper includes the assessment of teachers' attitude on primary schools towards this topic. Thesis evaluates real use of school books by teachers in their effort to achieve the main objectives of Health Education. Further it analyses selected school books of general science considering the health support and protection. In conclusion the results of research work are sumarized in this thesis with the intention to reveal the curent situation in the application of school books and other school materials in the process of realization of Health Education in chosen schools.

The post-apartheid government of 1994 is a product of the ‘Age of Rights’. Statemaking processes and the exercise of state powers is managed by the rule of law based on a constitution. Constitutionally recognised rights, and rights protection institutions, animate a transition from a legacy of Black political exclusion and underdevelopment. Intensifying class stratification and inequality constrain Black’s formal realisation of citizenship rights, placing great pressure on creative interpretation of constitutionally legitimated claims. My thesis examines the rights discourse informing the Constitution, particularly issues about the realisation of social and economic rights. I examine the unfolding of discourses on the right to housing between 1994 to 2008, to illustrate of the complexity of the discourse. Episodic housing protests suggest significant degrees of alienation, marginalisation, and disappointment with expectations of citizenship and the non-realisation of social and economic rights. Housing rights is an issue that will affect the democratic consolidation and political stability prospects of the new political order. I examine the interface between macro-economic policies, budgets, and the realisation of housing rights, and assess the impact of an identifiable configuration of forces expected to play important roles in realising a rights culture and broadening the discourse. My study draws on a spectrum of qualitative, interpretive, and analysis of discourse approaches, using data from: published articles, annual reports and archives, speeches, court proceedings and statements, interviews with persons whose scope of activities impact the unfolding of the concerned rights, namely, representatives of government departments, private sector developers, financing institutions, and civil society formations. My main findings are that few actors in the configuration support the view that the Constitution should be changed to make explicit the state’s obligations on the realisation of social and economic rights. Nevertheless, there are isolated cases of people expressing an absolute entitlement sense of rights --- the state should deliver when demands are made. My conclusions are that considerable political unrest about non-realisation of these rights will persist, but will not cause a collapse of the post-1994 political institutions and processes. More likely, political actors, legal scholars and jurists, will persistently engage the prevailing rights discourse and the variety of institutions acting towards their realisation, without effecting drastic changes to these, but always invoking positions about how they still are suited for a post-apartheid transformation project yet need critical interrogation and improvisation.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo, a partir do referencial teórico e metodológico da Análise do discurso e da Psicanálise, correlacionar o papel social da televisão ao funcionamento subjetivo. Para isso enfoca um dos discursos que é mais predominante na televisão: a publicidade de autopromoção. Quando a televisão brasileira surgiu ela promovia um imaginário nacional/nacionalista, evidenciado no presente texto através da análise discursiva do Hino da Televisão, executado na inauguração da TV Tupi em 1950. Análise que partiu de um paralelo entre a função ideológica do nacionalismo e a função do estádio do espelho e, consequentemente da dimensão imaginária do Eu para a constituição dos sujeitos. Atualmente, o imaginário globalizado/globalizante promovido pela televisão nacional está marcado pela trajetória do poder hegemônico da emissora que é a metáfora desse ideário: a Rede Globo. A partir de uma revisão bibliográfica fez-se o histórico do percurso que levou a Rede Globo a ser uma das principais beneficiárias do projeto de integração nacional promovido pela Ditadura Militar; bem como o desenvolvimento das pesquisas de opinião/audiência pela emissora, que impulsionaram a pesquisa de mercado e a publicidade nacionais. O trabalho propõe uma análise discursiva da publicidade de autopromoção da Rede Globo a partir dos seguintes slogans institucionais da emissora: Globo e você, tudo a ver (1991-1997), Um caso de amor com o Brasil (1998), Um