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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
271

Patent pools and competition law : an examination of the enforcement strategies of competition authorities

Fellig, Menachem M. 08 1900 (has links)
In the past decade, we have seen a resurgence of patent pools. These pools have emerged in our high-tech world to overcome a number of transaction costs involved in assembling patents necessary for the creation of new technologies. While patent pools can be pro-competitive; they can also present a number of anti-competitive features, such as sheltering collusion and eliminating competition between rival firms. This has been said to explain the enormous swings in the analytical approach of enforcement agencies with respect to patent pools. The introduction of the Antitrust Guidelines for the Licensing of Intellectual Property by American competition authorities marked an important shift in patent pool enforcement, reflecting the view that intellectual property and competition law are actually complementary, both seeking to enhance innovation as well as competition. Based on these Guidelines, enforcement agencies' identified potential problems and have offered a number of guiding principles and recommendations - in the form of Business Review Letters - to help pooling parties avoid running afoul of competition law. A review of some of these guidelines reveals that following them indiscriminately, without regard to the particular circumstances, can in fact have a negative impact on innovation and industry. Four areas where a clarification and refinement of policy are necessary are highlighted; namely, the essentiality doctrine, pool, independent licensing and grantback clauses. We maintain that guidance from the competition authorities is too rigid, and that a more carefully tailored approach is necessary to achieve an optimal outcome in both competition and innovation. / Au cours de la dernière décennie, nous observons une renaissance de l'institution des communautés de brevets (patent pools), constitués pour surmonter les coûts afférents a la réunion des brevets nécessaires pour la création des nouvelles technologies. Bien que ces communautés de brevets en général favorisent la concurrence, elles peuvent aussi avoir des effets anti-concurrentiels, entre autre, en permettant la collusion et l'élimination de la concurrence entre compagnies rivales. On a dit que ceci explique les étonnantes oscillations dans l'approche analytique qu'ont adoptée les organismes d'application à l'égard des communautés de brevets. L'introduction des Antitrust Guidelines for the Licensing of Intellectual Property par les autorités de la concurrence américaines marque un point tournant dans l'analyse des communautés de brevets, reflétant le fait que les lois de la propriété intellectuelle et celles de la concurrence sont, en réalité, complémentaires en ce qu'elles tendent toutes les deux à améliorer l'innovation et la concurrence. Se basant sur ces lignes directrices, les agences ont identifié les problèmes potentieis et ont offert un certain nombre de directives et de recommandations sous forme de lettres de revue (Business Review Letters) pour aider ceux qui entendent constituer des communautés de brevets à éviter d'enfreindre la Loi. Toutefois, une révision de certaines de ces lignes directrices démontre que, suivies d'une façon inconsiderées, sans égard aux circonstances particulières, elles peuvent avoir un impact négatif sur l'innovation et l'industrie. Quatre sections ont été mises en évidence où les règles doivent être clarifiées et nuancées, à savoir la doctrine de l'essentialité, les droits d'exclusivité, les services indépendants délivrant les licences et les clauses de rétrocession. Nous soutenons que les règles adoptées par les autorités de la concurrence sont trop rigides et qu'une approche plus nuancée est nécessaire pour atteindre un résultat optimal, à la fois pour la concurrence et pour l'innovation. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise en droit, option recherche"
272

Ar išradimų, susijusių su vaistų gamyba, patentinė apsauga nepažeidžia žmogaus teisių į sveikatos priežiūrą? / Whether patents for pharmaceutical inventions infringe on the human right to health?

