This Diploma thesis, called "Comparison of patent law in the EU countries", deals with legislation of invention patents and their protection in selected countries such as Germany and the Czech Republic. Within Europe there is an attempt to harmonize the legislation in the field of intellectual property rights in all member countries and to create a unified legal system. A patent is the most important object in protection of industrial property. The secondary objective of this thesis is focused on the identification of the re-sponsible authorities and to determine the financial and time requirements for obtaining a patent. Next major objective is the evaluation of the use of the patent protection within the Czech and German universities, research organizations and private companies and then their transfer of technologies. The practical part contains the analysis of both selected countries from the per-spective of patent law, valid legislation, the responsible institutions and patent statistics for the last ten years. Additional chapter discusses the results of research and development in the university environment at three universities in the Czech Republic and Germany. The analysis is focused in particular on the procedure of obtaining a patent, then also the influence of the local authorities. The comparison of these two countries has revealed some certain similarities, but also striking differences between them. The Czech Republic is currently also slowly dis-covering the benefits of patent protection, but the results can be evaluated only after some time interval.

L’innovation technologique est considérée comme un élément clef dans la constitution des économies, dites du savoir, ou de la connaissance. Ce cadre économique stimule une forte croissance des investissements immatériels dans l’objectif de création de valeur et de construction d’un avantage compétitif défendable sur le long terme. Néanmoins, l’innovation est un processus continu qui requiert un horizon de long terme pour transformer l’ensemble des connaissances, et des efforts de Recherche et Développement (R&D) en un produit ayant de la valeur économique. La dimension temporelle de l’innovation technologique renforce son caractère risqué et augmente l’incertitude quant à sa réussite. De même, les problèmes d’asymétrie d’information créés par le processus d’innovation s’accentuent. Cette thèse s’intéresse à la relation entre le capital-connaissances et la performance financière des entreprises, dans un premier temps, pour se pencher ensuite sur la question de la valeur de marché de l’actif intangible. Pour ce faire, nous élaborons une base de données unique, à partir des brevets européens et proposons de nouvelles mesures qualitatives au capital intangible, basées sur les caractéristiques des brevets. Cette thèse mesure empiriquement la valeur économique du capital-connaissances représenté par sa « matière première », à savoir les dépenses R&D et par son « produit fini » à savoir les brevets. Nous construisons, également un indice composite de la qualité de l’innovation afin de mieux représenter la valeur privée de l’immatériel. Enfin, cette thèse s’intéresse à la question d’écart entre valeur comptable et valeur de marché des entreprises en présence d’investissements immatériels. Pour ce faire, elle contient une étude prévisionnelle et causale de la performance opérationnelle par les dépenses R&D et l’indice composite de qualité. Ce dernier est proposé en tant qu’outil non-financier d’analyse et de prévision de performance. / Technological innovation is considered as a key element in the knowledge-based economies, where the share of intangible assets continues to grow significantly. The development of innovation is enhanced mainly in the purpose of value creation and the obtaining of a competitive advantage. Nevertheless, innovating is a long process where the lag between the investments in Research and Development (R&D) activities, considered as its input, and the obtaining of a valuable output, often estimated by the patent application, is large. The long character is emphasized by the uncertainty and the riskiness of the process which are at the root of important problems of information asymmetry between investors and the insiders. This dissertation studies the impact of intangible investments on the financial performance of companies in Europe. Therefore, we use a unique database of European patents and suggest a set of qualitative measures to innovation, based on the patents’ attributes. Moreover, this thesis estimates the market value of intangibles as measured by the R&D expenses, the patent applications but also the qualitative attributes. In this framework, we construct a composite quality index of innovation in order to better estimate its private economic value. The increasing lag between financial and book values in the presence of R&D investments leads us to undertake a causal study of innovation on the financial performance of companies. We suggest our composite index as non-financial metric to predict the future earnings and examine the effect of R&D on the growth and volatility of future operating incomes.

