Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva relationen mellan smärta och vardagsaktiviteter hos vuxna personer med RA. Frågeställningarna fokuserar på att besvara hur smärta påverkar vardags­aktiviteter samt hur vardagsaktiviteter påverkar smärta hos vuxna personer med RA. Metod: Metoden scoping review har använts för att besvara syftet genom att kartlägga och sammanfatta aktuella artiklar inom området. Resultat: Resultatet av studien är att smärta påverkar vardagsaktiviteter såväl som att vardags­aktiviteter påverkar smärta. Smärta påverkar olika typer av vardagsaktiviteter, men i störst grad sociala aktiviteter och fritidsaktiviteter. Aktiviteter kunde leda till ökad smärta. Personer med RA använde aktiviteter som distraktion från smärta. Olika strategier kunde användas för utfö­rande av aktiviteter trots smärta.  Slutsats: Smärta påverkar mängden och typen av aktiviteter som finns i aktivitetsmönstret hos personer med RA på ett negativt sätt, vilket kan leda till dålig aktivitetsbalans, som i sin tur leder till försämrad hälsa och välbefinnande. Aktiviteter kunde också påverkar smärta negativt, exempelvis utfördes ofta för stor mäng av aktiviteter under symptomfria perioder, vilket ledde till ökad smärta, men även försämrad aktivitetsbalans. Strategier som personerna med RA använde var att utföra aktiviteter som distraktion från och/eller trots smärta. Dessa aktiviteter hade ett personligt värde enligt ValMOs värdedimensioner. / Aim: The aim of the study is to describe the relationship between pain and everyday activities in adults with RA. The two issues focus on answering how pain affect everyday activities and how everyday activities affect pain in adults with RA. Method: The method scoping review, was applied to answer the aim and the issues through charting and summarizing current articles within the subject. Result: The result of the study was that pain affect everyday activities as well as everyday activi­ties affect pain. Pain affect different types of activities, but above all social activities and leisure activities. Activities could lead to increased pain. Different strategies were used to perform activities despite pain. Conslusion: Pain affect the amount and type of activities in the activity pattern in adults with RA in a negative way, which can lead to poor activity balance, which in turn leads to worsened health and wellbeing. Activities could affect pain negatively as well, for example a big amount of activities were performed during symptom free periods, which in turn could lead to both increased pain but also poor activity balance. Strategies that were used were to perform activi­ties as a distraction to and/or despite pain. These activities had a personal value and had a personal value according to the value dimensions of ValMO.

A dor está presente na vida de crianças que passam pelo processo de hospitalização e, embora existam meios para o seu tratamento, muitas continuam vivenciando-a desnecessariamente. O enfermeiro por estar em contato direto com esses pacientes, deve realizar a avaliação e estabelecer tratamentos adequados, compreendendo o fenômeno doloroso em suas múltiplas dimensões, pessoais, culturais e sociais. Diante disso, os objetivos deste estudo são identificar os conhecimentos dos estudantes de enfermagem e dos enfermeiros sobre o manejo da dor pediátrica e os significados atribuídos à dor pediátrica por esses estudantes e enfermeiros à luz do referencial teórico do Social Communication Model of Pain, que explora as características dos pacientes em situações de dor, junto com os indivíduos que os assistem. A abordagem metodológica qualitativa foi adotada e a Análise Temática Híbrida foi utilizada como referencial metodológico. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com seis estudantes da Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo (EEUSP) que estavam realizando o estágio curricular no Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo (HUUSP) nas seguintes áreas: unidade de internação pediátrica, pronto socorro pediátrico e berçário, e com seis enfermeiras egressas dessa Escola, que trabalhavam em instituições nas áreas de neonatologia e pediatria. A análise dos dados permitiu a identificação de três temas e nove sub-temas: Experiência de dor: subjetividade, sentimentos e prejuízos; Avaliação do cuidado: capacitação, conhecimento e escuta; e Conhecimento sobre a dor: conteúdo, interesse pelo tema e busca pelo conhecimento. Os resultados possibilitaram uma compreensão ampliada da experiência