SAMMANFATTNING Introduktion: Postoperativ smärta är en naturlig följd av kirurgiska ingrepp, vilket kräver noggrann utvärdering och hantering av sjuksköterskor för att säkerställa optimal smärtlindring. Påtaglig smärtproblematik rapporteras ännu av nyopererade patienter, vilket kan resultera i påtagliga konsekvenser för både individ och samhälle. Patienters perspektiv kan ge kunskap om påverkande omständigheter och öka förståelsen för smärta.  Syfte: Syftet var att belysa patienters upplevelser av postoperativ smärta. Metod: En deskriptiv allmän litteraturöversikt med kvalitativ ansats tillämpades enligt Fribergs metod. Databaser som användes var PubMed och CINAHL. Resultat: Delaktighet och information gav patienten möjlighet att etablera trygga, realistiska förväntningar. Smärta som upplevdes oförutsedd och okontrollerad hämmade patientens återhämtning. Patientens vilja att kommunicera sin smärta påverkades av personalens tillgänglighet, engagemang, kontinuitet och attityder. Etablerade vårdrelationer underlättade kommunikationen. Smärtbedömningen varierade beroende på vilken vårdpersonal som tjänstgjorde. Det fanns blandade känslor för smärtstillande läkemedel relaterat till biverkningar och om medicineringen var tillräcklig. Patienter kompletterade smärtlindringen med icke-farmakologiska strategier där mobilisering, kyla eller värme var återkommande.  Slutsats: Postoperativ smärta kan innebära stor påfrestning för patienter, deras upplevelser är individuella och komplexa som påverkas av såväl yttre som inre omständigheter. Inom sjukvården kan utmaningar som hög arbetsbelastning bidra till otillräckligt informationsflöde och sämre patientupplevelser. Att vara välinformerad, delaktig och få personcentrerad vård med stöd från engagerad personal främjar positiva upplevelser. Genom att förstå och inkludera dessa aspekter i helhetsbilden kan det bidra till förbättrad vård för patienter med postoperativ smärta. Ytterligare forskning uppmuntras för att öka förståelsen för patientens perspektiv.  Nyckelord: omvårdnad, patientupplevelse, postoperativ smärta, påverkan, smärthantering / ABSTRACT Introduction: Postoperative pain is a natural consequence of surgical procedures, requiring careful evaluation and management by nurses to ensure optimal pain relief. Substantial pain issues are still reported by postoperative patients, impacting both the individual and society. The patient’s perspective provides valuable insights into the understanding of pain.  Aim: The aim was to illuminate patients’ experiences of postoperative pain. Method: A descriptive general literature review with a qualitative approach was applied according to Friberg’s method. The databases used were PubMed and CINAHL.  Result: Participation and information allowed the patient to establish safe, realistic expectations. Pain experienced as unexpected and uncontrollable inhibited patients’ recovery. Staff availability, commitment, continuity, and attitudes influenced patients’ willingness to communicate pain. Established care relationships facilitated communication. Pain assessment varied depending on which healthcare staff was on duty. Analgesic side effects and adequate medication received mixed feelings. Patients supplemented pain relief with non-pharmacological strategies like mobilization, cold or heat. Conclusion: Postoperative pain can be stressful for patients, their experiences are individual and complex and are affected by external as well as internal circumstances. Within healthcare challenges such as high workload can contribute to insufficient information and worse patient experiences. Being well-informed, involved and receiving person-centered care with the support of dedicated staff promotes positive experiences. Understanding and including these aspects in the overall picture can contribute to improved care for patients with postoperative pain. Further research is encouraged to increase the understanding of the patient’s perspective. Keywords: care, patient’s experience, postoperative pain, impact, pain management

Bakgrund Att arbeta barncentrerat och behandla smärta hos barn inom hälso- och sjukvården är ett komplext arbete. Barn och vuxna har olika fysiologiska och psykologiska behov vilket ställer krav på sjuksköterskans kompetens och kunskap om barn. Syfte Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt var att sammanställa forskningsresultat för att belysa sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda barn med smärta inom slutenvården. Metod Litteraturöversikten genomfördes som en strukturerad litteraturöversikt med inslag av den metodologi som används vid systematiska översikter. Arbetet skrevs som en integrativ översikt där resultatet syntetiserades till en ny helhet. I artikelsökningarna användes databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. Artiklarna var publicerades 2013-2023 och analyserades enligt Fribergs fyrstegsmodell. Resultat Resultatet sammanställdes i två huvudkategorier; faktorer och resurser samt behov av pediatrisk kompetens med fyra underkategorier; tidsbrist, stödfunktioner, teoretiska kunskaper samt erfarenhet som visar på de faktorer som påverkar sjuksköterskornas