caso de amor com você (1998), A gente se vê por aqui (2001-2011) e A gente se liga em você (2011-atual). Desde o início, e nos mais diferentes momentos históricos, a propaganda de autopromoção buscou propagandear as emissoras (e, por consequência, a própria televisão) como representantes do Brasil, como espelho no qual o Brasil pode (ou deveria) se reconhecer. No caso dos dois slogans utilizados durante o ano de 1998 pela Rede Globo, busca-se estabelecer uma relação tanto metafórica, quanto metonímica, entre você (telespectador) e Brasil. A análise proposta busca evidenciar o que isso pode significar para a economia psíquica do sujeito, uma vez que a metáfora e a metonímia, tal como as entende a psicanálise lacaniana, são os mecanismos pelos quais o desejo inconsciente funciona. Por fim, aprofunda-se a análise do slogan Globo, A gente se vê por aqui, propondo que esse slogan foi usado ao longo de uma década inteira porque conseguiu condensar no mesmo enunciado, por um lado, a forma como se dá a interpelação ideológica no âmbito específico de espetáculo; e por outro, a fantasia na qual os sujeitos colocam a si mesmo em sua própria transparência, vendo-se e mostrando-se uns aos outros através do espelho do espetáculo, e que fundamenta a ligação libidinal dos sujeitos nessas sociedades. O aqui, de A gente se vê por aqui visa apagar a diferença entre estar aqui e aí, como se Globo e você pudessem estar no mesmo plano. Tornando-se o semblante que ocupa o lugar do Outro nas sociedades do espetáculo, a televisão busca estratégias que (imaginariamente) eliminem a distância do sujeito em relação ao Outro, reforçando a ilusão de autonomia dos sujeitos. / The present study aims to correlate the social role of television with the subjective functioning, based on theoretical and methodological background of Discourses Analysis and Psychoanalysis. For this purpose, this work focuses on one of the most prevailing discourses in television: self-promotion advertising. When Brazilian television arrived, it used to promote a nationalist imaginary. This is highlighted in this text through discourse analysis of Hino da Televisão, performed on the inauguration of TV Tupi in 1950. Analysis are based on a parallel between nationalism and the mirror stage function and, consequently, the imaginary dimension of the Self on subject constitution. Currently, the globalized/globalizer imaginary promoted by national television is marked by the trajectory of hegemonic power of the station which is a metaphor for this ideology: Rede Globo. A historical path was traced from a review of literature, showing how Rede Globo became one of the main beneficiaries of the national integration project promoted by the military dictatorship and how the stations audience and opinion polls propelled market research and national advertising. This study proposes a discursive analysis of self-promotion advertising of Rede Globo, based on the stations institutional slogans: Globo e você, tudo a ver (Globo and you, everything in common; 1991-1997), Um caso de amor com o Brasil (A love affair with Brazil; 1998), Um caso de amor com você (A love affair with you; 1998), A gente se vê por aqui (We meet up here; 2001-2011), A gente se liga em você (We are linked to you; 2011-present). Since its beginning and in different moments in history, self-promotion advertising and, consequently, television itself intended to show the stations as Brazils representatives, as a mirror in which Brazil could (or should) recognize itself. In both slogans Rede Globo used in 1998, they intend to establish a metaphorical and metonymical relationship between you (viewer) and Brazil. The proposed analysis aims to evince what it may imply to psychical economy of the subject, once metaphor and metonymy (as lacanian psychoanalysis understands them) are the mechanisms through which the unconscious desire works. Lastly, going further on the analysis of the slogan A gente se vê por aqui (We meet up here), the study suggests it was used for a whole decade because it could condense two aspects in the same wording. On the one hand, the way ideological interpellation comes about in the specific scope of spectacle. On the other hand, the fantasy in which subjects put themselves in their own transparency (seeing and showing themselves to each other through the spectacle mirror) and that underlies libidinal bounding of subjects in these societies. The here in We see each other here intends to erase the difference of being here and there, as if Globo and you could be in the same plan. Television seeks strategies to (imaginarily) eliminate the distance of the subject in relation to the Other, becoming the face that fills the place of the Other in societies of the spectacle, thus reinforcing the illusion of subjects autonomy.

