Many economies throughout the world were devastated by the global financial crisis of 2007-2008. Ireland in particular experienced a severe collapse in its housing market. Despite the progression of European-influenced planning policy that was meant to promote balanced regional development in Ireland, the country's housing market vastly overbuilt, exacerbating a housing market crash that ended the Celtic Tiger era. Drawing on Europeanization and historical institutionalism as theoretical frameworks, this thesis argues that the link between these EU-influenced policy principles and local Irish planning practice was weak during an important phase of Ireland's economic growth. This conclusion is demonstrated through the analysis of a case study, McEvoy and Smith v. Meath County Council. The findings show that while Ireland's national government created an ambitious National Spatial Strategy modeled on EU principles, non-binding Regional Planning Guidelines allowed local authorities to continue granting zoning changes and permissions. These decisions were therefore uninhibited by the constraints of population projections, consideration for infrastructure provision, and overall good planning practice. This research calls into question the effectiveness of transferring policy principles from the EU to Member States. It suggests more generally that to implement policy and law successfully, policy makers must appreciate the societal and economic context in which these rules will operate.

In this thesis I focus on the Japanese labour market in agriculture, traditional, semi-traditional and modern light industry between the 1730s and 1950s. In the first chapter I introduce institutional theory and path dependance theory which serve as my conceptual frame. In the second chapter I present a broad definition of the modern period based on Kito's demographical periodization of Japanese history. In the third and fourth chapter I analyze the institutional structure of agriculture and by-employments that dominated the modern labour market. In conclusion I discuss the connection of this structure to heavy industry and its implications for the current dual labour market.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-04-26T15:00:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Guilherme Bacim_.pdf: 15496221 bytes, checksum: 753345aa27e543f77ece6c2dbf229575 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-26T15:00:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guilherme Bacim_.pdf: 15496221 bytes, checksum: 753345aa27e543f77ece6c2dbf229575 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este estudo de caso trata da avaliação da utilização das melhores práticas da Engenharia de Produção na indústria naval, tendo como pano-de-fundo o Estaleiro Atlântico Sul (EAS). Trata-se de um estudo de caso descritivo e explanatório. O trabalho descreve a trajetória evolutiva do sistema de produção do EAS, caracterizando-o em três fases distintas. Na Fase I, que se inicia em 2008 e se estende até julho 2014, identifica-se uma significativa influência dos fatores históricos da produção naval no Brasil que teve forte influência do paradigma Taylorista/Fordista, e pode ser sintetizado pelo fato de que a produção de navios era percebida enquanto uma ´obra´ com a gestão das diversas ´disciplinas´. A Fase II, que ocorreu entre julho de 2014 e janeiro de 2016, constituiu-se em uma etapa de transição que teve como elemento central o objetivo de modificar a cultura organizacional da empresa, o que foi efetivado através da adoção de conceitos tais como: 5S, mini fábricas e Kaizens com foco na melhoria dos fluxos produtivos e qualidade focada no processo. Já a Fase III, que inicia em janeiro de 2016, tem como evento crítico a criação de uma maquete em escala real do EAS que objetiva criar uma visão holística da empresa e do sistema de produção. A Fase III tem como embasamento teórico o Sistema Toyota de Produção e a Teoria das Restrições (TOC), tendo sido realizado uma importante modificação conceitual no que tange a percepção do ´objeto de trabalho´ ao longo de todo o sistema produtivo do EAS. As modificações que ocorreram, sob a égide e foco na Função Processo, foram centrais para a criação e melhoria dos fluxos produtivos em todo o sistema de produção. Visando a sustentação das mudanças ocorridas na Fase III, ocorreu uma ampla reformulação no modelo de gestão com a criação do conceito de Fábricas (Blocos, Pintura e Edificação) que passaram a ter gestores específicos responsáveis pelas melhorias incrementais e radicais dos fluxos produtivos. Além disso, foram realizadas ações no que tange à Função Operação: i) implantação do conceito de Gestão do Posto de Trabalho nas máquinas restritivas do corte; ii) gerar várias linhas de produção utilizando o conceito de box, com uma visão mais geral de fluxo oriundo da ótica do Tambor/Pulmão/Corda da TOC, com a utilização intensiva do conceito de Operação-Padrão para o dimensionamento dos mesmos. Ainda, através de um relatório de uma consultoria coreana, foi possível entender um conjunto de gaps existentes entre o modelo de sistema de produção atualmente adotado na empresa em estudo e o benchmarking coreano. A partir desta perspectiva evolucionária histórica de desenvolvimento do sistema produtivo do EAS, o trabalho propõe a adoção de uma série de boas práticas no intuito de aprimorar os processos na empresa em estudo. Finalmente, a título de conclusão, a aplicabilidade dos conceitos de engenharia de produção na indústria naval, tem impacto direto em termos das melhorias econômico-financeiro da empresa. / This case study deals with the evaluation of the use of the best practices of Production Engineering in the naval industry, having as background the Estaleiro Atlântico Sul (EAS). It is a descriptive and explanatory case study. The project describes the evolutionary trajectory of the EAS Production System, characterizing it in three distinct phases. In Phase I, which begins in 2008 and extends until July 2014, it is identified a significant influence of the historical factors of the naval production in Brazil that had strong influence of the Taylorist / Fordist paradigm, and can be synthesized by the fact that the production of ships was perceived as a ' construction ' with the management of the several ‘disciplines’. Phase II, which occurred between July 2014 and January 2016, constituted a transition phase that had as its central element the goal of modifying the organizational culture of the company, which was accomplished through the adoption of concepts such as: 5S, mini factories and Kaizens focused on improving production flows and process-focused quality. And in Phase III, which begins in January 2016, has as a critical event the creation of a full-scale EAS model that aims to create a holistic view of the company and the production system. Phase III has as its theoretical basis the Toyota Production System and the Theory of Constraints (TOC), and an important conceptual modification was made regarding the perception of the 'work object' throughout the EAS production system. The changes that occurred under the aegis and focus on the Process Function were central to the creation and improvement of production flows throughout the production system. In order to sustain the changes that occurred in Phase III, there was a broad reformulation in the management model with the creation of the concept of Factories (Blocks, Painting and Edification) that started to have specific managers responsible for the incremental and radical improvements of the productive flows. In addition, actions were taken with respect to the Operation Function: i) implementation of the concept of Workstation Management in the restrictive cutting machines; ii) generate several production lines using the box concept, with a more general view of flow from the TOC Drum / Buffer / Rope perspective, with the intensive use of the Standard Operation concept for their design. Also, through a report from a Korean consultancy, it was possible to understand a set of gaps between the production system model currently adopted in the company under study and the Korean benchmarking. From this evolutionary historical perspective of the development of the EAS production system, the paper proposes the adoption of a series of good practices in order to improve the processes in the company under study. Finally, as a conclusion, it seems possible to affirm the adherence and applicability of the concepts of production engineering in the naval industry, and its application has a direct impact in terms of the company's economic and financial improvements