upplevelser av att vårda barn med smärta. Slutsats Sjuksköterskornas möjlighet att utföra en god och effektiv smärtvård försvårades av faktorer som tidsbrist, personalresurser, brist på fungerande riktlinjer och otillräcklig utbildning inom pediatrisk vård. Välfungerande riktlinjer och utbildning inom pediatrisk vård förbättrade förutsättningarna att kunna utföra en god smärtvård. Sjuksköterskorna ansåg även att familjerna var en viktig resurs, genom att involvera familjen som expert på sitt barn hade sjuksköterskorna goda förutsättningar att göra en individuell bedömning och ge en god smärtvård. / Background To work child-centered and treat pain in children within healthcare is a complex task. Children and adults have different physiological and psychological needs, which demands competence and knowledge about children from the nurse. Aim The aim of this literature review is to compile research literature to highlight nurses' experiences of caring for children with pain in inpatient care. Method The literature review was conducted as a structured literature review in corporating the methodology used in systematic reviews. The work was written as an integrative review where the results were synthesized into a new whole. In the article searches, the databases CINAHL and PubMed were used. The articles were published between 2013 and 2023 and were analyzed according to Friberg's four-step model. Results The results were compiled into two main categories; factors and resources and the need for pediatric expertise, with four subcategories; time constraints, support functions, theoretical knowledge, and experience, indicating the factors influencing nurses' experiences of caring for children with pain. Conclusions Nurses' ability to provide good and effective pain management was hindered by factors such as time constraints, staffing resources, lack of functional guidelines, and inadequate education in pediatric care. Well-functioning guidelines and education in pediatric care improved the conditions for providing good pain management. Nurses also considered families to be an important resource; by involving the family as experts on their child, nurses had good conditions for making individual assessments and providing good pain management.

Bakgrund: Som grundutbildad sjuksköterska kan du möta barn inom olika verksamheter utanför den typiska barnsjukvården. Venpunktion är en smärtsam procedur och ett vanligt förekommande moment i sjukvården. Smärtan kan lindras och förebyggas med farmakologiska och icke-farmakologiska metoder, exempelvis aktiva och passiva distraktionsmetoder. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att kartlägga effekten av olika distraktionsmetoder för att minska smärta hos barn (6-12 år) vid venpunktion. Metod: En kvantitativ litteraturstudie med sammanställning av 11 interventionsstudier identifierade i PubMed och Cinahl. Resultat: Nio studier visade på statistiskt signifikant smärtlindrande effekt för åtta av elva distraktionsmetoder. Tre av sex studier som undersökte dess effekt på ångest visade på statistiskt signifikant effekt. Två studier presenterade i respektive studie en distraktionsmetod med bättre effekt, en av dessa presenterade att aktiv distraktion gav bättre effekt än passiv distraktion. Konklusion: Distraktionsmetoder kan antas ha både smärtlindrande och ångestdämpande effekt vid venpunktion på barn 6-12 år. Distraktionsmetoder bör vara aktuella att integrera i rutinen för venpunktion på barn inom svensk sjukvård. Det finns dock behov av vidare forskning inom området för att stärka dess evidens. Aspekter som distraktion som tillägg till topikal anestesi, effekt på ångest samt distraktion anpassat till barnets behov och förmågor bör studeras ytterligare. / Background: A registered nurse can meet children in different healthcare departments besides the pediatric department. Phlebotomy is a common painful procedure in healthcare. This pain can be relieved and prevented with pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods, for example, active and passive distraction methods. Aim: The study aimed to collect an overview of the effects of different distraction methods to reduce pain during phlebotomy in children 6-12 years. Methods: A quantitative literature study identified and compared 11 intervention studies collected from PubMed and Cinahl. Results: Nine studies presented a statistically significant pain-relieving effect for eight of the total eleven distraction methods. Three out of six studies presented a statistically significant effect on anxiety. Two studies each presented one distraction method with better effect, one of these presented active distraction to be better than passive. Conclusion: Distraction methods present pain-relieving and anxiety-reducing effects during phlebotomy in children 6-12 years and could therefore be appropriate to integrate into the Swedish phlebotomy routine for children. There is further need for research in the field to strengthen its evidence. Aspects such as distraction in addition to topical anesthesia, the effect on anxiety and distraction based on the child's needs and abilities need further research.