Der vorliegenden Arbeit liegt die Fragestellung zugrunde, welche Auswirkungen von der einzelbetrieblichen Investitionsförderung (EIF) unter verschiedenen agrarpolitischen Rahmenbedingungen zu erwarten sind. Neben dem Einfluß der EIF auf den Agrarstrukturwandel werden dabei die Transfereffizienz und der Beitrag zur volkswirtschaftlichen Wohlfahrt untersucht. Die methodischen Grundlagen bilden neben einer deskriptiven Analyse des Arbeits- und Kapitalmarktes, des polnischen Agrarkreditprogrammes und desgleichen der Untersuchungsregion der Wojewodschaft Torun, die klassischen Instrumente der Investitionsanalyse. Darüber hinaus wurde ein einzelbetrieblich fundiertes, auf rekursiv-linearer Programmierung basierendes Regionalmodell, vom Typ eines 'independent farm models' erstellt. Die daraus generierten Daten werden mit einer erweiterten Nutzen-Kosten-Analyse verrechnet. Für die Modellrechnungen wurden die beiden Szenarien 'Fortführung der derzeitigen Agrarpolitik' und 'Übergang zur Agenda 2000' mit jeweils zwei Unterszenarien: 'mit EIF' und 'ohne EIF', ausgewählt. Mit Hilfe der erweiterten Nutzen-Kosten-Analyse konnte gezeigt werden, daß die EIF - abweichend von der neoklassischen Sichtweise - bei den vorliegenden Ungleichgewichten am Arbeits- und Kapitalmarkt eine positive Wohlfahrtswirkung ausüben kann. Diese ist dann zu erwarten, wenn der Gewinnanstieg der Betriebe durch die Investitionen, die ohne die EIF nicht zustande gekommen wären, zusammen mit den zusätzlichen Lohnzahlungen und zusätzlichen Pachteinnahmen die aufgewendeten Zinssubventionen übersteigt. Die Modellrechnungen weisen durch die Kapitalsubventionierung einen Anstieg der Investitionstätigkeit vorwiegend für Neubauten und Erweiterungsinvestitionen aus. Die geförderten Betriebe können ihr Einkommen z.T. deutlich steigern. Durch die Investitionsförderung wird in dem betrachteten Zeitraum weder die generationswechsel- noch die liquiditätsbedingte Betriebsaufgabe wesentlich beeinflußt. In beiden Szenarien verringert sich durch die Förderung die Insolvenzrate der Betriebe, die auch ohne die EIF investiert hätten. Betriebe, die durch die EIF ihr Investitionsvolumen ausweiten können, sind in den Folgejahren einer etwas höheren Insolvenzrate ausgesetzt. Im Zuge des Generationswechsels scheiden fast ausschließlich die kleinen Familienbetriebe aus der Produktion aus. Deren Opportunitätskosten der Weiterbewirtschaftung sind auch bei dem unterstellten höheren Erzeugerpreisniveau im Szenario 2 ("Übergang zur Agenda 2000") nicht gedeckt. Die Simulationen weisen für den Betrachtungszeitraum ebenfalls nur einen sehr geringen Einfluß der EIF auf die durchschnittliche Flächenausstattung der Betriebe aus. Es treten sowohl Betriebstypen auf, deren Flächenwachstum durch die Förderung beschleunigt wird, als auch Betriebstypen, die im Unterszenario 'mit EIF' weniger Flächen hinzunehmen können. Letzteres gilt speziell für überdurchschnittlich gut wirtschaftende Betriebe, die auch ohne die EIF investieren und Flächen aufstocken können. Werden durch die Zinssubventionierung schwächeren Betrieben Investitionen ermöglicht - und dadurch deren Konkurrenzkraft um landwirtschaftliche Flächen gestärkt - können die besser geführten Betriebe z.T. weniger Flächen hinzunehmen. Bei dem vergleichsweise niedrigen Erzeugerpreisniveau im Szenario 1 ('Fortführung der derzeitigen Agrarpolitik') wird der Pachtpreis durch die EIF weder im Niveau noch im Verlauf spürbar beeinflußt. Im Szenario 2 dagegen steigt durch die EIF, bedingt durch umfangreichere Investitionen in der bodengebundenen Produktion, die Zahlungsbereitschaft