dolorosa, revelando questões importantes quanto ao caráter subjetivo e individual da dor, além de destacar as alterações e prejuízos na rotina dos indivíduos que a sentem. Quanto ao cuidado realizado pelos enfermeiros diante da avaliação e do manejo da dor, evidenciou-se a necessidade de oferecer-lhes capacitação, haver comprometimento no manejo da dor da criança e, sobretudo, ouvir seus próprios relatos acerca da experiência dolorosa. Quanto aos conhecimentos relacionados ao ensino do tema, a formação do enfermeiro quanto ao manejo e avaliação da dor pediátrica está relacionada com os conteúdos transmitidos durante o curso de graduação, com a importância atribuída ao tema pelos docentes e pela própria constituição da grade curricular. / Pain is present in the lives of children who go through the hospitalization process and while there are ways to treat it, many of them still living it unnecessarily. Nurses for being directly in contact with these patients, should carry out the assessment and establish appropriate treatments, including the painful phenomenon in its various dimensions, personal, cultural and social. In view of this, the objectives of this study are to identify the knowledge of nursing students and nurses about pediatric pain management and the meanings attributed to pediatric pain for these students and nurses in the light of the theoretical framework of Social Communication Model of Pain, which explores the characteristics of patients in situations of pain, along with individuals who assist them. The qualitative approach was adopted and Hybrid Thematic Analysis was used as a methodological framework. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six nursing students from the School of Nursing, University of Sao Paulo (EEUSP) who were on internship at the University Hospital of the University of Sao Paulo (HUUSP) in the following areas: pediatric inpatient, pediatric emergency and baby nursery and with six egresses of this school who worked at institutions in the areas of neonatology and pediatrics. Data analysis enable the identification of three themes and nine sub-themes: Experience of pain: subjectivity, feelings and prejudices; Care evaluation: training, knowledge and listening; and Knowledge about pain: content, interest in the topic and search for knowledge. The results allowed an expanded understanding of the painful experience revealing important questions about the subjective and individual nature of pain, while also highlighting the changes and losses in the routine of individuals who feel it. Regarding care provided by the nurses on the assessment and management of pain, it highlighted the need to offer them training, of having commitment in the management of pain in children, and especially to hear their own stories about the painful experience. With regard to knowledge related to teaching the subject, the education of nurses regarding the management and assessment of pediatric pain is related with the content broadcast during the undergraduate course, with the importance given to the subject by professors and by the constitution of the curriculum.

Yau, Ching Ying. / Thesis (D.Nurs.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 180-194). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese; appendixes includes Chinese.

A dor lombar crônica inespecífica (DLCI) é uma condição prevalente que gera custos econômicos para os indivíduos e a sociedade. Há consenso na literatura que a DLCI é multifatorial e apesar de as diretrizes clínicas recomendarem que seu manejo seja baseado na orientação de tratamento biopsicossocial, a literatura demonstra que a orientação biomédica ainda é influente entre os profissionais da saúde. Porém, no Brasil, pouco se sabe sobre a orientação de tratamento adotada pelos fisioterapeutas no manejo da DLCI, principalmente no contexto do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e a avaliação das atitudes e crenças desses profissionais permite uma melhor compreensão da orientação de tratamento por eles adotada em sua prática bem como seu possível impacto no manejo da DLCI. Além disso, estudos demonstram que fatores como ambiente de trabalho, educação e idade dos profissionais de saúde são capazes de influenciar as suas crenças e atitudes no manejo da DLCI e conhecê-los pode contribuir para proposição de intervenções mais pontuais junto a esses profissionais. Entretanto, a influência desses fatores ainda não foi bem estabelecida. Assim, a presente dissertação de mestrado foi composta de