Povilonis, Zigmantas 19 June 2012 (has links)
Kasmet pasaulyje nuo infekcinių ligų miršta milijonai žmonių. Ironiška, kad dauguma šių ligų yra išgydomos šiuolaikiniais vaistais, tačiau dauguma žmonių neturi priėjimo prie šių vaistų, ypač besivystančiose šalyse. Šią problemą įtakoja daugelis faktorių, tačiau dažnai vaistų prieinamumas būna apribojamas dėl aukštų vaistų kainų, kurios dažnai būna stiprios intelektinės nuosavybės apsaugos pasekmė. Šiame darbe analizuojama vaistų prieinamumo problema intelektinės nuosavybės ir žmogaus teisių kontekste. Ieškoma atsakymo į klausimą, ar išradimų, susijusių su vaistų gamyba, patentinė apsauga, nepažeidžia žmogaus teisių į sveikatos priežiūrą. Ypatingas dėmesys skiriamas Sutarčiai dėl intelektinės nuosavybės teisių prekyboje (TRIPS Sutartis) ir jos daromai įtakai vaistų prieinamumui. Ši sutartis susilaukė didelės kritikos dėl nesugebėjimo išlaikyti pusiausvyros tarp patentinės apsaugos ir vaistų prieinamumo. Išanalizavus problemą, buvo nustatyta, kad egzistuoja paradoksalus ryšys tarp patentų teisės ir vaistų prieinamumo. Patentų teisės suteikiama apsauga veda prie patentuotų vaistų prieinamumo apribojimų dėl išaugusių jų kainų, todėl egzistuoja riba, kurią pasiekus yra tikslinga apriboti išradimų, susijusių su vaistų gamyba, patentinę apsaugą, siekiant užtikrinti vaistų prieinamumą visuomenei. Patento savininko teisės gali būti apribotos pasinaudojant TRIPS Sutartyje įtvirtintomis priemonėmis, tokiomis kaip priverstinis licencijavimas ar lygiagretus importas, o įvykus žmogaus... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Each year millions of people die from infecious diseases. Ironically, mosto f these diseases are curable with modern medicines, but most people don‘t have access to these drugs, especially in developing countries. The are many reasons for the lack of access to medicines, but in many cases the high price of drugs is a barrier to needed medicines and the unaffordable prices are often the result of strong intellectual property protection. This paper analyses the problem of access to medicines in the context of human rights and intellectual property. It tries to answer the question whether patents for pharmaceutical inventions infringe on the human right to health. Particular attention is paid to the Agreement on trade related aspects of intellectual property (TRIPS Agreement) and the impact it has on access to medicines. TRIPS is widely criticized for failing to maintain a balance between patent protection and access to medicines. Previously in many countries patents for pharmaceutical inventions were not allowed or they were limited but after TRIPS everything changed. The Agreement widened the scope of patentability and included pharmaceutical inventions. Now patent protection has to be granted for any inventions, whether product or processes, in all fields of technology under the conditions that they are new, involve an inventive step and are capable of industrial application Analysis shows that a paradoxical relationship exists between patent law and access to medicines... [to full text]
273

Is it justified to patent human genetic resources?

Brouillet, Miriam January 2003 (has links)
In the past century, the scope of patentable objects has greatly expanded. Patents are now being granted on living organisms, human biological material and genes. What are the consequences of such practices for scientific research and health care? One of the fundamental philosophical questions behind this issue is the following: are we justified in patenting human genetic material? An examination of the traditional philosophical justification of intellectual property will allow us to critically explore whether or not this practice is ethically justifiable. It will be argued that the consequentialist justification of intellectual property requires, in this present case, that we modify the patent regimes in order to maximise social benefits and minimize public burdens.
274

Das Patentgesetz von 1877 - Entstehung und wirtschaftsgeschichtliche Bedeutung

Boch, Rudolf 08 August 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Ein Jahr nach Gründung des Kaiserlichen Patentamts in Berlin 1878 wurde Chemnitz eine der ersten Patentauslegestellen in Deutschland. In den folgenden Jahrzehnten lag die Zahl der Patentanmeldungen in Chemnitz dann stets weit über dem Durchschnitt vergleichbarer Städte im Reich. Diese historischen Ereignisse und die besondere Rolle, die der damalige Oberbürgermeister André spielte, gaben im Jahr 1997, zum 120. Jahrestag der Gesetzgebung, den Anlass für eine von der Technischen Universität Chemnitz, unter meiner Leitung organisierte und durch die Stadt Chemnitz finanzierte Tagung zum Thema "Patentschutz und Innovation in Geschichte und Gegenwart“.
275