Since 1989, there has been a period of rapid change of the economies of the former Eastern bloc. Within a few years, the majority of the formerly centrally administered economies had begun restructuring their economic systems, including the privatisation. of formerly state-owned enterprises. This process developed differently in different countries, depending among other things on their historical traditions and the momentum of their social, political and economic transformations. This doctoral dissertation examines the privatisation of large-scale industrial enterprises in Slovakia prior to 1997. In particular the thesis analyses the changing political and institutional framework governing the process and method of privatisation; and how the governance of firms was affected by the new markets and ownership- and control-structures that were established. Special attention is paid to the role played by investment funds andinvestment-companies established as a consequence of voucher privatisation. The research problem is approached both from an aggregate national level and from the enterprise level. The thesis includes a number of case studies of enterprises in Slovakia that underwent privatisation, and of investment funds that emerged to take part in the process. In addition, two panel-data sets were constructed for the sake of statistical analysis. The study points to the drastic changes in privatisation policy and its enactment, under different governments. It leads to the conclusion that privatisation is a highly political process, whose economic effects cannot be separated from its distributional effects. This politicised nature of ownership reform is shown to have some negative side-effects with regard to the development of well-functioning governance structures. It is, for example, pointed to that the capital market, as it developed during the period of study, was highly non-transparent,characterised by high transaction costs and insider-trading. The study also documents an increasingly concentrated ownership structure of the Slovak industry and relates it to the changes in privatisation policy. In the final analysis attention is drawn to a recurring theme in the study, namely the issues related to the relative stability and durability of the institutional set-up. In many cases an insecurity about "the rules of the game" led to short-term incentives and opportunism on behalf of the economic and political agents.