Sammanfattning Bakgrund: Det är fortsatt förekommande med komplikationer relaterat till medelsvår och svår postoperativ smärta. Anestesisjuksköterskan har det samlade omvårdnadsansvaret för patienten perioperativt. En helhetsbedömning av patienten avgör postoperativt smärtlindringsbehov. Den Perioperativa dialogen skapar mening i arbetet och trygghet för patienten. Författarna identifierade avsaknad av riktlinjer vid genomförandet av en individuell helhetsbedömning vid handläggning av postoperativ smärtlindring. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa hur anestesisjuksköterskor planerar, genomför och utvärderar postoperativ smärtlindring i generell anestesi utefter tidsfaserna pre-, intra- och postoperativt samt inverkan av den perioperativa dialogen. Metod: En kvalitativ studie genomfördes med tio semistrukturerade intervjuer. Data analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys med en induktiv ansats. Resultat: I resultatet framkom fyra huvudkategorier med totalt elva underkategorier som berör informanternas handläggning. Preoperativa åtagande - Planeringsprocess Känna ansvar för planering, Skapa vårdrelation, Beakta patientens känslotillstånd. Intraoperativa vårdmoment - Konstant utvärdering av behandling, Anpassa behandling fortlöpande, Självständigt ansvarsområde. Postoperativa förhoppningar - Eftersträva återkoppling, Undvika smärtgenombrott. Perioperativa organisatoriska aspekter - Anpassa utefter arbetsförhållanden, Avsaknad av den Perioperativa dialogen. Slutsats: Handläggningen av postoperativ smärtlindring är ett komplext område vilket kräver beaktning av flera faktorer för ett gott utfall. Den perioperativa dialogen är inte prioriterad. Det saknas konsensus för anestesisjuksköterskans handläggning av postoperativ smärta. Det krävs utveckling och ett utökat samarbete av hela vårdkedjan för att kunna möta den postoperativa smärtproblematiken. / Abstract Background: Complications still occur in connection to moderate and severe postoperative pain. The nurse anaesthetic´s is completely responsible for the patient care perioperative. An overall assessment of the patient all together determine the postoperative need of analgesic. The perioperative dialogue is a method which gives the nurse anaesthetic´s a sense of meaningfulness of the work and creates a perception of safety for the patient. The authors identified the absence of guidelines to make an individual overall assessment when managing postoperative pain. Aim: The aim of the study was to elucidate the nurse anaesthetic´s planning, implement and evaluate postoperative analgesic during total anaesthesia along the time-phases pre-, intra and postoperative and the impact of the perioperative dialogue. Method: A qualitative study was conducted with ten semistructured interviews. A qualitative content analysis was made with an inductive approach. Result: The result is presented in four head categories and eleven sub-categories that illuminate the informants’ experiences. Preoperative undertakings - Feeling responsibility for planning, Create a care-relation, Respect the patients emotional state. Intraoperative steps – Constant evaluation of treatment, Adapt the treatment continuously, Independent responsibility. Postoperative expectations – trying to obtain feedback, Avoid outbreak of pain. Perioperative organizational aspects – Adjustment along work situation, Absence of the perioperative dialogue.    Conclusion: The postoperative pain management is a complex matter that demand consideration of several aspects to achieve a good outcome. The perioperative dialogue is not prioritised. There is a lack of consensus among nurse anaesthetic´s managing postoperative pain. Developing and increasing cooperation along the entire chain of care is necessary to manage the issue of postoperative pain.