This study engages in an ethical examination of contemporary socio-ecological and economic issues which takes seriously the plight of Africa, African communities, indigenous knowledge and biodiversity. It studies the impact of bioprospecting, biopiracy and intellectual property rights regimes on the protection, use, access to, and conservation of biodiversity and indigenous knowledge in Africa. The study also examines the ways in which northern multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies and their agents prospect and convert African resources (biological commons and indigenous knowledge) into their intellectual property as well as private property. It argues that the transfer of African biological commons and indigenous knowledge is exacerbated by economic globalisation and the neo-colonial mentality of conquest concealed under the guise of commerce. The study demonstrates through concrete case studies the tactics used by northern multinational corporations to claim these resources as their intellectual property rights and private property. It observes that the privatisation of biological commons and indigenous knowledge only brings about nominal or no benefits to African communities who have nurtured and continue to nurture them. It also observes that this privatisation results in fewer benefits for biodiversity as they lead to the promotion of monoculture, i.e. commercialisation of all things. To address the injustice and exploitative implications of bioprospecting, biopiracy and intellectual property rights, the study recommends the adoption and implementation of the African model law, the establishment of defensive intellectual property rights mechanisms, and the strategy of resistance and advocacy. It suggests that these measures ought to be grounded on the African normative principle of botho and the Christian ethical principle of justice. / Systematic Theology and Theological Ethics / D.Th.(Theological Ethics)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:16:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4253.pdf: 2604603 bytes, checksum: 181cbfa352d036b90f34b890a833b152 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-28 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The problem of solid waste has been touted as one of the most serious to date. The increasing scarcity of land for the establishment of new landfills, combined with the existing limitations for the recovery of non-renewable materials, low degree of implementation of new treatment alternatives and recycling, now represent a major challenge. Therefore, considering the fact that we live in a capitalist society which has its economy based heavily on high productivity, had a reduction in turnover time of consumption and, consequently, a decreased half-life of the product, for encouraging statistics increasing consumption and disposal. This research, interdisciplinary, theoretical aspects of the field allied Science, Technology and Society (STS) and Sociology of Consumption by one of the methodologies of information science. Aimed to provide an assessment of trends through patent documents, through monitoring of technological products and processes related to waste disposal technology in the patent database Esp@cenet free online, through the development of a method own analysis of the contents of patents. The specific objectives were: a) identify and categorize the types of materials classified as technological waste; b) to detect what types of materials with this classification exists in Brazil, disposal policies; c) develop methodology for gathering and analysis to evaluate trends found in patent documents through content analysis, d) to compare trends in patent documents raised with the current situation prevailing in the Brazilian legislation on waste disposal technology. The methodology was qualitative and quantitative character descriptive and exploratory, the theme for the characterization and description of the universe to be studied. As an instrument of data collection, made use of technological monitoring in databases of patents, and as a means of data analysis, content analysis. The analysis was made within the principles of the STS field that seeks to build an economically stable, environmentally sound and socially just, with which he was expected to contribute and encourage interaction among studies in the area of Intellectual Property with the studies STS field and the issue of environmental sustainability. How results revealed stark contrasts in claims purely technical document that took into account more than just a summary description of the technology in question, but also with aspects of the socio-economic sustainability and environmental. Through the study of classifications more common in the universe and study the applications presented in the documents, it was possible to categorize the universe of technologies: 1) methods/processes for separation of plastics contained in electronic scrap; 2) methods/processes for metal separation noble; 3) containers for packing and safe transportation of WEEE; 4) other technologies not directly related to the theme studied. It was concluded that universities, government and society as a whole must unite so that new practices are environmentally sound world created and adopted so that the impact has already generated is reversed, or in a more realistic view that new impacts not or are generated, only minimized. / O problema dos resíduos sólidos tem sido apontado como um dos mais graves da atualidade. A escassez cada vez maior de áreas para a implantação de novos aterros, aliada às limitações existentes para a recuperação dos materiais não renováveis, o baixo grau de implantação de novas alternativas de tratamento e reciclagem, representam hoje, um grande desafio. Por isso, considerando-se o fato de vivermos em uma sociedade capitalista