für landwirtschaftliche Flächen. Den Modellrechnungen zufolge nimmt durch die Investitionsförderung der tatsächliche Arbeitseinsatz zu; es werden aber kaum zusätzliche Fremdarbeitskräfte beschäftigt. Dies geht auf den sowohl in den bäuerlichen Betrieben als auch in den ehemals staatlichen Betrieben sehr hohen Arbeitskräftebesatz zurück. Die EIF leistet daher im wesentlichen einen Beitrag zur Verringerung der versteckten, nicht aber der offenen Arbeitslosigkeit. Im Szenario 1 werden durch die EIF, bedingt durch die geringen Produktpreise, primär überdurchschnittlich gut wirtschaftende Betriebe begünstigt. Im Szenario 2 ('Übergang zur Agenda 2000') dagegen können zwar diese Betriebe nach wie vor höhere Gewinne erzielen, eine weitere Differenzierung zwischen den überdurchschnittlich und den unterdurchschnittlich gut geführten Betrieben erfolgt allerdings nicht. In beiden Szenarien übt die EIF eine positive Wohlfahrtswirkung aus. Gleichfalls ist bei den meisten Betrieben die Transfereffizienz größer als eins. Als wesentliche Ursache für den positiven Wohlfahrtsbeitrag erwiesen sich die Unvollkommenheiten des Kapitalmarktes; insbesondere die Vergabe von zumeist nicht fristenkongruenten Darlehen ist hier von Bedeutung. Die EIF kann in dieser Situation die Finanzierung betriebswirtschaftlich rentabler Investitionen erleichtern und dazu beitragen, daß Betriebe trotz der Bedienung nicht fristenkongruenter Darlehen solvent bleiben. In den Schlußfolgerungen wird die EIF als ein politisches Instrument ausgewiesen, das, sofern man in den Strukturwandel eingreifen und die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der Betriebe stärken möchte, vorübergehend durchaus geeignet sein kann. Als eine unabdingbare Voraussetzung ist die Kopplung mit einem Instrument nötig, das die Freisetzung von Flächen fördert, die konsequente Selektion entwicklungsfähiger Betriebe und die verstärkte Förderung von zusätzlichen Arbeitsplätzen in den außerlandwirtschaftlichen Sektoren. / The PhD thesis presented here is based on the question of which consequences can be expected from (single farm) investment promoting measures (EIF) regarding different agricultural policies. In addition to the influence of the EIF on the agricultural structural change, its transfer efficiency and contribution to the welfare of the national economy will be examined. The methodical fundamentals are, in addition to a descriptive analysis of the employment and capital markets the Polish agricultural credit program and the area of investigation, the Wojewodschaft Torun, the classical instruments for the investment analysis. Moreover, a single-farm based type of "independent farm model" has been created along the lines of a recursive-linear programmed regional model. The data generated from that will be used for calculations in an extended cost-benefit analysis. In the simulations, both scenarios "Continuation of the Present Agrarian Policies" and "Transition to the Agenda 2000? with respectively 2 sub-scenarios: "with EIF" and "without EIF" have been chosen. With the help of the extended cost-benefit analysis, it is possible to show that EIF, differing from the neo-classical viewpoint - is able to exercise a positive welfare effect with existing imbalances in the employment and capital markets. This can be expected when the profit increase of the farms through investments that would not have been achieved without the EIF together with the additional payments of wages and additional leasing income exceeds the expended interest subsidies. The calculations reveal through capital subsidies an increase