Pain is the most prevalent medical problem that elderly persons experience in a long-term care home. Nurses play an essential role in managing their pain. The purpose of this study was to explore nurses’ pain management practices in Ontario long-term care homes facilities. The ultimate aim was to recommend measures for effective pain management in aged people. The setting for this study was a selected long-term care home in Ontario, Canada, a 160-bed nursing home for aged people offering various medical care services. Semi-structured focus group interviews, averaging approximately one hour, were conducted. The population of this study was 45 nurses. The researcher used a purposive sampling method to select a sample of 25 nurses. Open-ended questions were used to explore pain management practices and to find barriers to effective pain management. Qualitative data analysis was used to review the data to identify common issues that recurred, and they were summarised in a narrative form. This study demonstrated the importance of recognising and overcoming barriers to the effective management of pain and reinforcing good practices in long-term care homes. Therefore, improved pain management practices are required to manage pain in a long-term care home effectively. / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing Sciences)

Nursing homes are an essential yet understudied provider of cancer-related care for those with complex health needs. Nine percent of nursing home residents have a cancer diagnosis at admission, and it is estimated that one-third of them experience pain on a daily basis. Although pain management is an essential component of disease treatment, few studies have evaluated analgesic medication use among adults with cancer in this setting. Use of opioids, which are the mainstay of pain management in older adults because of their effectiveness in controlling moderate to severe pain, may be significantly related to coverage by the Medicare Part D prescription drug benefit. However, little is known about Medicare Part D’s effects on opioid use in this patient population. A limited body of evidence also suggests that despite known risks of overdose and respiratory depression in opioid-naïve patients treated with long-acting opioids, use of these agents may be common in nursing homes. This dissertation examined access to appropriate and effective pain-related health care services among US nursing home residents, with a special focus on those with cancer. Objectives of this dissertation were to: 1) estimate the prevalence, and identify resident-level correlates, of pain and receipt of analgesic medications; 2) use a quasi-experimental research design to examine the relationship between implementation of Medicare Part D and changes in the use of fentanyl patches and other opioids; and 3) to estimate the prevalence, and identify resident-level correlates, of naïve initiation of long-acting opioids. Data on residents’ health status from the Resident Assessment Instrument/Minimum Data Set (versions 2.0 and 3.0) were linked with prescription drug transaction data from a nationwide long-term care pharmacy (January 2005–June 2007) and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (January–December 2011). From 2006 to 2007, more than 65% of residents of nursing homes throughout the US with cancer experienced pain (28.3% on a daily basis), among whom 13.5% reported severe pain. More than 17% of these residents who experienced daily pain received no analgesics (95% confidence interval [CI]: 16.0–19.1%), and treatment was negatively associated among those with advanced age, cognitive impairment, feeding tubes, and restraints. These findings coincided with changing patterns in opioid use among residents with cancer, including relatively abrupt 10% and 21% decreases in use of fentanyl patches and other strong opioids, respectively, after the 2006 implementation of Medicare Part D. In the years since Medicare Part D was introduced, some treatment practices in nursing homes have not been concordant with clinical guidelines for pain management among older adults. Among a contemporary population of long-stay nursing home residents with and without cancer, 10.0% (95% CI: 9.4–10.6%) of those who began receiving a long-acting opioid after nursing home admission had not previously received opioid therapy. Odds of naïve initiation of these potent opioids were increased among residents with terminal prognosis, functional impairment, feeding tubes, and cancer. This dissertation provides new evidence on pharmaceutical management of pain and on Medicare Part D’s impact on opioid use in nursing home residents. Results from this dissertation shed light on nursing home residents’ access to pain-related health care services and provide initial directions for targeted efforts to improve the quality of pain treatment in nursing homes.