que tem sua economia baseada fortemente na alta produtividade, teve-se uma redução no tempo de giro do consumo e, consequentemente, uma diminuição da meia vida do produto, favorecendo para estatísticas crescentes de consumo e descarte. Esta pesquisa, de caráter interdisciplinar, aliou aspectos teóricos do campo Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade (CTS) e Sociologia do Consumo através de uma das metodologias da Ciência da Informação. Teve como objetivo geral fornecer uma avaliação das tendências verificadas por meio de documentos de patentes, através de monitoramento tecnológico de produtos e processos relacionados ao descarte de lixo tecnológico na base de dados de patentes gratuita online Esp@cenet, por meio do desenvolvimento de um método próprio de análise do conteúdo de patentes. Os objetivos específicos foram: a) identificar e categorizar os tipos de materiais classificados como lixo tecnológico; b) detectar para quais tipos de materiais com essa classificação já existe, no Brasil, políticas de descarte; c) desenvolver metodologia de levantamento e análise para avaliar as tendências encontradas nos documentos de patentes através da análise de conteúdo; d) comparar as tendências levantadas nos documentos de patentes com a situação atual vigente na legislação brasileira de descarte de lixo tecnológico. A metodologia adotada foi de caráter quali-quantitativa e exploratório-descritiva, para a caracterização da temática e descrição do universo a ser estudado. Como instrumento de coleta de dados, fez uso do monitoramento tecnológico em bases de dados de patentes, e, como forma de análise dos resultados, da análise de conteúdo. A análise dos resultados foi feita dentro dos princípios do campo CTS que busca a construção de uma sociedade economicamente estável, ambientalmente saudável e socialmente justa, com a qual esperou-se contribuir e incentivar uma interação entre os estudos da área de Propriedade Intelectual com os estudos do campo CTS e a questão da sustentabilidade ambiental. Como resultados, foram evidenciados grandes contrastes em reivindicações puramente técnicas de documentos que levaram em consideração mais do que somente uma descrição sumária da tecnologia em questão, mas também com aspectos relativos à sustentabilidade sócio-econômica-ambiental. Por meio do estudo das classificações mais recorrentes no universo estudado e nas aplicações apresentadas nos documentos, foi possível categorizar o universo em tecnologias sobre: 1) métodos/processos para separação de plásticos contidos na sucata eletrônica; 2) métodos/processos para separação de metais nobres; 3) recipientes para acondicionamento e transporte seguro dos REEE; 4) outras tecnologias não relacionadas diretamente com a temática estudada. Concluiu-se que universidades, governo e sociedade como um todo têm que se unir para que novas práticas ambientalmente seguras sejam criadas e adotadas mundialmente a fim de que parte do impacto já gerado seja revertido, ou, numa visão mais realista, que novos impactos não sejam gerados ou ainda, apenas minimizados.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-25T19:24:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 XANGAI GUSTAVO VARGAS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2017..pdf: 676716 bytes, checksum: 48cfadb315e5a3c32d03d47d75c48022 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-25T19:24:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 XANGAI GUSTAVO VARGAS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2017..pdf: 676716 bytes, checksum: 48cfadb315e5a3c32d03d47d75c48022 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Sabe-se que a Amazônia é um berço natural da fauna e flora mundial. Desta forma desperta interesses e cobiças dos mais variados povos estrangeiros. Nas últimas décadas tem-se notado o número crescente de produtos naturais amazônicos patenteados por empresas e nações estrangeiras como se fossem produtos originários daquele lugar. Desta forma, o objetivo do trabalho é realizar estudo sobre patentes de produtos amazônicos e seus aspectos jurídicos, dado ao quadro crescente de biopirataria que vem ocorrendo na Amazônia, o grande aumento de contrabando de plantas, derrubada de árvores nativas e até mesmo apropriação indevida de produtos originários nesta parte do planeta. Várias ONGs, associações, entidades e pessoas camuflam-se para buscar aqui o que é riqueza do povo amazonense. E assim, é necessário que o governo aumente a fiscalização fronteiriça, estreite os paralelos judiciais e medidas contra tal situação. Dentro do contexto, serão tratados assuntos pertinentes ao tema do trabalho, com isso espera-se que a pesquisa satisfaça pelo menos em parte, acentue e instigue a necessidade e tomada de providências. / It is known that the Amazon is a natural cradle of flora and fauna worldwide. Thus awakens desires and interests of various foreign peoples. In recent decades it has been noticed the increasing number of natural products Amazon patented by corporations and foreign nations like products originating from that place. Thus, the objective is to conduct study on patents for Amazon products and their legal, given the growing cadre of biopiracy that has been occurring in the Amazon, the great increase in smuggling of plants, felling of native trees and even misappropriation of products originating in this part of the planet. Several NGOs, associations, organizations and persons camouflage themselves to look here what is the people's wealth Amazon. And so, it is necessary that the government, increase thereby border surveillance, narrow the parallels and judicial measures against such great absurdity. Within the context will be treated matters pertaining to the subject of study, it is expected that satisfies not in all, but at least partially, thereby sharpen and instigates the need and outlet arrangements.