dois artigos. O primeiro artigo revisou sistematicamente a associação de uma orientação de tratamento no manejo de pacientes com DLCI ao perfil demográfico e profissional de fisioterapeutas. Os resultados de nossa revisão sistemática demonstram moderada evidência sobre a influência do sexo feminino sobre a adoção de uma orientação biopsicossocial e do local de trabalho privado sobre a adoção de uma orientação de tratamento biomédica entre fisioterapeutas no manejo da DLCI. Concluímos, portanto, que fatores demográficos e profissionais são capazes de influenciar a prática profissional adotada pelos fisioterapeutas. O segundo artigo descreveu atitudes e crenças dos fisioterapeutas que atuam pelo SUS em Porto Alegre no manejo de usuários com DLCI e identificou a relação entre suas características demográficas e profissionais e as orientações de tratamento da DLCI. Este estudo foi de base populacional, transversal, sendo utilizado na coleta de um questionário demográfico e profissional e o questionário Pain Attitudes and Beliefs Scale for Physiotherapists (PABS-PT). O segundo estudo contou com 49 fisioterapeutas e os resultados evidenciaram maior concordância com crenças e atitudes relacionadas à orientação biomédica, sendo a pontuação nessa escala 15,5% maior que na comportamental, e uma correlação regular e positiva entre o tempo de formação com a escala comportamental. Concluímos que, diferentemente do que propõem diretrizes internacionais sobre o manejo da DLCI, crenças e atitudes relacionadas à orientação de tratamento biomédica ainda são predominantes entre fisioterapeutas no manejo de usuários com DLCI do SUS em Porto Alegre. / Non-specific chronic low back pain (NCLBP) is a prevalent condition that causes economical costs for individuals and society. There is a common agreement in its literature saying that NCLBP is multifactorial and although the clinical guidelines recommend managing it based on biopsychosocial orientation for treatment, literature shows that this biomedical orientation is still an influence among health professionals. In Brazil, however, little do we know about the orientation of treatment adopted by physiotherapists in managing NCLBP, mainly in Unified Health System context and the evaluation of attitudes and beliefs of these professionals allow a better understanding of treatment orientation by them in their practices as well as their possible impact in NCLBP management. Moreover, studies show that the work environment, education and age of the health professionals are able to influence their beliefs and attitudes in the management of NCLBP and that knowing them can contribute to propose punctual intervention to the health professionals. Nevertheless, the influence of these factors was not well established yet. Thus, the present master’s work was composed of two studies. The first study systematically reviewed the association of a treatment orientation in managing patients of non-specific chronic low back pain to the demographic and professional profile of physiotherapists. The results of our systematic review showed moderate evidence on the influence of women on the adoption of a biopsychosocial orientation for treatment and private workplace on the adoption of a biomedical orientation for treatment of physiotherapists in the management of NCLBP. Therefore, demographic and professional factors can influence professional practice adopted by physiotherapists in the management of NCLBP. The second study described attitudes and beliefs of the physical therapists who work at Unified Health System in Porto Alegre in the management of patients with NCLBP and identified the relationship between their demographic and professional characteristics and orientation for treatment of NCLBP. This study of inhabitants, cross-sectional and the data were collected through a demographic and professional questionnaire and a Pain Attitudes and Beliefs Scales for Physiotherapists (PABS-PT) questionnaire. The second study included 49 physiotherapists and the results showed a bigger agreement to beliefs and attitudes related to biomedical orientation, the score on this scale being 15,5% higher than in behavior and a regular and positive correlation of time training and behavior scale. We conclude that differently from what international guidelines establish about NCLBP management, beliefs and attitudes related to biomedical treatment orientations still are prevalent among physiotherapists in managing patients of NCLBP from Unified Health System in Porto Alegre.