Dr. jur. Wilhelm André und das erste deutsche Reichspatentgesetz

09 August 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Im Rahmen der Jubliäen 175 Jahre Technische Universität Chemnitz und 100 Jahre Neues Rathaus in Chemnitz veranstaltete die Bibliothek der Technischen Universität Chemnitz und die Bürgerinitiative "André-Ehrung", vertreten durch die Gesellschaft der Freunde der TU Chemnitz, am 19. Mai 2011 das Kolloquium "Dr. jur. Wilhelm André und das erste deutsche Patentgesetz". Im Mittelpunkt des Kolloquiums stand die Zusammenarbeit zwischen Dr. Werner von Siemens und Dr. Wilhelm André bei der Bearbeitung des ersten deutschen Reichspatentgesetzes von 1877. Herr Dr. Seifert, Oberbürgermeister der Stadt Chemnitz von 1993 bis 2006, eröffnete als Vorsitzender der Gesellschaft der Freunde der TU Chemnitz die Veranstaltung. Herr Dr. Richter übernahm die Moderation des Kolloquiums.
276

Value creation through the exploitation of knowledge assets: economic implications for firm strategy

González Olmedo, Raúl Aníbal 26 April 2006 (has links)
Los ensayos contenidos en esta disertación doctoral estudian como la explotación activos intangibles tales como patentes y propiedad intelectual pueden contribuir a la creación de valor y fortalecer las ventajas competitivas de la firma. En particular, se busca estudiar las diferentes estrategias seguidas por las empresas para explotar el valor creado a través de la innovación, examinando como la incertidumbre de mercado y los activos necesarios para explotar el la innovación, determinan la decisión de comercialización. El primer capitulo presenta un modelo teórico que estudia la decisión de comercializar una patente como una opción para invertir. El segundo capitulo aborda el problema de comercialización a través de una licencia, cuando el nivel de incertidumbre de mercado es alta. Finalmente, el ultimo capitulo examina como los spillovers entre diferentes grupos de investigación afectan el valor de las innovaciones creadas. / The essays in this thesis are concerned to study the potential linkages between Firms' business strategies and how the exploitation of intellectual assets determines the way innovation can help in building competitive advantages and increasing firm value. In particular, I focus on the different strategies employed by firms to exploit the value created by innovation, examining how market uncertainty and complementary assets affect commercialization decisions. The first chapter of the thesis develops a theoretical model that studies the decision to commercialize as an option to invest. The second chapter is an empirical test to find how market uncertainty can affect the likelihood that a disembodied patent will be licensed. Finally the last chapter studies how knowledge spillovers affect the value of patented inventions.
277

IMPACTOS DOS INVESTIMENTOS EM P&D NOS DEPÓSITOS DE PATENTES NOS PAÍSES DO BRICS / IMPACTS OF R&D INVESTMENTS IN PATENT APPLICATIONS AT BRICS COUNTRIES

Fialho, Bruno Germani 14 August 2015 (has links)
Patents, for being in possession of inside information relating to technological innovations that will be on the market in the coming years, are becoming increasingly important in scientific studies. Patent analysis studies can be quantitative or qualitative. With patents, someone can make an analysis of inventive step from a subject matter, be it a country, a company or a technology as well as its relations with the other "players" in the market. This research analyzes the correlations between investments in R&D of BRICS countries and patent applications to see whether these investments are replicated in the knowledge generated in those countries. It were also collected data publications and scientific articles, and the GDP to supplement the correlation study. Analyses are performed for each country and discussed the results. Few studies relate patents for areas in order to obtain an overview of a country facing its patents for a certain period. With this study, we sought to exactly analyze all the patents published in Brazil, identifying its areas and countries of origin or destination. Through the correlations between variables raised to the BRICS countries, this study analyzed the strengths and weaknesses of each country. / As patentes, por serem detentoras de uma informação privilegiada referente às inovações tecnológicas que estarão no mercado nos próximos anos, ganham cada vez mais importância nos estudos científicos. Os estudos de análise de patentes podem ser quantitativos ou qualitativos. Com as patentes, pode-se fazer uma análise da atividade inventiva do objeto de estudo, seja um país, uma empresa, ou uma tecnologia, bem como suas relações com os demais ―players‖ do mercado. Esta pesquisa analisa as correlações entre os investimentos em P&D dos países do BRICS e os depósitos de patentes, para verificar se esses investimentos são replicados no conhecimento gerado nesses países. São levantados também os dados de publicações e artigos científicos, bem como do PIB para complementar o estudo de correlação. São realizadas análises para cada país e discutidos os resultados obtidos. Poucos estudos relacionam as patentes por áreas com objetivo de obter um panorama geral de um país frente a suas patentes durante certo período. Com o presente estudo, buscou-se exatamente isso, analisar todas as patentes publicadas no Brasil, identificando suas áreas, e os países de origem ou destino. Através das correlações entre as variáveis levantadas para os países do BRICS, este estudo analisou os pontos fortes e fracos de cada país.
278