The prevalence of the Constitution emphasizes the axiological hegemony of principles that become normative pedestal of the legal system, stopping the function of ensuring an interpretive and integrative criterion, a spongy, incomplete and imperfect system. On this track of thought, axiological validity of fundamental rights demand the legitimacy of state prerogatives with communication between state and citizen, in a dialectical relationship that requires democratic participation from the enjoyment of basic rights as defined from the notion of citizenship. This dissertation analyzes the fundamental right to health, through the public health system (SUS). Being a theoretical work, analyzes its guiding principles and corresponding laws. In the face of objective reality and fateful, critical and analytical approach is urgent and imperative to share some of the numerous existing problems, but also important it is to analyze and discuss possible solutions. In this respect, it is particularly highlighted public-private partnerships and its peculiarities. Therefore, to express the real potential of these analyzes to pharmaceutical assistance as a complementary activity object of the private sector through the model of publicprivate partnerships, implementation of the right policies to access to medicines and pharmaceutical patents and their relativity as form of effectiveness of the principle of efficiency in pharmaceutical care. It makes up this long journey in pursuit of making efficient and effective the fundamental right to health. / A prevalência da Constituição acentua a hegemonia axiológica dos princípios, que se convertem em pedestal normativo do sistema jurídico, detendo a função de assegurar um critério interpretativo e integrativo, num sistema lacunoso, incompleto e imperfeito. Nesta esteira de pensamento, a validade axiológica dos Direitos Fundamentais demanda a legitimação das prerrogativas estatais com a comunicação entre Estado e cidadão, numa relação dialética que pressupõe a participação democrática a partir da satisfação dos direitos fundamentais, definidos a partir da noção de cidadania. A presente dissertação analisa o direito fundamental à saúde, passando pelo sistema público de saúde (SUS). Sendo um trabalho teórico, analisa-se seus princípios norteadores e leis correspondentes. Diante da realidade fática e fatídica, a abordagem crítica e analítica se torna premente e imprescindível para externar alguns dos inúmeros problemas existentes, mas também, importante se torna analisar e discutir as soluções possíveis. Neste aspecto, assume especial destaque as parcerias público privadas e suas peculiaridades. Portanto, para exprimir o real potencial destas, analisa-se a assistência farmacêutica como objeto de atuação complementar da iniciativa privada por meio do modelo das parcerias público privadas, as políticas de implementação do direito ao acesso a medicamentos e as patentes farmacêuticas e sua relativização como forma de efetividade do princípio da eficiência na assistência farmacêutica. Faz-se este longo caminho, na busca de tornar eficiente e efetivo o direito fundamental à saúde. / Mestre em Direito Público

The Law of Technological Innovation established the obligation of Institutions of Science and Technology (ICTs) has a Center for Technological Innovation (NIT) to manage its innovation policy. The creation of NITs resulted in the growth of the number of requests for protection of Intellectual Property (IP) derived from Brazilian universities. The Federal University of Reconcavo of Bahia (UFRB), despite having existed Coordination of Science and Technological Innovation in 2006 and an NIT since 2007, its innovation policy was not enhanced enough to strengthen the culture of IP protection in technology transfer (TT) and the approach the University with the industrial sector. This study aimed to map and proposes strategies to enhance the protection of Intellectual Property and Technology Transfer (IP&TT) in UFRB. Thus, we carried out a literature survey to identify strategies already used by other institutions, desk research to identify the strategies adopted by UFRB to consolidate its innovation policy, a survey of scientific and technological production to develop indicators that production and identify their potential in Research, Development and Innovation, and finally, the application of semi-structured