Etude 1 – Cette étude de validation du CGSQ-21 en langue française a permis d’étudier les propriétés psychométriques d’une échelle évaluant le fardeau chez les parents d’enfants avec Troubles du Spectre de l’Autisme (TSA). Il est retrouvé que le modèle à trois facteurs est le plus adapté à la structure du FCGSQ-21. Le fardeau objectif ainsi que le fardeau subjectif internalisé et externalisé sont retrouvés comme les trois facteurs de cette échelle. L’homogénéité du FCGSQ-21 dans cette étude est excellente avec un alpha de Cronbach à 0,90. Etude 2 – L’objectif est d’étudier le bien-être psychologique des parents ayant un enfant avec un Trouble du Spectre de l’Autisme (TSA) en comparaison avec celui des parents ayant un enfant avec un Syndrome de Down (SD) mais aussi ayant un enfant au développement typique (DT). Il existe des différences significatives au niveau du fardeau perçu par les parents des trois échantillons de cette étude (F (2,56) = 18,34 ; p ≤ 0,001), de l’anxiété et de la dépression (F (2,56) = 5,30 ; p =0,008 ; F (2,56) = 4,72 ; p = 0,013). Il est retrouvé également des différences significatives entre le vécu des parents d’enfants avec TSA et avec SD au niveau de l’ensemble des variables de cette étude, notamment au niveau de la sous-échelle « Coordination Globale des Soins » (M SD = 6,7 ; ET = 1,82, M TSA = 5,24 ; ET = 1,67 ; t = 2,76, p = 0,009). Etude 3 – Dans un premier temps, le modèle transactionnel-intégratif-multifactoriel (TIM) adapté à la situation de parents d’enfants avec TSA a été testé et dans un second temps, des profils de parents ont été mis en lumière en lien avec leur bien-être psychologique face au handicap de leur enfant. La disposition à l’optimisme apparaît être une variable explicative du bien-être psychologique et l’anxiété et la dépression viennent se positionner en variables médiatrices entre la disposition à l’optimisme et la perception du fardeau chez les parents. Trois profils de parents ont été mis en évidence. Un profil de parents (n=63) présente un bien-être altéré. Le 2e profil (n=29), montre des parents avec un bien-être psychologique préservé. Enfin, le 3e profil (n=75) est un profil homogène.Etude 4 – Cette recherche a pour but d’explorer le vécu des parents d’enfants avec TSA selon le genre : mères et pères face au TSA. Les comparaisons de moyennes des pères et des mères aux différents questionnaires montrent un score de satisfaction de la coordination des soins et du soutien respect des soins plus élevé chez les mères. Aussi elles obtiennent un score de coping dyadique délégué (partenaire) et de coping dyadique commun plus élevé que celui des pères. L’analyse qualitative a révélé que les pères et les mères n’occupent pas, le plus souvent, la même place auprès de l’enfant. / Study 1 – This validation study aims to investigate the psychometric properties of the French version of the 21-item Caregiving Strain Questionnaire (FCGSQ-21), which evaluates caregivers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder’s burden. A three-factor model was found to best fit the structure of this scale. Those factors include the objective burden as well as the internalized and externalized subjective burdens. In the present study, the FCGSQ-21’s homogeneity is excellent with a Cronbach’s alpha of .90. Study 2 –This study aims at investigating the psychological well-being of parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) while comparing it to that of parents of children with Down Syndrome (SD) as well as that of parents of typically developing children (DT). Significant differences appear between parents of those different groups for perceived burden (F (2,56) = 18,34 ; p ≤ 0,001), and anxiety and depression (F (2,56) = 5,30 ; p =0,008 ; F (2,56) = 4,72 ; p = 0,013). Other significant differences are observed between parents of children with ASD and SD on all variables in this study, most notably for the sub-scale “Global Coordination of Care” (M SD = 6,7 ; ET = 1,82, M TSA = 5,24 ; ET = 1,67 ; t = 2,76, p = 0,009).Study 3 – First, the transactional integrative and multifactorial Model (TIM) adapted to parents of children with ASD was tested. Then, different profiles of parents linked to their psychological well-being in face of their child’s disorder were highlighted. It appears that dispositional optimism is an explicative variable of psychological well-being and anxiety and depression appear as mediating variables between dispositional optimism and burden