in the investment activity, mainly for new buildings and expansion investments. The majority of the promoted farms can clearly increase their income. The investment promotion during the observed period of time has no essential influence on the closing down of farms neither through the generation change nor through reasons of liquidity. In both scenarios, the insolvency rate of the farms that would have invested even without the EIF is reduced through the promotion. Farms that are able to expand their investment volume, will receive a somewhat higher insolvency rate in the years that follow. In the course of the generation change, it is almost only the small family farms that close down. Their opportunity costs for the continuation of running the business are not covered even by the assumed higher product price level in scenario 2 ("Transition to the Agenda 2000"). The simulations reveal only a very slight influence of the EIF on the average amount of worked farmland of the farms in the period of observation. Types of farms appear whose area growth is accelerated by the promotion, while others can acquire even fewer areas in the sub-scenario ?with EIF?. The latter is especially true in the case of well-managed superior farms, that could invest and stock up on areas even without the EIF. If weaker farms are enabled to invest through the interest subsidies - and therefore strengthened in their competitive capacity for agricultural areas - then the better managed farms can in part acquire less areas. With the comparatively low product price level in scenario 1 ("Continuation of the Present Agrarian Policies") the leasing price is not perceptively influenced through the EIF neither in the level nor over the course of time. Contrarily in scenario 2, through more extensive investments in land related production, the EIF causes leasing prices to increase. According to the calculations, the actual work required increases through the investment promoting; hardly any additional outside work capacities are employed. This is a result of the existing extremely high amount of work capacities in the family farms as well as in the former state-owned farms. The EIF delivers therefore an contribution towards the reduction of hidden, but not of open unemployment. Through the EIF in scenario 1, primarily superior well-managed farms will profit, as a result of the low product prices. In scenario 2 ("Transition to the Agenda 2000") however, the better farms can achieve higher profits as previously, a further differentiation between the superior and inferior well managed farms does not result. In both scenarios, the EIF has a positive welfare effect. Likewise, in most farms the transfer efficiency is greater than one. The imperfection of the capital market has proved itself to be an essential cause for the positive welfare contribution; especially the awarding of mostly non time period congruent loans is meaningful here. The EIF can simplify the financing of profitable investments and contribute toward the farms retaining their solvency in spite of the use of non time period congruent loans. In conclusion, the EIF is revealed as a political instrument, that is certainly temporarily suitable, provided that one wants to take hand in the structural change and wants to strengthen the competitive ability of the farms. An indispensable requirement for this, is the coupling with an instrument that encourages the leasing out of farmland, the consequent selection of farms capable of development and the strengthened promotion of additional jobs in the non-agricultural sectors.