Determinantes da adesão a tratados de patentes, 1970-2000: a Convenção de Paris e o Tratado de Cooperação de patentes / The determinants of the accession of the accession of patent treaties, 1970-2000: the Paris Convention and Patents Cooperation Treaty

Manoel Galdino Pereira Neto 30 September 2011 (has links)
Neste trabalho investigamos os determinantes da adesão de países a dois tratados internacionais de patentes: A Convenção de Paris e o Tratado de Cooperação de Patentes (TCP). Por meio de um modelo hierárquico Bayesiano, apresentamos evidências de que fatores domésticos são importantes para predizer adesão aos tratados estudados. Porém, quais fatores são importantes dependem do tipo de tratado. Para o TCP, que é um tratado que visa reduzir custos de transação, a legislação doméstica de patentes não é relevante. Para a Convenção de Paris, que limita as opções de política na área de patente, a legislação doméstica é fator relevante. Nós mostramos também que os ganhos diretos de participar dos tratados, medido pelo número de patentes no exterior, é uma variável importante e positivamente associada à probabilidade de adesão a ambos os acordos. Apresentamos ainda evidências de que variáveis sistêmicas são importantes e que as mudanças no sistema internacional nos últimos 30 anos são fatores importantes para explicar a adesão. / In this paper we investigate the determinants of the accession of two international patent treaties: the Paris Convention and Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT). Through a Bayesian hierarchical model, we present evidence that domestic factors are important in predicting accession to the treaties studied. However, what factors are important depends on the type of treaty. For TCP, which is a treaty aimed at reducing transaction costs, the domestic law of patents is not important. For the Paris Convention, which limits the options in the area of patent policy, domestic law is a relevant factor. We also show that the direct gains from participating in treaties, as measured by the number of patents abroad, is an important variable and positively associated with the likelihood of ratification to both agreements. We also present evidence that systemic variables are important and that changes in the international system over the past 30 years are important factors to explain the membership to the treaties.
279

Relação entre agronegócios sustentáveis e os direitos de propriedade intelectual: um estudo de plantas transgênicas / Relationship between Sustainable Agribusiness and the Intellectual Property Rights: a study of transgenic plants

Carvalho Neto, Gil Ramos de 21 February 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:16:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3478.pdf: 1299522 bytes, checksum: 122e01c7b92b72cbd8e824ce2212b290 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-21 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / A sustainable agribusiness must be concerned with all its branches, including the production and negotiation of agricultural biotechnologies. The study of transgenic plants theme brings up several issues that affect society today in regard to environmental, economic and social sustainability. The field of CTS studies seeks public awareness of the relationship between science, technology and society, taking into account the risk society we live in, and the process of reflexive modernization which we pass through. The law must comply with its regulatory function in the area, taking into account social expectations. The promulgation, on March 24, 2005, of the Biosafety Law (Law nº 11.105/2005) that proposes to establish safety standards and enforcement mechanisms of activities involving genetically modified organisms, is an initiative towards that path. This work, which is based on the technological monitoring of transgenic plants on the basis of patents from the National Institute for Intellectual Property, from the enactment of this Act, in addiction to analyzing the regulatory mark for those technologies in order to verify the possibility of dual protection of them, through the LPI and by the system of LPC. It was identified a concentration of patent filings on behalf of foreign companies, pointing to the need of an analysis of the risks from not only the technology itself, but also the know-how of technological products arising from genetic engineering. Concerning to the legal intellectual protection, this dissertation, according to the methodology used study of laws didn´t find any gaps that would enable the double protection of transgenic plants. / O agronegócio, para ser sustentável precisa ser dedicado em todos os seus ramos de atuação, inclusive na produção e comercialização de agrobiotecnologias. O estudo do tema das plantas transgênicas traz à tona diversas questões que afetam a sociedade atual no que tange à sustentabilidade ambiental, econômica e social. O campo de estudos CTS busca a tomada de consciência dos cidadãos das relações entre ciência, tecnologia e sociedade, levando em conta a sociedade de risco em que vivemos, e o processo de modernização reflexiva pela qual passamos. O Direito deve cumprir com sua função regulatória na área, atendendo aos anseios sociais. A promulgação, em 24 de março de 2005, da Lei de Biossegurança (Lei nº 11.105/2005) que se propõe a estabelecer normas de segurança e mecanismos de fiscalização de atividades que envolvam organismos geneticamente modificados, é uma iniciativa nesse caminho. Este trabalho se fundamenta no monitoramento tecnológico de plantas transgênicas na base de patentes do Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Intelectual, a partir da promulgação da referida Lei, além de analisar o marco regulatório para aquelas tecnologias, de forma a verificar a possibilidade de dupla proteção das mesmas, por meio da LPI e pelo sistema da LPC. Identificou-se uma concentração de depósitos de pedidos de patentes em nome das empresas estrangeiras, apontando para a necessidade de uma análise dos riscos advindos não só da tecnologia em si, como também do know-how tecnológico de produtos advindos da engenharia genética. No tocante à proteção jurídica intelectual, o trabalho, de acordo com a metodologia utilizada leitura de leis não encontrou lacunas que possibilitassem a dupla proteção de plantas transgênicas.
280