perception. Three profiles of parents were highlighted. One profile of parents (n=63) displays reduced psychological well-being. The second profile (n=29) includes parents who maintained high psychological well-being. The last profile (n=75) is homogenous. Study 4 – This study aims to explore how mothers and fathers of children with ASD live with their child’s disorder. The mean comparisons between fathers and mothers highlight a higher care satisfaction, coordination and respect for mothers. Mothers also have a higher delegated dyadic coping (partner) and common dyadic coping than fathers do. The qualitative analysis revealed that fathers and mothers often do not have the same role with their child.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-10-26T12:23:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marla Pereira Martins_.pdf: 1000517 bytes, checksum: 6740f5df3b25df5cfa41ca73f6b68a60 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-26T12:23:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marla Pereira Martins_.pdf: 1000517 bytes, checksum: 6740f5df3b25df5cfa41ca73f6b68a60 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-17 / Nenhuma / O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi avaliar o bem-estar psicológico (BEP) de um grupo de bancários aposentados e verificar a relação do BEP, com o fato de ter feito alguma ação de preparação para a aposentadoria, com o tipo de apoio social e com a importância dada a alguns fatores-chave para o planejamento da aposentadoria. A coleta de dados foi realizada via internet, por meio de um questionário auto-aplicado, sobre dados sociodemográficos, ações de planejamento para a aposentadoria, a Escala de Bem-estar Psicológico, o Questionário Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey e a Escala dos fatores-chave de planejamento para a aposentadoria. Participaram da pesquisa 200 bancários aposentados, sendo 68% homens e 32% mulheres que constituíram carreiras e se aposentaram em uma instituição financeira pública e/ou de economia mista no Rio Grande do Sul. Os dados obtidos foram organizados em dois artigos empíricos. O primeiro apresenta a descrição dos participantes e a relação dos fatores de BEP com as características sociodemográficas do grupo estudado. Os resultados apontaram que a participação em associações e/ou grupo de aposentados, ter um trabalho voluntário e ter um trabalho remunerado na aposentadoria foram às características sociodemográficas que apresentaram relação significativa com BEP. O segundo artigo apresenta a relação entre fatores de BEP, ações de planejamento para a aposentadoria, apoio social e fatores-chave para a preparação para a aposentadoria, buscando identificar quais destes fatores são preditores do BEP. Verificou-se que 32% do BEP pode ser explicado por cinco das variáveis estudadas, estando entre elas: o fator interação social positiva, o fator bem-estar pessoal e social e ter um projeto de vida, participação de cursos e/ou palestras e prática de atividade física. Destaca- se que os resultados dos dois estudos reforçam a importância de se pensar e planejar a fase da aposentadoria para que esta etapa de vida seja usufruída com melhores índices de bem-estar psicológico. / The aim of this research was to evaluate the psychological well-being (BEP) of a group of bank retirees and verify the relation of the BEP and the fact of any preparation action for the retirement done, with the sort of social support and the importance given to some key-factors for the retirement planning. The data collection was performed via internet, through an online self applied questionnaire, about sociodemographic data, planning actions for retirement, the Psychological Well-being Scale, the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey Questionnaire and the Scale of the Key Factors for Retirement Planning. The research participants were 200 bank retirees, 68% men and 32% women who build their career and retired in a public financial institution and/or with mixed economy at the Rio Grande do Sul state. The collected data were organized in two empirical articles. The first one presents the participants description and the relation of the BEP and the sociodemographic characteristics of the studied group. The results pointed that the participation on associations and/or retirees groups, to have a volunteer work and to have a paid work during the retirement were the characteristics who shown significant relation with the BEP. The