Introduction. While opioid medications are commonly prescribed for management of neuropathic pain (NP), long-term use has been associated with increased risk for overdose, drug interactions and addiction. New strategies are necessary to better manage chronic pain, thereby reducing need for opioid medications and their associated adverse consequences. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), an over-the-counter supplement, has shown promise in the treatment of psychiatric and addictive disorders. In addition, NAC has shown promise for reducing physiological signs of NP in laboratory rat models, prompting this study. Purpose. The present study was an open-label clinical trial of NAC as an adjuvant to opioid treatment for poorly controlled, chronic NP. It examined whether 1200 mg NAC twice daily for 4 weeks was associated with: lower ratings of patient-reported pain; reductions in PRN opioid medication for breakthrough pain; and improvements in physical and mental health quality of life (QoL). The study also examined whether appraisal of pain impacts response to medication. Method. Participants were N=28 chronic NP patients who consented to study participation. This consisted of 2 baseline assessments, 4 weeks of NAC and 1 post-trial follow-up visit. The majority (N=17) dropped out or were excluded during baseline. Of the remaining participants, N = 11 started the study medication and N=10 completed the study, with daily recordings of pain severity ratings and use of PRN opioid medication. Small sample size limited analyses to qualitative case reviews and effect sizes. Results. Over 90% of participants receiving NAC completed the study. Case review found varied results. While 4 of 10 participants showed decrease in average pain ratings during NAC, estimated effect sizes for the whole sample were small, bordering on negligible (ω² from .003 to .027) as were those for PRN opioids (Partial Eta-Squared=.0003). Effect size for mental health QoL was medium (Cohen's d=.421). Conclusions. With N=10, findings must be interpreted with caution. Nonetheless, the study found some albeit small evidence supporting NAC for improving mental health QoL and pain ratings. Several participants reported improvements in pain and mental health domains while taking NAC. NAC was well tolerated with minimal side effects. Lessons from this study will inform design and implementation of future NAC studies.

The thesis focuses on the history of pain treatment from the beginning of humanity to present days. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the research development, creation of theories and struggling of a man with the pain, an unpleasant sensory perception, without which the mankind would most probably not survive. From the skeletal remains we learn about pain-killing practices among primitive people who were, besides various potions, charms, spells and rituals, able to use even the trepanation techniques. We find that people in ancient times apparently understood the pain caused by traumatic mechanisms but they could not handle the pain caused by some internal disorder. Early findings about the treatment of pain were thus linked to the nature. People used plants with narcotic and analgetic effects e. g. opium, cannabis, mandrake and physical quantities such as pressure, heat, cold or even shocks generated by electric fish. Over the time they improved this knowledge and reached for new findings. This thesis presents also ideas and creation of theories of pain provided by thinkers and scholars across centuries. Works from antiquity had apparently the biggest and the longest lasting influence on pain and medical problematics. From historical sources we read that new discoveries in medicine...

A vacinação constitui-se em uma estratégia eficaz na prevenção de doenças e redução da morbi-mortalidade. No entanto, isso expõe principalmente as crianças a procedimentos dolorosos, que podem acarretar em consequências, imediatas e a longo prazo, relacionadas à resposta de dor. Para minimizar essas consequências, diversas intervenções têm sido investigadas para alívio da dor decorrente da vacinação, entre essas destaca-se a sacarose. Apesar da efetividade comprovada da sacarose para alívio da dor em procedimentos únicos e na vacinação, sabe-se que diversos fatores podem interferir na reatividade à dor, e pouco se sabe sobre o uso repetido da sacarose nas vacinas igualmente repetidas nos primeiros meses de vida. Assim, com os objetivos de examinar os fatores que interferem na reatividade à dor na vacinação dos lactentes entre dois e cinco meses de idade que receberam sacarose, e avaliar e comparar a reatividade à dor na vacinação dos lactentes nessa idade, desenvolvemos um estudo transversal observacional que incluiu 272 lactentes que compareceram à sala de vacina do estudo para receber as vacinas propostas no calendário de vacinação para o estado de São Paulo, no período de outubro de 2014 a maio de 2015, e cujos pais ou responsáveis aceitaram participar da pesquisa, mediante assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Foram excluídos: bebês que não residiam no município de Ribeirão Preto; os com suspeita ou intolerância a frutose; com doença congênita do sistema nervoso; com malformação ou prejuízos neurológicos severos; os que não seguiram o calendário regular de vacinação ou necessitavam de vacinas especiais. Foram coletados os dados de proporção da mímica facial, frequência cardíaca (FC) e choro nas fases basal (90s), pré-injeção (120s), injeção e pós-injeção (180s) e os fatores de exposição relacionados ao nascimento, a mãe e que antecedem o momento da própria vacina. Os dados comportamentais foram obtidos através da observação sistemática, com análise sequencial segundo a segundo. O banco de dados foi estruturado em planilha do Excel e exportado para o software SPSS. Para as análises, considerou-se como desfecho principal a proporção de mímica facial na fase injeção. No modelo de regressão linear não ajustada identificamos que houve influência para as variáveis de exposição: peso atual, número de gestações anteriores, mímica facial na fase basal, e FC na fase basal considerando um p<0,20. Para o modelo de regressão múltipla identificou apenas a influência da mímica facial na fase basal (p=0,001). Como fatores de risco, os testes t student para as variáveis numéricas de distribuição normal e Mann-Whitney para variáveis categóricas ou variáveis numéricas de distribuição não normal, identificamos risco para as variáveis mímica facial foi estatisticamente significante, apenas para as variáveis tipo de aleitamento materno (p=0,048) e FC (p=0,030), mímica facial (p=0,000) e choro (p=0,029). Para a análise de medidas repetidas (ANOVA-RM) identificamos que a proporção de mímica facial foi significativamente maior na administração das três vacinas consecutivas (pneumo + VIP + penta), em comparação com a vacina única (meningocócica), somente na fase pós-injeção (p<0,001). Para as participações repetidas duas ou três vezes do mesmo lactente (n=460), identificamos que a proporção de mímica facial diferiu estatisticamente entre as fases nos quatro grupos de diferentes idades (p>0,05), apresentando maiores valores na fase injeção. Concluímos que, apesar da efetividade da sacarose para alívio da dor, permanecem fatores de risco que interferem na reatividade à dor, principalmente diferenças na mímica facial no pós-injeção quando comparadas vacinas múltiplas e consecutivas (pneumocócica 10 valente, poliomielite injetável, pentavalente) versus vacina única (meningocócica C) / Vaccination is an effective strategy to prevent disease and reduce morbidity and mortality. However, this exposes patients, specially, children to painful procedures, which can lead to immediate and long-term consequences related to the pain response. To minimize these consequences, several interventions have been investigated to relieve pain resulting from vaccination, among which sucrose. Despite the proven effectiveness of sucrose for pain relief in single procedures and vaccination, it is known that several factors may interfere with reactivity to pain, and little is known about the repeated use of sucrose in the equally repeated vaccines in the first months of life. Thus, with the aim of examining the factors that interfere with reactivity to pain in the vaccination of infants between two and five months of age who received sucrose, and to evaluate and compare reactivity to pain in the vaccination of infants at this age, we developed an observational cross-sectional study which included 272 infants who attended the study\'s vaccine room to receive the vaccines proposed in the vaccination schedule for the State of São Paulo, from October 2014 to May 2015, and whose parents or guardians agreed to participate in the study through signed Free and Informed Consent Form. The following were excluded: infants who did not live in the city of Ribeirão Preto; those with suspected or intolerance to fructose; with congenital nervous system disease; with malformation or severe neurological impairment; those who did not follow the regular schedule of vaccination or needed special vaccines. Data were collected on the proportion of facial mimetic, heart rate and crying in the basal (90s), preinjection (120s), injection and post-injection (180s) and exposure factors related to birth and mother. Behavioral data were obtained through systematic observation, with sequential analysis according to each second. The database was structured in Excel spreadsheet and exported to SPSS software. For the analyzes, the main outcome was the proportion of facial mimetics in the injection phase. In the unadjusted linear regression model, we identified that there was influence on the variables of exposure: current weight, number of previous pregnancies, facial mimetic in the basal phase, and heart rate (HR) in baseline, considering a p<0.20. For the multiple regression model, only the influence of facial mimicry on the basal phase (p=0.001) was identified. As risk factors, student t tests for the numerical variables of normal distribution and Mann-Whitney for categorical variables or numerical variables of non-normal distribution, we