interviews with managers UFRB to analyze the perception of these managers on innovation policy of the University. It was found that the UFRB scientificize has a production of 407 publications (between 2006 and 2012) and a technological production of 11 patents in the National Institute of Industrial Property that period. On its policy of innovation, UFRB tries to establish it since 2006, but has trouble finding its intensification as, for example, lack of trained human resources, the difficulty of inserting a culture of protection of IP rights among academics and the gap with the business sector. Whereas the number of projects covered by the Scholarship Program Started in Technological Development and Innovation (PIBITI) reached 56 and the defenses of dissertations and theses reached the number of 252 performances, UFRB has a scientific productivity that has not been protected by IP rights and could have resulted in many products, processes or services with innovative potential. In 2014, despite the creation of the Coordination of Creation and Innovation (CINOVA), is additionally necessary to adopt other strategies to strengthen innovation policy at the University such as the creation of a Commission of IP&TT; expansion in the number of servers and; actions to enhance the culture of IP&TT between academics and businesses; the inclusion, at undergraduate and postgraduate, discussions on IP rights and; monitoring of projects with innovative potential. / A Lei de Inovação Tecnológica estabeleceu a obrigatoriedade das Instituições de Ciência e Tecnologia (ICTs) dispor de um Núcleo de Inovação Tecnológica (NIT) para gerir sua política de inovação. A criação dos NITs resultou no crescimento do número de pedidos de proteção da Propriedade Intelectual (PI) proveniente de universidades brasileiras. Na Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia (UFRB), apesar de ter existido a Coordenação de Ciência e Inovação Tecnológica já em 2006 e um NIT desde 2007, sua política de inovação não foi intensificada o suficiente para fortalecer a cultura de proteção da PI, de transferência de tecnologia (TT) e a aproximação da Universidade com o setor industrial. O presente estudo teve como objetivo mapear e propor estratégias para intensificar a proteção da Propriedade Intelectual e a Transferência de Tecnologia (PI&TT) na UFRB. Dessa forma, fez-se um levantamento bibliográfico para identificar estratégias já utilizadas por outras instituições, uma pesquisa documental para identificar as estratégias adotadas pela UFRB para consolidar sua política de inovação, um levantamento de sua produção científica e tecnológica para elaborar indicadores dessa produção e identificar seu potencial em Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inovação e, por fim, a aplicação de entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores da UFRB para analisar a percepção desses gestores sobre a política de inovação da Universidade. Verificou-se que a UFRB tem uma produção cientificar de 407 publicações (entre 2006 e 2012) e uma produção tecnológica de 11 patentes depositadas no Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial nesse período. Sobre sua política de inovação, a UFRB tenta estabelecê-la desde 2006, mas vem encontrando problemas para sua intensificação como, por exemplo, a falta de recursos humanos capacitados, a dificuldade de inserir uma cultura de proteção dos direitos de PI entre os acadêmicos e o distanciamento com o setor empresarial. Considerando que o número de projetos contemplados pelo Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação em Desenvolvimento Tecnológico e Inovação (PIBITI) chegou a 56 e as defesas de dissertações e teses atingiu o número de 252 apresentações, a UFRB tem uma produtividade científica que não tem sido protegida por direitos de PI e poderia ter resultado em muitos produtos, processos ou serviços com potencial inovador. Em, 2014, apesar da criação da Coordenação de Criação e Inovação (CINOVA), adicionalmente é preciso adotar outras estratégias para fortalecer a política de inovação na Universidade como: a criação de uma Comissão de PI&TT; ampliação do quadro de servidores e; ações para intensificar a cultura de PI&TT entre os acadêmicos e empresas; a inclusão, na graduação e na pós-graduação, de discussões sobre direitos de PI e; acompanhamento dos projetos com potencial inovador.