second article presents the relation between the BEP factors, retirement planning actions, social support and key factors for retirement preparation, aiming to identify which of those factors are BEP predictor`s factors. The findings show that 32% of the bank retirees well-being who participated on this study, can be explained for five of the studied variables, between those: the positive social interaction factor, the personal e social well-being and to have a life project, participation on courses and/or lectures and physical activity practice. Stands out that the results of the two studies reinforce the importance to think and plan the retirement phase so this period of life can be enjoyed with better level of psychological well being.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:38:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PallomaRA.pdf: 1330739 bytes, checksum: 615cfc2c33d75f3140256217535771ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-25 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The elaboration of this thesis aimed at getting to know the structure of the psychological well-being (PWB) at work and analysing the differences in the PWB levels among technical-administrative servants in public and private Institutions of Higher Education (IES) in the municipality of Jo?o Pessoa. Two hundred and thirty-three public and private IES male and female servants of Jo?o Pessoa participated in the research, replying to an instrument composed of questionnaires referring to the elaborated model. Factorial and regression analyses were accomplished in order to test the hypotheses in respect of the proposed model. The results showed that the PWB related with the work is composed of indicators such as affection, vitality, anxiety, depression, satisfaction at work and aspiration for accomplishment and reduction of the self-efficiency. The observed PWB predictors at work were the IES type, presence of children, age and the escape and back-out facing strategy. These predictors possess relationship of moderation among them in the explanation of PWB. On comparing the PWB experienced by the technical-administrative servants, it was observed that those linked to private IES showed higher PWB rates. Furthermore, there are differences among PWB predictors in accordance with the IES type. The applicability of the results of this thesis is wide as regards social interventions in the search of health improvement under a psycho-sociological perspective. Eventually, the thematic of this thesis intends to reinforce the studies on the worker s health, since by knowing what would lead him into a feeling of accomplishment and well-being will result in more chances of promoting him, while creating opportunities of a sounder life for these people in psychological terms / A presente tese foi elaborada tendo em vista os objetivos de conhecer a estrutura do bem-estar psicol?gico (BEP) no trabalho e analisar a presen?a de diferen?as nos n?veis de BEP entre os funcion?rios t?cnico-administrativos das Institui??es de Ensino Superior (IES) p?blicas e privadas do munic?pio de Jo?o Pessoa. Participaram da pesquisa 233 funcion?rios de IES p?blica e privada do munic?pio de Jo?o Pessoa, de ambos os sexos, os quais responderam a um instrumento composto pelos question?rios referentes ao modelo elaborado. Foram realizadas an?lises fatoriais e de regress?o, a fim de testar as hip?teses referentes ao modelo proposto. Os resultados revelaram que o BEP relacionado ao trabalho ? composto por indicadores como afetos, vitalidade, ansiedade, depress?o, satisfa??o no trabalho, aspira??o por realiza??o e redu??o da autoefic?cia. Os preditores do BEP no trabalho verificados foram o tipo de IES, a presen?a de filhos, a idade e a estrat?gia de enfrentamento fuga e esquiva. Estes preditores possuem relacionamento de modera??o entre si na explica??o do BEP. Por meio da compara??o do BEP vivenciado pelos funcion?rios t?cnico-administrativos, observou-se que os vinculados ?s IES privadas apresentam maiores ?ndices de BEP. Al?m disso, existem diferen?as entre preditores para o BEP de acordo com o tipo de IES. A aplicabilidade dos resultados desta tese ? ampla no que diz respeito a interven??es sociais em busca da melhoria da sa?de sob uma perspectiva psicossociol?gica. Enfim, a tem?tica desta tese pretende refor?ar os estudos sobre a sa?de do trabalhador, uma vez que, conhecendo-se o que levaria a um sentimento de realiza??o e bem-estar, h? mais possibilidades de promov?-los, oportunizando ?s pessoas uma vida mais saud?vel em termos ps?quicos