There is growing consensus that unless resource-rich developing countries improve their domestic governance systems, rising exploitation of mineral, oil and gas resources may result in long-term adverse developmental outcomes associated with the “resource curse”. Despite the consensus, reforms do not abound. This dissertation investigates the obstacles to such reforms, and the mechanisms and strategies that can possibly overcome these obstacles. I argue that two trapping mechanisms are binding these countries to a “weak governance curse”. One mechanism is the phenomenon of path dependence, which makes a dysfunctional governance path initiated at a past historical juncture resistant to change over time. The other mechanism is rent-seeking behaviour associated with high resource rents, which creates perverse incentives for political and economic actors to resist reforms. The Law and Development literature has recently produced a rich body of knowledge on governance reform in developing countries, yet it has largely neglected the potential role of innovative global regulatory mechanisms, beyond development assistance, in this process. I argue that this evolving literature ought to draw from global regulation studies to investigate the interaction between unconventional global regulatory mechanisms and domestic governance reform. In this thesis I analyze whether extraterritorial home country regulations, such as anti-bribery, anti-money laundering and securities disclosure regulations, and transnational public-private partnerships, such as the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, may offer institutional opportunities for external and internal actors to facilitate policy reforms in resource-rich and governance-poor countries. My conclusion is twofold. First, there is reason for cautious optimism regarding the potential for unconventional global regulatory mechanisms to provoke positive feedback effects in domestic governance reform. These mechanisms can open innovative institutional pathways of influence to outsiders and insiders promoting governance reform. Second, instead of searching for a regulatory silver bullet, the most promising way to promote reforms in resilient dysfunctional governance systems is to make use of the wide range of conventional and unconventional mechanisms available. A constellation of regulatory instruments opens up the possibility for outside and inside reformers to benefit from a different policy mix of available mechanisms, depending on the specific circumstances of a given country at a particular time.

Dozens of major cities around the world have launched large-scale waterfront redevelopment projects over the past fifty years. Absent from this list of noteworthy achievements, however, is Toronto, a case of grand ambitions gone horribly awry. Despite three extensive revitalization plans in the second half of the 20th century, Toronto’s central waterfront, an area roughly double the city’s central business district, has remained mired in political gridlock for decades. The purpose of this dissertation is to explain why this came to pass. Informed by extensive archival and interview research, as well as geospatial data analyzed using Geographic Information Systems software, the thesis demonstrates that above and beyond political challenges typical of any major urban redevelopment project, in Toronto, issues of land ownership — specifically, public land ownership — were pivotal in defining the scope and pace of waterfront planning and implementation. Few, if any, waterfront redevelopment projects around the world have been attempted amidst the same degree of public land ownership and jurisdictional fragmentation as that which plagued implementation efforts in Toronto. From 1961-1998, no less than 81% of all land in the central waterfront was owned by one public body or another, dispersed across a patchwork of public agencies, corporations, and special purpose authorities nestled within multiple levels of government. Such fragmentation, specifically across public bodies, added a layer of complexity to the existing intergovernmental dynamic that effectively crippled implementation efforts. It created a “joint-decision trap” impervious to conventional resolution via bargaining, problem solving, or unilateral action. This tangled political history poses a considerable challenge to conventional liberal, structuralist, and regime-based theories of urban politics derived from US experiences. It also highlights the limits of conventional implementation theory in the study of urban development, and calls into question longstanding interpretations of federal-provincial-municipal relations and multilevel governance in Canada.

Dozens of major cities around the world have launched large-scale waterfront redevelopment projects over the past fifty years. Absent from this list of noteworthy achievements, however, is Toronto, a case of grand ambitions gone horribly awry. Despite three extensive revitalization plans in the second half of the 20th century, Toronto’s central waterfront, an area roughly double the city’s central business district, has remained mired in political gridlock for decades. The purpose of this dissertation is to explain why this came to pass. Informed by extensive archival and interview research, as well as geospatial data analyzed using Geographic Information Systems software, the thesis demonstrates that above and beyond political challenges typical of any major urban redevelopment project, in Toronto, issues of land ownership — specifically, public land ownership — were pivotal in defining the scope and pace of waterfront planning and implementation. Few, if any, waterfront redevelopment projects around the world have been attempted amidst the same degree of public land ownership and jurisdictional fragmentation as that which plagued implementation efforts in Toronto. From 1961-1998, no less than 81% of all land in the central waterfront was owned by one public body or another, dispersed across a patchwork of public agencies, corporations, and special purpose authorities nestled within multiple levels of government. Such fragmentation, specifically across public bodies, added a layer of complexity to the existing intergovernmental dynamic that effectively crippled implementation efforts. It created a “joint-decision trap” impervious to conventional resolution via bargaining, problem solving, or unilateral action. This tangled political history poses a considerable challenge to conventional liberal, structuralist, and regime-based theories of urban politics derived from US experiences. It also highlights the limits of conventional implementation theory in the study of urban development, and calls into question longstanding interpretations of federal-provincial-municipal relations and multilevel governance in Canada.