Aim. The overall aims of this study were to develop a tailor-made educational intervention and to examine its effectiveness on short- and longer-term outcomes among Chinese patients with traumatic limb fractures who had undergone surgery. / Background. Fracture limb and undergoing surgery is the common problem after injury. It is the most common source of pain and anxiety and research continues to demonstrate a high prevalence of unrelieved pain in injured patients who have undergone surgery. Patient's belief in pain is the major barrier in pain management. Strategies directed to have appropriate educational interventions are urgently needed to improve patient outcomes for those suffering acute pain after surgery for traumatic limb fracture. / Conclusion. The C-BEI was effective in terms of reducing the pain barrier, providing post-operative pain relief, reducing anxiety, and improving sleep satisfaction in patients with fractured limbs during their first week of hospitalization after surgery. This study has generated evidence supporting the use of a C-BEI in acute pain management. / Method. The study was conducted in the orthopaedic wards of two regional hospitals in Hong Kong and comprised two phases. In phase one, qualitative interviews were conducted with twenty-six Chinese patients who had traumatic limb fractures and were undergoing surgery regarding their experiences of and beliefs about pain management. Ten orthopaedic nurses were also interviewed about their perceived pain management practices and the barriers that prevented better pain control among patients. The findings from these qualitative interviews were used to develop a cognitive behavioural approach educational intervention (C-BEI). C-BEI was used to enhance knowledge of pain, modify their beliefs about pain management and promote positive coping thoughts and behaviour. The C-BEI consisted of two sessions. The first was a 30-minute session comprised a combination of patient education and breathing relaxation exercise and conducted at T0 (1 day before surgery). A 30-minute reinforcement session was conducted at day 7 after surgery (T3). / Results. A total of 125 participants completed the study, with 62 in the experimental group and 63 in the control group. The participants were homogenous in terms of demographic data (P > 0.05) and baseline clinical characteristics (p > 0.05). The short-term outcomes (from T0 to T3) for the participants in the experimental group were a statistically significant with lower pain barrier (p = .003), lower level of pain (p = .003), lower level of anxiety (p < .001), and better sleep satisfaction (p = .001) than the control group. The experimental group had a significantly higher frequency of analgesic use at T2 (p < .001) and better self-efficacy in pain management at T3 (p = .011) than the control group. There were no statistically significant differences in the total length of stay in hospital, although the mean length of stay was shorter in the experimental group than in the control group (8.1 day VS 10.1 days). For longer-term effects, the C-BEI was effective at the post-operative stage in anxiety reduction ( p = .002) and sleep satisfaction improvement (p = .002). There were no statistically significant differences for the VAS pain level, GSE scores, physical health summary component (PCS) and mental health summary component (MCS) of the SF36 between two groups over three months, although the experimental group had better scores in the mental health dimension. Findings of the process evaluation showed that most participants perceived the C-BEI as effective in enhancing their knowledge on pain management and the use of analgesics, and helping them to cope with pain, the could sleep better and regain self-control. / The main study was conducted in phase II which consisted of outcomes and process evaluation. A quasi-experimental design of two groups' pre-test and post-test between subjects was employed for the outcomes evaluation. All participants in the experimental group received the C-BEI and usual care, whereas those in the control group received usual care only. The short-term outcomes were treated as primary outcomes and evaluated in terms of the participants' pain barrier score, pain level (Visual Analogue Pain Scale: VAS, anxiety level (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory:STAI), sleep satisfaction, self-efficacy in pain management (General Self Efficacy Scale: GSE), and frequency of analgesic use. All of which were measured at T0, T1 (day 2), T2 (day 4), and T3 (day 7) after surgery. The total length of stay in hospital of the two groups was also compared. Longer-term outcomes were further evaluated over three months at T4 (1 month) and T5 (3 months), and included the VAS pain level, STAI, sleep satisfaction, GSE and health-related quality of life (SF36).The intention-to-treat method was adopted. The process evaluation involved a qualitative study using telephone interviews. / Wong, Mi Ling, Eliza. / Adviser: Sally Chan. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 71-01, Section: B, page: 0231. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 256-278). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-17T21:32:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaClaudiaMarques.pdf: 1604373 bytes, checksum: 6d412c14b59c35c130125f4b8ee5df76 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T21:32:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaClaudiaMarques.pdf: 1604373 bytes, checksum: 6d412c14b59c35c130125f4b8ee5df76 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA) / Introduction: With the advancement of technological and scientific development, there is an increasing use of invasive and intensive treatment life support of sick newborns, but such assistance can lead to painful stimuli causing suffering to them. The necessary tools for detection of painful suffering are still underestimated, but currently there is a growing interest in the proper management of neonatal pain. Objective: This study aims to assess knowledge and practices of health professionals working in a neonatal unit on newborn pain. Methodology: This is a descriptive and analytical survey with a qualitative exploratory approach held in a referral hospital in neonatal care in a Northeastern capital. Analysis of the interviews was carried out through thematic analysis, which is one of the four types of content analysis. We conducted 36 interviews with professionals who work in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Intermediate Care Unit in direct care of newborns, including physicians, nurses, physiotherapists, speech therapists and occupational therapists. Results: The data showed that the interviewed professionals recognize that neonatal pain has been historically neglected and now scientific evidence shows their existence. Thus the explanations and interpretations attributed by professionals show some aspects whose categories are objects of analysis in this study: The pain exists, leaves sequels and marks and traumatizes; Expressions of pain are perceived, but not enough; Pain was and still is very neglected. From the reports, we identified lack of information during academic formation handicapping the application of knowledge in practice. This is evident both in perception and professional intervention. Conclusion: The results obtained in this study demonstrated that professionals working in the Neonatal Unit have knowledge on newborn pain, despite certain limitations, and many of them perceive its signals. Thus, the challenge is not understanding and perception of pain, but acting on it. / Introdução: Com o avanço do desenvolvimento tecnológico e científico, observa-se o emprego crescente de tratamentos invasivos e intensivos para manter a vida dos recém-nascidos enfermos, porém essa assistência pode gerar estímulos dolorosos causando sofrimento para os mesmos. Os instrumentos necessários à detecção deste sofrimento doloroso são ainda subestimados, mas há atualmente um interesse crescente pelo adequado manejo da dor neonatal. Objetivo: O presente estudo pretende avaliar os conhecimentos e práticas de profissionais de saúde que atuam em uma unidade neonatal sobre a dor do recém-nascido. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva e analítica, com abordagem qualitativa do tipo exploratória, realizada em um hospital de referência em cuidado neonatal de uma capital do Nordeste. A análise das entrevistas deu-se a partir de uma das quatro modalidades da Análise de Conteúdo chamada de análise temática. Foram realizadas 36 entrevistas com profissionais que atuam em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal e em Unidade de Cuidados Intermediários no cuidado direto com o recém-nascido, entre eles: médicos, enfermeiros, fisioterapeutas, fonoaudiólogos e terapeuta ocupacional. Resultados: Os dados evidenciaram que os profissionais entrevistados reconhecem que a dor neonatal foi historicamente negligenciada e que hoje as evidências científicas mostram sua existência. Dessa forma as explicações e interpretações atribuídas pelos profissionais demonstram alguns aspectos cujas categorias são objetos de análise deste estudo: A dor existe, é sequeladora, traumatiza e deixa marcas; As manifestações de dor são percebidas, mas não o suficiente; A dor era muito negligenciada e ainda hoje é. Dos relatos, foi identificada a carência de informação durante a formação fragilizando a aplicação do conhecimento na prática. Isto se evidencia tanto em relação a percepção como também na intervenção profissional. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa demonstraram que os profissionais que trabalham em Unidade Neonatal têm conhecimento sobre a dor no recém-nascido, apesar de certas limitações, e grande parte percebe seus sinais. Desta forma, o grande desafio não é o entendimento e a percepção acerca da dor, mas a atuação diante dela.