本研究不將個人主義與集體主義視為單一向度的兩極端，而從多向度的觀點，兼顧學者們談論個人取向及集體取向時所涵蓋的正面及負面意義，以釐清個人取向、集體取向與心理健康的複雜關係，並探討那些態度相互補充之後，對心理健康有最正面的影響。 　　本研究以政大、台大、文化、高雄醫學院、台南師範學院等五所大學的學生共454人為樣本，運用自編的個人取向量表、集體取向量表、心理健康量表及馬康二氏社會讚許性量表等研究工具搜集所需資料，再以典型相關分析、多元逐步迴歸分析、淨相關、共變數分析、變異數分析等方法進行統計分析。 　　研究結果發現：個人取向與集體取向不僅只有對立的關係，亦有不排斥而能互補的關係。若將個人取向視為孤立的意義，則與心理健康有負相關，若將個人取向視為獨立自主與自我表達的意義，則與心理健康有正相關。若將集體取向視為他人導向的意義，亦與心理健康有負相關，但若將集體取向視為家族認同與人際和諧的意義，則與心理健康有正相關。當一個人能夠同時具有個人取向和集體取向的優點時，其心理健康程度最佳。 　　本研究建議：將個人取向與集體取向視為多元化的觀點是可行的研究方向。學校教育中宜提供民主的溝通氣氛，提供不同的論點，協助學生澄清自己的價值觀，在溝通過程中尋求共識，促使學生發展出具有自主性又能認同群體的統整式人生觀，以利學生的心理健康。

本研究旨在探討大學生Facebook涉入、社會資本與心理幸福感之間的關連性。本研究比較Facebook涉入是否比傳統的Facebook使用測量（Facebook使用時間、朋友數）對於社會資本、心理幸福感更具預測力。此外，本研究並探討社會資本是否為Facebook涉入、心理幸福感之間的中介變項。本研究以便利取樣抽取臺灣地區十七所大專院校，回收有效問卷數為1135份。本研究採用「Facebook現況調查」、「大學生Facebook涉入量表」、「心理幸福感量表」、以及「社會資本量表」為研究工具。收集的資料以迴歸分析、驗證性因素分析、結構方程式模型進行分析。統計分析結果發現，相較於Facebook使用時間與朋友數，Facebook涉入對於社會資本更具預測力。此外，Facebook涉入對心理幸福感的預測力也遠高於Facebook使用時間與朋友數。結構方程式模型的分析結果顯示，Facebook涉入對心理幸福感以及社會資本都顯著的正向效果；且社會資本的中介效果也達顯著。最後，本研究根據研究發現，對教育輔導實務以及未來研究提出建議。 / The purposes of this study were to investigate the relationships among Facebook involvement (FI), social capital (SC), and psychological well-being (PWB) of college students. This study compared the predictive capacity of FI, Facebook usage time (FUT) and number of Facebook friends (NFF) with regard to SC and PWB. Besides, we also investigated whether SC mediate between FI and PWB. We recruited 1135 university students based on convenient sampling from 17 colleges of Taiwan. Facebook usage survey, Facebook Involvement Scale, Social Capital Scale, and Psychological Well-Being Scale were used as measurements in this study. We analysed the collected data using regression analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and structural equation modeling (SEM). The analytical results showed that the standardized regression coefficients between FI and SC were significantly stronger than those of FUT and NFF. Likewise, the standardized regression coefficients between FI and PWB were also significantly stronger than those of FUT and NFF. These results indicated that FI predicted the psychological consequences of Facebook usage more effectively than FUT and NFF. The results of SEM revealed that FI had positive effect both on SC and PWB. Moreover, SC mediated between FI and PWB significantly. Some recommends for education/guidance practice and future research were given based on research findings.

Based on the theoretical framework provided by Balanced Integration Differentiation (BID) Model (mamoglu, 1998 / 2003) and Self-Determination Theory (SDT) (Deci and Ryan, 1985), this study aimed to explore possible determinants of Turkish employees&amp / #8217 / subjective (i.e., life satisfaction) and psychological well-being. Previous SDT research demonstrated that autonomus causality orientation and perceived autonomy supportiveness of context predicted need satisfaction at work and in turn, employee well-being (e.g., Baard et al., 2004 / Ilardi et al., 1993). BID Model was tested in a work setting for the first time. Different from SDT research, relational aspects both as a form of self orientation and a contextual characteristic (i.e., perceived relatedness supportiveness) were included in this study, along with individuational orientation and perceived autonomy supportiveness dimension, to explore their possible influence on well-being. Three-hundred-eighty-three employees (154 women and 229 men) from various public and private sector organizations participated in the study. Onehundred- ninety-two of them were from public sector organizations, whereas 191 of them were from private sector organizations. Relational and individuational self orientations directly predicted need satisfaction and psychological well-being, whereas relational orientation directly predicted life satisfaction. Need satisfaction also predicted both types of wellbeing. Furthermore, relational orientation predicted both autonomy and relatedness supportiveness of work context and in turn, predicted need satisfaction and well-being in public sector organizations. Furthermore, individuational orientation predicted autonomy supportiveness and relational orientation predicted relatedness supportiveness and in turn, predicted need satisfaction and well-being in private sector organizations. The findings were discussed in terms of relevant literature.