Elaboração de indicadores bibliométricos a partir de patentes de nanotecnologia

Peres, Lucas Salomão 27 February 2012 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:16:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4551.pdf: 2510122 bytes, checksum: 2aa21468d6defe40627b244ed77a11ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-27 / The need to assign values to consumer and globalization have created a new format in the economy. These phenomena have increased investments in technology until the crisis of 1970 that generated a reduction in economic growth and consequently reduction in research funding. This context created resources that could gauge the areas that lacked development. One of the solutions found was the creation of scientific and technological indicators. Nanotechnology is considered one of the key technologies of the century, has been conceptualized this way featuring how important application in multidisciplinary areas. The present study aims to indicate and analyze information on technological innovations in nanotechnology based on indicators developed from the full text of patents. To achieve the proposed objectives used data mining technique to generate knowledge based on information from U.S. patents. The results obtained so far have shown that North American patents grew 80.85% over the past five years, the main patent application is for semiconductor devices corresponding to 24.4% of all applications, Asian countries are distinguished by the large number of applications in semiconductor devices and fabrication and tract of nanostructures and among the patents deposited in the U.S. Brazil is the state that is 23° position in the ranking although it is still very distant from other countries examined in this research. For criteria of information extraction from textual structure of patent claims were created smaller structures than they could submit their own meanings and enable understanding lexical and logical. Using another filter extract the claims textual contain from Brazilians priority patents . / A necessidade de atribuir valores aos bens de consumo e a globalização criaram um novo formato na economia. Esses fenômenos aumentaram os investimentos em tecnologia até a crise de 1970 que gerou redução no crescimento econômico e, por consequência, redução nos financiamentos de pesquisa. Esse contexto impulsionou a criação de recursos que pudessem mensurar as áreas que careciam de desenvolvimento. Uma das soluções encontradas foi a criação de indicadores científicos e tecnológicos. A nanotecnologia considerada uma das principais tecnologias do século, vem sendo conceituada dessa forma caracterizando-se como importante aplicação em áreas multidisciplinares. Dessa forma, o presente estudo tem como objetivo apontar e analisar informações sobre inovações tecnológicas em nanotecnologia com base em indicadores desenvolvidos a partir do texto integral de patentes. Para alcançar os objetivos propostos utilizou-se técnica de mineração de dados para gerar conhecimento com base em informações de patentes norte-americanas. Os resultados obtidos até o presente momento mostraram que as patentes norte-americanas cresceram 80,85% nos últimos cinco anos, a principal aplicação de patentes é referente a dispositivos semicondutores correspondendo a 24,4% de todas as aplicações, os países asiáticos se destacam pelo grande número de aplicações em dispositivos semi-condutores e pela fabricação e trato de nano estruturas e dentre as patentes depositadas nos EUA, o Brasil é o 23° país que mais solicita embora ainda esteja muito distante dos outros países analisados na presente pesquisa. Quanto aos critérios para extração de informação da estrutura textual de reivindicações de patentes criaram-se estruturas menores que pudessem apresentar significados próprios e permitir a compreensão lógica e léxica. Com base em outro filtro extraiu-se os conteúdo textual da reivindicação das patentes de prioridade brasileira.

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