Der Einfluss der Rhizosphärenbakterien Bacillus subtilis FZB 24, FZB 37, FZB 42, Bacillus pumilus RK 13 und Streptomyces graminofaciens und des Algenpräparates Goemar Fruton Spezial® (Ascophyllum nodosum) auf Wachstum, Ertrag und Toleranz gegenüber Fusarium spp. bei Spargel wurde untersucht. Es wurden mehrjährige Parzellenfeldversuche und Modellversuche unter kontrollierten Bedingungen mit natürlich Fusarium spp. belasteten Böden und mit speziellen Fusarium Erregern inokulierten Substraten durchgeführt. Die Analyse des verwendeten Nachbaubodens ergab eine wesentlich höhere Kontamination mit Fusarium spp. (56%) in Relation zum Fruchtfolgeboden (14%). F. oxysporum war die dominante Fusariumart. Desweiteren wurde eine ganze Reihe anderer Arten, wie z.B. F. acuminatum, F. culmorum, F. proliferatum und F. culmorum bestimmt, was die Komplexität der Wurzel- und Stängelfäuleerkrankung belegt. Analog zu diesem Ergebnis konnten im Vergleich zur Fruchtfolgevariante von den in dem Nachbauboden kultivierten Spargelpflanzen signifikant mehr Fusarium spp. (80%) isoliert werden. Das Wurzelwachstum war hier extrem reduziert. Unter diesen konduktiven Bedingungen gelang es durch Rhizombakterisierung (107 cfu/ml) mit B. subtilis FZB 42, eine signifikante Förderung des Wurzelwachstums relativ zur unbehandelten Kontrolle und zur B. subtilis FZB 37 Variante zu erzielen. In Pathogenitätstests konnten F. culmorum, F. oxysporum und F. proliferatum als bedeutende Spargelpathogene mit signifikant reduzierter Trieb- und Wurzelmasse nachgewiesen werden, während F. acuminatum nur geringe Symptome verursachte. Eine bakterielle Saatgutbeizung (108 cfu/ml) und zusätzliche präinfektionelle Gießapplikation (107 cfu/ml) konnte eine Infektion mit F. oxysporum f.sp. asparagi nicht verhindern. Dennoch waren die negativen Effekte im Vergleich mit der nicht bakterisierten Kontrolle in den B. subtilis Varianten FZB 24 und vor allem bei FZB 42 deutlich kompensiert. Diese Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass eine Resistenz- bzw. Toleranzinduktion ein potentieller Wirkmechanismus der Bakterien ist. In den Feldversuchen erbrachte eine Bakterisierung einjähriger Rhizome (107 cfu/ml) zur Pflanzung und ergänzende Gießbehandlungen (108 cfu/ml/1l/m) in den folgenden 2 Jahren eine tendenzielle Reduzierung der Trieblänge und des Triebdurchmessers, insbesondere in Kombination mit dem Algenpräparat. Einen eindeutigen Einfluss auf das Sortierungsergebnis konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. Im Gegensatz hierzu resultierte eine Saatgutbakterisierung mit B. subtilis FZB 24 in einem generell geförderten Triebwachstum und einer signifikant gesteigerten Wurzelentwicklung. Auch die anderen Mikroorganismen erbrachten eine tendenzielle Wuchsförderung. Es konnte eine gesicherte Korrelation zwischen Wurzelmasse und Knospenanzahl ermittelt werden. Blattapplikationen mit Goemar Fruton Spezial® während der Hauptvegetationsphase hatten keinen Einfluss auf das Pflanzenwachstum. / The effects of the rhizobacteria Bacillus subtilis, Strain FZB 24, FZB 37and FZB 42, Bacillus pumilus RK 13, Streptomyces graminofaciens N6 and the alga Ascophyllum nodosum (Goemar Fruton Spezial®) on plant growth, yield and Fusarium spp. tolerance of Asparagus officinalis (L.) were investigated. The trials were carried out under field conditions over sev-eral years by sawing and planting and as pot trials in the greenhouse and climate chamber with soil naturally infested with Fusarium spp. and with steamed substrates inoculated with particularly Fusarium species. Asparagus replant soil was considerable higher infested with Fusarium spp. (56 %) than fresh soil without asparagus history (14 %). F. oxysporum was the most determined Fusarium species followed by F. redolens, F. acuminatum, F. culmorum, F. proliferatum, F. solani a.o.. That indicates the complex character of root and crown rot of asparagus. From asparagus plants cultivated in replant soil a significant higher rate of Fusarium isolations (80 %) could be worked out compared to the fresh soil treatment. The root growth in the contaminated soil was extremely reduced. In these conductive situation bacterial treatments with B. subtilis FZB 42 done as rhizom soaking (107cfu/ml) resulted in significantly increased root growth up to 32, 9 % related to the non treated control. B. subtilis FZB 37 was ineffective. F. oxysporum, F. culmorum and F. proliferatum showed a high pathogenicity to asparagus seedlings, manifested in significantly reduced fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots, while F. acuminatum caused only slight symptoms. None of the tested microorganisms applicated as seed coating (108 cfu/ml) and substrate drenching before pathogen inoculation (107 cfu/ml) could prevent seedlings from being infected by F. oxysporum f. sp. asparagi. The negative effects of infection are significantly compensated by Bacillus subtilis FZB 42 and FZB 24. The results support the conclusion, that induced tolerance is a potential mechanism of bacterial mode of action. Under field conditions rhizom bacterization of one year old asparagus plants (107 cfu/ml) before planting and additional soil drenching (108 cfu/ml/1,5l/m) during the following two years reduced shoot length, shoot diameter and yield, especially in combination with Goemar Fruton Spezial®. There was no remarkable influence on spear quality. Seed coating with B. subtilis FZB 24 (108 cfu/ml) and a soil drenching (108 cfu/ml/1l/m) in summer however re-sulted in higher shoots and significantly increased fresh weight and dry substance of roots. But also the other tested microorganisms showed a plant growth promoting trend. There was a significant positive correlation between root fresh weight and number of buds. By spraying the phylloclads four times during the main vegetation season the alga application only gave a slight improvement of plant growth in the field trials.