Objective: Chronic pain is a common condition worldwide that poses significant impact to society in terms of its health and economic costs. It has been found to be related to a number of emotional and cognitive factors that are amenable to psychological treatments. Traditional cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for chronic pain has become the gold standard of psychological treatment with reported efficacy. However, recent meta-analyses have found its effect size to be only modest at most. Moreover, its specific mechanisms of action are not well elucidated. With recent advances in neuroscience on possible neurocognitive processes underlying chronic pain, alternative treatment models targeting these specific neurocognitive processes are worth exploring. The present study tested the effectiveness of the Four-step Mindfulness-based Therapy (FSMT) for chronic pain in a randomized-controlled trial. The FSMT was chosen because of its explicit emphasis on altering neurocognitive processes that appear to be highly relevant in treating chronic pain. Method: Ninety-nine chronic pain patients in a hospital cluster-based outpatient pain clinic were randomly allocated to either the FSMT treatment or wait-list control group. The FSMT was modified for use with chronic pain and incorporated mindfulness exercises, such as mindful breathing and mindful meditation. Treatment consisted of eight weekly two-hour group sessions conducted by a clinical psychologist experienced in the implementation of the FSMT protocol. Assessment took place at baseline and post-treatment for both the FSMT and wait-list control. For the FSMT, assessment also took place at mid-group and 3-month follow-up. Results: Findings showed that the FSMT produced superior outcomes in terms of activity interference (primary endpoint), pain unpleasantness, and depression when compared to the wait-list control group or over time. Improvements were also found in the process measures of pain catastrophizing and pain acceptance. All treatment effects were maintained at follow-up. Further, the effects have been shown to be clinically significant and reliable above and beyond measurement errors. Mediational analyses revealed that pain catastrophizing and pain acceptance mediated the effects of FSMT on the outcomes of activity interference and depression; pain catastrophizing also mediated the effect of FSMT on the outcome of pain unpleasantness. Conclusions: The present study was the first to establish statistical and clinical evidence of the FSMT for chronic pain. It also revealed possible processes and mechanisms that might have brought about the changes in outcome, namely reduction in pain catastrophizing and improvement in pain acceptance. How the FSMT led to the outcome changes via these two processes was discussed and enriched by neurocognitive perspectives. Future studies should seek to further compare the FSMT with other active psychological treatments for chronic pain and collect neuroimaging data to further illustrate the neurocognitive processes involved. / Wong, Chi Ming. / "October 2009." / Adviser: Freedom Leung. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-01, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 139-175). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Os recém-nascidos internados em unidades neonatais são expostos a inúmeros procedimentos potencialmente dolorosos durante sua hospitalização, e há desconhecimento de tal exposição e das práticas para o manejo da dor, na maioria dos serviços brasileiros de referência neonatal. Este estudo descritivo exploratório foi realizado em três etapas, com os objetivos de avaliar o conhecimento e as práticas dos profissionais de saúde que atuam em unidades neonatais de um hospital estadual do interior paulista quanto à avaliação e ao manejo da dor no recém-nascido (etapa 1), identificar os registros de avaliação da dor e de intervenções farmacológicas e não farmacológicas para o alívio da dor, feitos pelos profissionais em prontuários neonatais nesse hospital (etapa 2) e dimensionar a exposição dos neonatos a procedimentos de dor aguda, durante os primeiros sete dias de internação nessas unidades neonatais (etapa 3). Os 15 médicos, 8 enfermeiras e 34 auxiliares de enfermagem preencheram um questionário contendo dados relacionados ao conhecimento e às práticas de avaliação e manejo da dor neonatal. Na etapa 2, foi feito um estudo retrospectivo em fonte secundária, utilizando dados dos prontuários de 115 recém-nascidos internados nas unidades de cuidados intensivos e intermediários neonatais do hospital, no período de 12 meses. Na etapa 3, foi realizado registro à beira do leito de todos os eventos potencialmente dolorosos a que os recém-nascidos foram submetidos, durante a