Worldwide. adolescents are at risk of dcvdoping eating disorders since they tire in a process of negot ia( ing important developmental tasks and are thus vulnerable to the internalisation of the thin ideal (Polivy 8: Herman, 2002). Body dissatisfaction, bulimia nnd drive for thinness haw been identified as the primary risk factors related to developing eating disorders (Garner, 2004). Despite the heightened vulnerability during adolescence and societal pressures to be thin. some adolescents are happy with their bodies and arc not body dismtisfied nor have a drive for thinness. Since adolesccnce is associated with negotiating an identity. Berzonsky's (1999) socialcognitive model of identity formation is instrumental in exploring the relationship betn~ccn identity style and factors associated with eating disorders. Furthermore. Berzonsky's (1999) informational identity style (11s) as well as the normative identity style (N IS) are positively correlated LO psychological well-being (PWB) whcreas the diffuse-avoidant identity style (DAIS) is negatively correlated to PWB. Consensus has not been reached with regard to this (Adams et al.. 2001), thus this investigation may provide impomn~ information with regard to the application of identity styles and iii Ryffs (1995) six dimensions of PWB in Suture preventive programmes. This study aimed to investigate thc relalionship between idcnrity styles. the primary eating disorder risk factors, psychological traits associated with eating disorders and the six dimensions of psychological well-being (PWB). Furthermore. it aimed to investigate wllcther the three groups of identity styles diflered significantly in terms of the primary eating disorder risk Faclors, psychological traits associaied with eating disorders and the six dimensions of PWB. Lastly. it aimed to investigate whether different age and race groups of adolescent girls differed significantly in identity style. primary eating disorder risk factors, psychological traits associated \vith eating disorders and PWB. A one-shot cross-sectional survey design was used in which an availability and multicultural sample of adolescent females(n=290) ranging from 13- to 17-year old in grades 9 to 11 attending an English high school in the Gauteng Province was used. They completed the Eating Disorder Inventory3 (EDI-3) (Gamer, 2004). Identity Style Inventory ( E l ) (Berzonsky, 1992). Scales of Psychological Well- Being (SPWB) (Ryff, 1989a). a self-designed biographical qucstiomaire and their b d y Mass Indcx (BMI) was recorded. Significant negative cor~lationsw erc fbund between the dimensions of PWB, eating disorder risk factors and associated psychological traits. Self-acceptance. enviro~unental mastery and positive relations appeared to be key dimensions negatively associated with the prinlary eating disorder risk factors and associated psychological traits. Identity styles did not direr significantly with regard to the primary eating disorder risk factors. however relationships were found between identity styles and some psycl~ologicat traits associated with eating disorders. These included the positive correlalion betwecn the IIS and perfectionism. the negative correlation betwecn the NIS versus personal alienation and interpersonal alienation and the positive correlation between [he DAIS and introceptive delicits. Comparisons between the rhret. identity styles and each of the six dimensions of PWB validarcd that femalc adolescents using an [IS and NIS experience greater levels of P%JB than compared lo their DAIS counterparts. Although age did not impact on the in~plementaliono f identity styles nor the primary eating disorder risk factors and associated psychcllogical traits. the 17-year-old age group experienced greater levels of PWB with regard to autonomy, environmental mastery and personal growth. Furt hcrmore, no significant di fferenccs were found with regard to race, identity styles. the primary eating disorder risk factors and PWB. Black female adolcscents experienced more interpersonal insecurity and maturity fears than the White female adolescents in this study. These findings encourage the development of a regression model identifying protective factors in future research as wcll as constructing an effective preventive programme against eating disorders in female adolescents. / Thesis (M.A. (Clinical Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

This study aims to explore how a gardening project with elderly living in Djuröhemmet, a nursing home outside Stockholm, affected them regarding psychological well-being and their experience of participation during the planning and construction of the memory garden. The gardening project is new in its kind by allowing the residents to influence the design of the garden by sharing the project leader their gardening memories from previous parts of their life and by wishing for specific plants and items.  The method being used was qualitative interviews where we interviewed seven people living in Djuröhemmet who participated in all or parts of the project. The theoretical framework is Molins (2004) definition of participation, but also theories of meaningfulness, social needs and gerotranscendence were applied. The results indicate that the participants did not realize that their involvement during the planning helped developed the garden. Also, they did not feel that their participation during the gardens construction by attending and commenting the work was considered to be participation as they lacked the ability to be physically active. Their view of participation differs from the theoretical definition. Nevertheless, we found several benefits of the garden regarding its impact on psychological well-being.