Realiza-se um estudo teórico com o objetivo de identificar categorias centrais na promoção da saúde na escola, expressas na concepção de Escola Promotora de Saúde, examinando sua potencialidade em contribuir na construção de um conhecimento-emancipação, no contexto da educação fundamental no Brasil. Utiliza-se como metodologia a análise de conteúdo de uma comunicação conjunta de organismos internacionais, entre eles a Organização Mundial de Saúde, em defesa da implantação de políticas nacionais de promoção da saúde na escola. Emergem no estudo quatro categorias, identificadas em função de sua freqüência e centralidade na defesa da proposição: a efetividade da promoção da saúde na escola, reciprocidade e sinergismo entre saúde e educação, a relevância dos riscos para a saúde de crianças e adolescentes, saúde na escola como estratégia para a promoção da equidade. Essas categorias são exploradas com o apoio de conceitos, experiências e propostas documentadas, tomando-se como eixo estruturante da análise a noção de conhecimento-emancipação apresentada por Boaventura de Souza Santos. Conclui-se que a concepção original do campo da saúde na escola atravessou um século, apesar dos questionamentos profundos do modelo e de seus pressupostos. O movimento da promoção da saúde traz novas dimensões para a questão, mas também vive formas de colonização com as quais a Escola Promotora de Saúde tende a alinhar-se em função do instituído nas tradições desse campo. Avalia-se, entretanto, que a concepção de promoção da saúde apresenta-se como um referencial expressivo da transição paradigmática, oferecendo oportunidades para a construção de um conhecimento-emancipação na medida em que busque alinhar-se com tendências contra-hegemônicas no campo da saúde pública, da educação e da saúde na escola. / A theoretical study is made with the objective of identifying central categories of health promotion in schools, present in the proposal of Health Promoting Schools. The potential contribution of this conception to the construction of an emancipation-knowledge is examined, in the context of fundamental education in Brazil. The methodology is a content analysis of a joint communication of international organisms, among them the World Health Organization, in behalf of the implementation of national policies for health promotion in schools. Four categories emerged, identified due to their frequency and centrality in the advocacy of the proposition: the effectivity of health promotion in schools, reciprocity and synergism between health and education, the relevance of health risks for children and adolescents, school health as an strategy for equity promotion. These categories are explored with support of documented concepts, experiences and proposals, taking the emancipation-knowledge notion presented by Boaventura de Souza Santos as a theoretical reference. The conclusion points out that the original conception of school health survived the XXth century, despite profound questioning of the model and its premises. The health promotion movement brings new dimensions to the question. But this movement also goes through colonization tendencies, with which the Health Promoting School tends to align due to its own traditions. The study reveals health promotion as an expressive referential of paradigmatic transition, thus offering opportunities for the construction of emancipation knowledge in the school health field, depending on the search for counter-hegemonic alliances in the public health, educational and school health fields.