identified risk for the variables; (p=0.048) and HR (p=0.030), facial mimetic (p=0.000) and crying (p=0.029). For the analysis of repeated measures (ANOVA-RM) we identified that the proportion of facial mimetics was significantly higher in the administration of the three consecutive vaccines (pneumo + VIP + penta), compared to the single (meningococcal vaccine), only in the post-injection phase (p<0.001). For repeated participation two or three times of the same infant (n=460), we identified that the proportion of facial mimicry differed statistically between the phases in the four groups of different ages (p>0.05), presenting higher values in the injection phase. We conclude that despite the effectiveness of sucrose for pain relief, risk factors that interfere with pain reactivity, mainly differences in facial mimicry post-injection when multiple and consecutive vaccines (10-valent pneumococcal, injectable polio, pentavalent) versus single vaccine (meningococcal C)

Toda cirurgia implica em lesão de tecidos, manipulação de estruturas e órgãos, sendo a dor uma conseqüência desse processo, que pode, porém, ser minimizada. O presente estudo tem como objetivos caracterizar o processo de manejo da dor aguda na criança no período pós-operatório a partir dos registros contidos nos seus prontuários, identificar como as enfermeiras cuidam das crianças com dor no período pós-operatório e quais fatores influenciam sua prática. Para tanto, foram analisados, retrospectivamente, os registros sobre dor pós-operatória de 300 prontuários de 280 crianças de 0 a 14 anos submetidas à cirurgia no ano de 2004 em três hospitais de uma cidade do interior do Paraná. Também foram ouvidas, por meio de entrevista, as 15 enfermeiras que trabalhavam nas unidades pediátricas dos três hospitais. A caracterização do manejo da dor a partir dos registros dos prontuários indicou a existência de poucos registros sobre dor pós-operatória realizados por enfermeiras, sendo que a grande maioria deles foi realizada por auxiliares ou técnicos de enfermagem, com alguma variação entre os hospitais pesquisados. Procedeu-se a análise qualitativa dos dados, os quais foram agrupados ao redor de três temas: as experiências de dor e suas repercussões; a atuação da enfermeira no manejo da dor pós-operatória; formação, aquisição e disseminação de conhecimentos sobre dor pediátrica. O estudo mostrou que as enfermeiras avaliam a dor pós-operatória de forma assistemática e, em geral, limitam-se ao controle farmacológico da dor. Realizam o manejo da dor na dependência da conduta e prescrição médicas, utilizando forma limitada as estratégias não-farmacológicas de alívio. Demonstraram interesse em ampliar seus conhecimentos na área e na formação de grupos de dor nas instituições em que trabalham. Consideramos que os resultados do estudo podem provocar a discussão do tema nos hospitais pesquisados e, numa visão otimista, podem contribuir para deflagrar e estimular a implementação da avaliação sistematizada da dor em crianças e adolescentes nesses locais. / ABSTRACT TACLA, T. G. M. Care of children with post-operative pain: Pediatric nurses experiences. 2006. 251p. PhD Dissertation ¾ Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto. Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. All surgical procedures involve tissue lesions, manipulation of structures and organs, causing pain which can be minimized during the process. The objectives of this study are to characterize the process of managing post-operative acute pain in children based on their medical records, to identify how nurses care for children in pain during the post-operative period, and which factors affect their practices. The study evaluated 300 medical records on post-operative pain of 280 children, 0-4 y. o., who underwent surgery in 2004, in 3 hospitals located in a city in the interior of the state of Paraná. An interview with 15 nurses who worked in the Pediatric Ward of these hospitals was also carried out. Characterization of pain management from the medical records revealed that only a few nurses make notes of post-operative pain, and that the majority of the records were made by nursing aides and technicians, with some variations among the researched hospitals. Data were analyzed qualitatively and grouped into three topics: the experiences of pain and its consequences, nurses? performance during post-operative pain management, and pediatric pain knowledge development, acquisition and dissemination. Results from the study showed that nurses evaluate post-operative pain a-systematically, which, in general, is limited to pharmacological pain control. Their management depends on the doctor?s prescription, thus using limited non-pharmacological pain-relief strategies. They show interest in broadening their knowledge in the area and in developing pain groups in their institutions. We believe that the results from this study may generate a discussion on the topic in these hospitals, and, consequently, contribute to the implementation of a systematic evaluation of pain in children and adolescents in these places.