Orientador: Jacques Wainer / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T23:44:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Masago_FabioKenji_M.pdf: 2909118 bytes, checksum: 6db84a869c4da011cf0f5cd7114bcf63 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Uma patente é um documento sobre uma propriedade de criação concedida pelo Estado aos autores, que impede terceiros a produzir, utilizar, comercializar, importar e exportar a invenção descrita sem a devida autorização do titular do documento. Um estudo na área econômico muito empregado é a utilização de patentes para medir a importância ou impacto tecnológico de um campo inovativo de uma entidade ou nação. Pode-se afirmar que as patentes são como uma espécie de medidores do nível inventivo e as citações contidas nas patentes são um meio para medir o fluxo ou os impactos do conhecimento de um país ou firma, assim como, avaliar tendências de um campo tecnológico. A presente dissertação de mestrado apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta para auxiliar no procedimento de análise de patentes, abordando a aplicabilidade do método Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) para o processo de similaridade de patentes. O sistema computacional denominado Odysseýs verifica a similaridade entre uma determinada patente dada pelo usuário e um grupo de documentos, ordenando-os conforme o seu grau de semelhança em relação à patente em avaliação. Além disso, o software permite, de forma não supervisionada, a geração de redes de citações de patentes por meio de buscas de um conjunto de patentes correlacionadas na base de dados do United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) a partir de uma consulta designada pelo usuário, utilizando essas patentes para a análise de similaridade e, também, para a geração da rede de fluxo de conhecimento. A inexistência de softwares nacionais específicos para o processamento de patentes e as poucas ferramentas auxiliares para a análise de tais documentos foram às principais motivações para o desenvolvimento do projeto / Abstract: A patent is a document about an invention's property given by the state to authors, preventing others from producing, using, commercialize, importing and exporting the described invention without a permission of the document's owner. A study in the economic area frequently used is the use of patents to measure importance or technological impact of an innovative field of an entity or nation. Thus, can be asserted that patents are a kind of inventive level meter and their citations is a form of measuring a country's or firm's flow or the impact of knowledge, as well as evaluate trends in a certain technological field. This thesis presents a computational tool to assist in the process of patents analysis, approaching the applicability of the method Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) for the similarity of patents. The computational system called Odysseýs evaluates the similarity between a patent given by the user and a group of documents, ordering them according to their similarity degree in relation to evaluated patent. In addition, the software allows, in an unsupervised manner, generate a patent citation's network by searches for a set of related patents in the database United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) through a query designated by the user applying those patents to the similarity analysis, and also for generation of a knowledge flow network. The inexistence of national software for patent processing and only a few auxiliary tools for the analysis of such documents were the main motivations for the development of this project / Mestrado / Ciência da Computação / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

Le droit de brevet, sacralisé par sa qualification de droit de propriété, et renforcé par les dispositions des accords internationaux et des lois nationales, est facilement susceptible d'acquisition et d'exercice abusive. En outre, la défaillance de certains offices des brevets amplifie les possibilités de l'appropriation abusive. Les situations de l'acquisition abusive du droit de brevet sont plus fréquentes dans le secteur des hautes technologies (l'industrie pharmaceutique, la biotechnologie et l'industrie de l'informatique). Ces abus, d'une part, entravent la réalisation de la fonction assignée au droit de brevet et, d'autre part, restreignent la liberté de la concurrence. Les dispositions du droit des brevets et celles du droit de la concurrence imposent des limites au pouvoir des brevetés, pouvoir issu de leur droit privatif, afin de réaliser l'intérêt général. Cependant, ces deux corps de règles ne viennent pas au secours des particuliers dont les intérêts privés peuvent être atteints par l'usage abusif du droit de brevet. La théorie de l'abus de droit, principe général du droit commun, comble cette lacune. Malgré son application limitée et prudente en matière du droit de brevet, son utilité n'est pas à négliger. Elle permet de prévenir et de sanctionner l'usage anormal du droit de brevet. La comparaison entre le droit français et égyptien montre que la différence du niveau de développement économique et industriel entre les pays influe sur leur politique législative à l'égard du droit des brevets. / Patent law is easily subject to acquisition and abusive exercise although it's sacred due to his qualification of property rights and strengthened by the international agreements and national laws. The failure of some patent offices amplifies the possibilities of this abusive appropriation. Situations of abuse of patent rights are more frequent in the high technology sector (pharmaceutical, biotechnology and computer industry).On the one hand, these abuses hinder the realization of the function assigned to patent law, and on the other hand, they restrict freedom of competition. The legal measures of patent law and those of competition law impose limits on the power of the patentees which is stemming from their exclusive right, to realize the general interest. However, these rules don't protect private individuals whose interests can be affected by the abusive use of patent rights. The theory of abuse of law, a general principle of the common law, fills this gap. In spite of its limited and prudent application on the patent right, its utility is not to neglect. It helps to prevent and to sanction the abnormal use of the patent right. The comparison between the Egyptian and French law shows that the difference in the level of economic and industrial development between the two countries affects their legislative policy with regards to patent law.