A história da educação em saúde na escola passou por várias fases incluindo a fase higienista, quando se atribuía a \"culpa\" pela falta de higiene e saúde, consideradas praticamente como sinônimos e pela fase biologicista, na qual os distúrbios de desenvolvimento dos escolares eram explicados apenas com base em fatores orgânicos e biológicos. A Escola Promotora da Saúde trouxe uma nova visão para a área considerando que o desenvolvimento infantil está ligado também às condições ambientais; de convivência com a família e com a sociedade em geral; de alimentação e nutrição adequadas; às oportunidades de aprendizagem de habilidades; de construção de conhecimentos e de acesso à recreação e às condições de segurança que lhes são oferecidas. O presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar os conhecimentos, percepções e práticas dos professores da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Vargem Grande Paulista sobre os temas Saúde e Educação em Saúde. Para tanto foram selecionadas cinco escolas em cinco diferentes regiões geopolíticas, distribuídas geograficamente de forma a representar todas as regiões da cidade, denominadas \"Escolas-pólo\". Foi realizado em duas fases, utilizando-se em ambas a mesma metodologia: um questionário semi-estruturado, com questões abertas e fechadas e a entrevista grupal denominada grupo focal. Do seu desenvolvimento participaram 20 professores que lecionavam no ensino infantil ou fundamental. Após a realização da 1a fase, de diagnóstico inicial, e a discussão dos resultados com a Secretária da Educação, com as coordenadoras pedagógicas e com os professores organizou-se um processo de Educação Continuada estabelecendo-se uma relação de \"Temas Geradores\" em educação e em saúde. O diagnóstico situacional permitiu o reconhecimento do despreparo dos professores para atuar como agentes de Promoção da Saúde na Escola, e a avaliação permitiu concluir que a Educação Continuada pode atuar como ferramenta poderosa de transformação de pessoas e de seus locais de trabalho. A 2a fase, de avaliação do impacto das ações, foi realizada ao final da Educação Continuada após terem sido abordados todos os temas selecionados, e a análise feita por meio da comparação qualitativa dos resultados das duas fases. / The history of health education at school has undergone several stages, including the hygienist one, when one would “blame" the lack of hygiene and health, considered practically as synonyms, and the biologicist one, in which the developmental problems presented by the students were explained based only on organic and biological factors. The Health Promoting School brought a new vision for the area, by taking into account that the children’s development is also related to environmental conditions, family relationships as well as interactions in the society; food and nutrition conditions, adequate to the opportunities of skills development; conditions for building up knowledge and having access to recreation and also safety conditions which are offered them. This study aims at investigating the knowledge, perceptions and practices of the teachers at the Municipal Schools of the city of Vargem Grande Paulista, about the Health and Health Education subjects. In order to carry out this research, we selected five schools located in five different geopolitical areas, in such a way as to represent all regions of the municipality; these schools were denominated “Pole-Schools". The study was performed in two phases, with the same methodology applied to both of them: a semi-structured questionnaire, with open and closed questions, and the group interview denominated focal group. 20 teachers who either taught at the kindergarten or at the elementary school participated in the development of this study. Upon the conclusion of the 1st phase – a preliminary diagnosis, - and the discussion of the results with the Secretariat of Education, the pedagogical coordinators and the teachers, a Continuous Education process was organized, with the elaboration of a list of “Generating Themes" in education and health. The situational diagnosis enabled the awareness of the lack of background of the teachers to act as agents of Health Promotion at School, and the evaluation allowed us to conclude that the Continuous Education may act as a powerful tool for the transformation of the people and their working environment. The 2nd phase, - the evaluation of the impact of the actions, - was carried out at the end of the Continuous Education, after the presentation of all themes selected; the analysis was made by means of a qualitative comparison of the results of both phases.