primeira semana de internação nessas unidades, no período de setembro a dezembro de 2011. Constatou-se que apenas uma auxiliar de enfermagem acredita que o neonato não sente dor. Todas as enfermeiras e a grande maioria dos médicos e auxiliares de enfermagem afirmaram que avaliam a dor no recém-nascido, tendo como parâmetros de avaliação mais frequentes o choro e a mímica facial; os parâmetros fisiológicos, especialmente o aumento da frequência cardíaca, foram os mais mencionados pelos médicos. Nenhum dos profissionais de saúde conhecia escalas para a avaliação de dor no recém-nascido. Entre as medidas não farmacológicas para o alívio da dor neonatal, citadas pelos profissionais de saúde, predominou o uso da glicose com ou sem a sucção não nutritiva, enquanto as medicações mais referidas como adequadas para o alívio da dor neonatal foram o fentanil e o paracetamol. Os registros sobre a avaliação e as intervenções para o alívio da dor neonatal constavam apenas nas prescrições médicas e nos diagnósticos, prescrições e anotações de enfermagem. Os recém-nascidos participantes da etapa 3 foram submetidos a 1.316 procedimentos potencialmente dolorosos, durante a primeira semana de internação; a média foi de 5,9 ± 4,7 procedimentos por dia, variando de 9,4 ± 6,2 no primeiro dia a 3,8 ± 3,2 procedimentos no sétimo dia de internação. Os procedimentos dolorosos mais frequentes foram as punções de calcâneo e venosa. Concluiu-se que há desconhecimento dos profissionais de saúde e sub-registro sobre a avaliação e o manejo adequados da dor aguda no recém- nascido e que os neonatos são submetidos a inúmeros procedimentos potencialmente dolorosos, durante sua hospitalização. Recomenda-se a capacitação profissional e a elaboração de protocolos de cuidado para a avaliação adequada e o tratamento efetivo da dor, nessas unidades neonatais. / The neonates hospitalized in neonates\' unities are exposed to a countless potentially painful procedures during hospitalization and there is no knowledge of this exposure and the practices to handling this pain in most cases of Brazilian neonates referring. This descriptive exploratory study was made in three stages, in purpose to evaluate the knowledge and the practices of the health professionals who work in neonates\' unities of a state hospital in the São Paulo interior that concerns to evaluation and handling of pain in neonates (stage 1), identify the evaluation records of pain and pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions for pain relief done by the professionals in neonates\' records in this hospital (stage 2) and dimensioning the exposure of the neonates to acute pain procedures during the first seven days of hospitalization in these unities (stage 3). The 15 physicians, 8 nurses and 34 nursing assistants filled a questionnaire related to knowledge and practices of evaluation and handling of neonate pain. On stage 2 was made a retrospective study in secondary sources using data from records of 115 hospitalized neonates in intermediary and intensive and care unities in 12 months. On stage 3 was made a record on the bedside of all the potentially painful events that the neonates underwent during the first week of hospitalization from September to December of 2011. When It comes to believing that the neonates don\'t feel any pain, just one nursing assistant believed that. All the nurses and the most part of physicians asserted that they evaluate the pain taking into consideration the weeping and facial expressions; the physiologic parameters, like heart rate increasing, were mentioned specially by the physicians. None of the professionals knew the scale of evaluation of a pain in neonates. Among the mentioned non- pharmacologic procedures, the glucose use with or without non- nutritive suction, while the most mentioned adequate medicine were fentanyl and paracetamol. In the records about evaluation and intervention for pain relief were present only medical prescriptions and in diagnosis, prescriptions and nursing notes. The participating neonates from stage 3 were submitted to 1,316 potentially painful procedures during the first week of hospitalization; the mean was 5.9 ± 4.7 procedures per day, varying from 9.4 ± 6.2 in the first day to 3.8 ± 3.2 procedures in the seventh day of hospitalization. The more frequent painful procedures were calcaneus and venous puncture. We concluded that there is ignorance by the health professionals and under-register about the evaluation and handling of acute pain in neonates and that the neonates are submitted to a countless potentially painful procedures during their hospitalization. We recommend the professional capacitation and elaboration of care protocols for the evaluation and effective treatment of pain in these neonates\' unities.