How does authentic leadership influence subordinate outcomes? It depends on whom you ask. Using Walumbwa, Avolio, Gardner, Wernsing, and Peterson’s (2008) theory-based measure of authentic leadership, this dissertation research advances the authentic leadership literature by: 1) examining relations between managers’ self-reported and subordinates’ ratings of authentic leadership and subordinate outcomes; 2) testing the theoretical proposition that more authentic leaders are inherently more ethical both in the values they subscribe to and in their behavior when compared to less authentic leaders; and 3) examining the mediating mechanisms that account for relations between authentic leadership and subordinate outcomes. Using a field sample of 188 managers and 75 subordinates, results revealed that subordinates and their managers do not see eye to eye in their perceptions of managers’ authentic leadership as the correlation between their ratings was only marginally significant. General support was found for the notion that more authentic leaders subscribe more to self-transcendent values and less to self-enhancement values when compared to less authentic leaders; they also engage in more ethical decision making. Furthermore, results showed that authentic leadership is associated with a broad range of subordinate outcomes, including leader-member exchange, affective organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, and job performance. However, these relations were found only within source. Mediation analyses revealed that subordinates’ trust in their manager partially mediated the relation between subordinate-rated authentic leadership and subordinates’ perceptions of the quality of their relationship with their manager (LMX). Mediation analyses also revealed that subordinates’ trust in their manager and their sense of psychological empowerment each mediated relations between subordinate-rated authentic leadership and subordinates’ affective organizational commitment. In addition, managers’ self-reported empowering leader behavior mediated the relation between managers’ self-rated authentic leadership and their ratings of their subordinates’ organizational citizenship behavior. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Les comparaisons temporelles sont essentielles pour s’évaluer. Plusieurs études se sont intéressées aux conséquences négatives d’être insatisfait à la suite de comparaisons temporelles désavantageuses (c.-à.-d., à la privation relative). Peu d’étude a toutefois examiné l’évolution de ce sentiment d’insatisfaction. Le présent mémoire propose que ressentir différents niveaux d’insatisfaction au fil du temps, soit une trajectoire instable d’insatisfaction, affecte négativement le bien-être psychologique. Trois études expérimentales ont été menées. Les résultats révèlent que percevoir une trajectoire instable d’insatisfaction affecte négativement le bien-être psychologique. Une quatrième étude corrélationnelle a été menée au Kirghizstan afin d’examiner si les perceptions d’insatisfaction et d’instabilité mesurées à fil de l’histoire d’un groupe sont associées au bien-être psychologique lors de changements sociaux. Les résultats suggèrent que percevoir un haut niveau d’instabilité et d’insatisfaction au fil du temps est associé négativement au bien-être. Les implications théoriques et méthodologiques sont discutées. / Temporal comparisons are essential for one’s self evaluation. Several studies have examined the negative consequences of being dissatisfied after unfavorable temporal comparisons (i.e., having a feeling of relative deprivation). However, few studies have examined how changes in relative deprivation affect well-being. The present master’s thesis proposes that feeling different levels of relative deprivation over time (i.e., an unstable trajectory of relative deprivation) negatively affects people’s well-being. Three experimental studies were conducted. Results showed that perceiving an unstable trajectory of relative deprivation negatively affects well-being. A fourth correlational study was conducted in Kyrgyzstan in order to examine whether perceptions of relative deprivation and instability measured retrospectively across a group’s history are associated with people’s well-being in times of social change. Results suggested that perceiving high instability and a high level of relative deprivation over time is negatively associated with well-being. The theoretical and methodological implications are discussed.