法院處理涉外標準必要專利之案件時，經常面臨國際管轄以及準據法適用的問題。涉及議題包含授權契約之成立與效力、專利侵權、違反競爭法等。本文先分析我國涉外民事法律適用法在智慧財產案件上之實務適用情形，認為目前涉外民事法律適用法第42條第1項應僅適用與智慧財產權利內容本身相關之爭議，智慧財產契約或侵權行為案件，則應適用契約與一般侵權行為之選法規則。 其次，本文透過研究日本、中國、韓國、美國、英國等國之標準必要專利案件，探討標準必要專利案件中，標準制定組織的智財權政策與F/RAND承諾，經常約定以標準制定組織所在地法為準據法，因此所生之授權契約爭議與競爭法爭議，包括法院是否有權管轄，以及應該如何適用之準據法。在與F/RAND相關之爭議裡，各國法院鮮少有拒絕管轄的情形。準據法方面，實務上基於當事人意思自主原則，適用標準制定組織之智財權政策與F/RAND承諾之準據法，判斷F/RAND承諾之性質，以及當事人間授權契約是否成立以及其效力為何。競爭法方面，實務上各國皆適用內國競爭法，以決定標準必要專利權人之行為是否濫用其市場地位。 經由比較法與實務案件之分析，本文主張標準必要專利之中基於F/RAND所生之契約爭議，仍應適用標準制定組織之智財權政策與F/RAND承諾中所約定之法律。適用涉外民事法律適用法部分，法院實務判決應更清楚明確定性案件以及適用涉外民事法律適用法之依據與理由，俾使涉外民事法律適用法第42條第1項之意義更為明確。競爭法之部分，由於其強行法規之性質，實務皆適用法庭地法，原則上僅就影響國內市場之涉外行為判斷。此外，就我國立法就智慧財產之國際管轄規定付之闕如，應該針對智慧財產之特殊性增加相關規定。 / In cross-border SEP-related cases, courts often face the problems of international jurisdiction and the choice of law. SEP-realted cases often involve issues such as the nature of the F/RAND declarations and the IPR policies of Standard Setting Organizations (SSOs), the formation and the effect of licensing agreements, and violation of competition law, etc. The thesis starts from the examination of Act Governing the Choice of Law in Civil Matters Involving Foreign Elements in Taiwan. Article 42(1) of the Act should be applied only to the issues related to the content of IP right itself. As for IP infringements and IP-related contracts, the choice of law rules on general infringements and contracts should be applied. Secondly, the thesis further looks into the practice of conflict of law in Japan Korea, PRC, the UK and the US on SEP-related cases, which mostly apply the principle of party autonomy to determine the nature of F/RAND declarations and the nature of SSOs’ IPR policies. As for the competition law argument, based on the mandatory nature of competition law, the court often applied lex fori to the issues. Back to the private international law in Taiwan, the thesis suggests that the court should elaborate more specifically on the process of the court determining the characterization of the case and further deciding the choice of law. Besides, Taiwan should also legislate the law on the international jurisdiction on IP cases.