Adequate pain assessment is a pre-requisite for appropriate pain management. If pain remains untreated in critically ill young children, it can have dramatic short- and long-term consequences on their health and development. Apart from humanitarian reasons, the assessment of pain has been recognised in some parts of the world as the fifth vital sign and thus should be part of standard practice of pain management. The evaluation of pain in preverbal children is, nevertheless, challenging for health professionals, as they cannot rely on self-report when making their assessment. Observational pain instruments have been developed to facilitate this task, but none of these existing instruments are appropriate for the postoperative critically ill young child. The aim of this research was to provide a clinically valid pain instrument for health professionals to use in practice for the evaluation of the pain and the effectiveness of pain treatment in critically ill young children. This thesis presents research that was conducted in three phases to (a) describe pain, (b) develop, and (c) test the pain instrument. Conceptualisation of pain and psychometric theory informed the conceptual framework for this study. An observational design was used in Phase One of the study to define pain behaviour in critically ill infants. Correlational design was used in Phase Two and Three to determine the association between the newly developed pain scale and other pain assessment instruments. Phase One of the study was conducted in the paediatric intensive care units of two tertiary referral hospitals. Eight hundred and three recorded segments were generated from recordings of five critically ill infants, aged between 0 and 9 months, who had undergone major surgery. / Results indicated significant physiological and behavioural changes in response to postoperative pain and when postoperative pain was exacerbated by painful procedures. Using the pain indicators observed in Phase One, in Phase Two the Multidimensional Assessment Pain Scale (MAPS) was developed and tested for reliability and validity in 43 postoperative preverbal children from the same settings. Internal consistency and interrater reliability were moderate and good, respectively. Concurrent and convergent validity was good. In Phase Three, the MAPS' response to analgesics and clinical utility was demonstrated in a convenience sample of 19 postoperative critically ill children aged between 0 and 3 1 months of age at a tertiary referral hospital in Western Australia. Development of a pain instrument is a complex and lengthy process. This study presents the preliminary psychometric properties that support the validity and clinical utility of the Multidimensional Assessment Pain Scale. The MAPS is a promising tool for assessing postoperative pain in critically ill young children, and its clinical validity will be strengthened with further testing and evaluation.

Background: Patients in the emergency department are not always satisfied with the care received and the nursing care in the emergency department is sometimes described as instrumental and non-holistic. Structured quality improvement work and evidence-based practice are needed. Aim: The overall aim was to emphasize general patients in the emergency department to enhance the knowledge on how they perceive the quality of care and how the care could be improved through collaboration with the healthcare professionals. Methods: Four studies, with quantitative and qualitative designs, were conducted in a Swedish emergency department. Two hundred patients answered a questionnaire, after which 22 healthcare professionals comprising five focus groups were interviewed, and finally 200 patients were included in an intervention study. Results: The following five areas for improvement were identified: “information, respect and empathy”, “pain relief”, “nutrition”, “waiting time” and “general atmosphere”. Of these areas, the healthcare professionals prioritized “information, respect and empathy”, “waiting time” and “pain relief” to be highlighted in the quality improvement work. Although goals and suggestions for changes were stated, barriers to quality improvement at different levels in the health care were detected. The results of the intervention study showed that structured nursing assessment of the patients’ abdominal status and nurse-initiated intravenous opioid analgesic could increase frequency of analgesic and reduce time to analgesic in the emergency department. Patients perceived lower pain intensity and improved quality of care in pain management. Conclusions: An uncomplicated nursing intervention, related to pain management, based on the results from a patient questionnaire and interviews with healthcare professionals, can improve the care process and pain management in the emergency department, as well as patients’ perceptions of the quality of care in pain management. To succeed with continuous quality improvement work, barriers to change should be addressed.