There is growing consensus that unless resource-rich developing countries improve their domestic governance systems, rising exploitation of mineral, oil and gas resources may result in long-term adverse developmental outcomes associated with the “resource curse”. Despite the consensus, reforms do not abound. This dissertation investigates the obstacles to such reforms, and the mechanisms and strategies that can possibly overcome these obstacles. I argue that two trapping mechanisms are binding these countries to a “weak governance curse”. One mechanism is the phenomenon of path dependence, which makes a dysfunctional governance path initiated at a past historical juncture resistant to change over time. The other mechanism is rent-seeking behaviour associated with high resource rents, which creates perverse incentives for political and economic actors to resist reforms. The Law and Development literature has recently produced a rich body of knowledge on governance reform in developing countries, yet it has largely neglected the potential role of innovative global regulatory mechanisms, beyond development assistance, in this process. I argue that this evolving literature ought to draw from global regulation studies to investigate the interaction between unconventional global regulatory mechanisms and domestic governance reform. In this thesis I analyze whether extraterritorial home country regulations, such as anti-bribery, anti-money laundering and securities disclosure regulations, and transnational public-private partnerships, such as the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, may offer institutional opportunities for external and internal actors to facilitate policy reforms in resource-rich and governance-poor countries. My conclusion is twofold. First, there is reason for cautious optimism regarding the potential for unconventional global regulatory mechanisms to provoke positive feedback effects in domestic governance reform. These mechanisms can open innovative institutional pathways of influence to outsiders and insiders promoting governance reform. Second, instead of searching for a regulatory silver bullet, the most promising way to promote reforms in resilient dysfunctional governance systems is to make use of the wide range of conventional and unconventional mechanisms available. A constellation of regulatory instruments opens up the possibility for outside and inside reformers to benefit from a different policy mix of available mechanisms, depending on the specific circumstances of a given country at a particular time.

本文以「歷史制度主義」為途徑，去分析毛澤東時期「二線分工」的運作與變遷。並就「歷史制度主義」的三個主要觀點，包括「路徑依賴」、「關鍵點」以及「漸續平衡」為架構，去鋪陳本文的論證。 首先，在「路徑依賴」上，本文認為因「民主集中制」的矛盾，使得中共政治在運作上，衍生出另一套非正式制度以修補之。而「二線分工」就是這套非正式制度，其目的是為了防制「民主集中制」的三項缺失，包括權力集中、非正式政治的影響以及政治繼承的危機。是故，只要中共堅持「民主集中制」，則「二線分工」就會成為一項路徑依賴，以修補「民主集中制」的缺失。毛時期「二線分工」的起點是在一九五六年九月的八大，該會決議重組中央書記處，以作為和中央政治局分工的機構。因此，開啟了毛時期「二線分工」的運作。 其次，在「關鍵點」的改變上，以一九五九年四月，毛辭去國家主席，退居政務二線為重要的關鍵。促成該關鍵點的成因上，可以「內因」和「外因」分別說明之。「內因」是起於反右運動、大躍進運動以來，逐步繁瑣的內政事務，使得毛決心辭去國家主席，以減輕工作負擔。「外因」則起於中蘇關係的惡化，使得毛有意識的了解培養革命繼承人的重要性，遂將劉少奇扶植至政務一線，以培養其接班能力。 最後，在「漸續平衡」上，在歷經一九五九年四月的「關鍵點」後，中共的「二線分工」運作由原來的「優勢政治」型演變為「權力平衡」型。在「關鍵點」之前，毛集黨務、政務一線於一身，可以直接參與黨務與政務決策的制定，因此呈現出以毛為主的「優勢政治」運作。但在「關鍵點」之後，毛雖仍居黨務一線，但因退居政務二線，所以大幅減少對於重要會議的直接參與，部分決策權轉移至劉少奇、鄧小平手中，故乃呈現出一、二線互為抗衡的「權力平衡」型。 本文在最後的結論，將討論毛時期立下的「二線分工」運作，對於後毛時期的延續性。此外，將提出中共政治的「二線分工」模式，以做為本論文的研究發現與研究成果。 / In the political regime of CCP, democratic centralism is the formal system of an organized form. “Two-front arrangement” is informal system, which is used to renovate three defects of democratic centralism, including the effects of informal system, power centralization, and the crisis of political successor. This article is used three concepts of ”historical institutionalism”, which are path dependence, critical juncture, and punctured equilibrium, to explain the transition of “two-front arrangement” in CCP. First, in the path dependence, “two-front arrangement” is a method used by CCP to repair the deficiency of democratic centralism. Second, the path of “two-front arrangement” was gone through two critical junctures of transition, one is the CCP twelve party congress in 1982, and two is the CCP sixteenth party congress in 2002. At last, the results of these critical junctures produced new punctured equilibrium . The work of “two-front arrangement” changed to patron-client type after the CCP twelve party congress and evolved to functional type after the CCP sixteenth party congress. The change of “two-front arrangement” is gradually evolving to some kinds of institutionalization. From the random type in Mao’s era, the patron-client type in Deng’s era, to the functional type in Jiang’s era, we can find that the “two-front arrangement” has remarkable function to repair three defects of democratic centralism as time went by. So we can take it as the formation of institutionalization. We analyze the “two-front arrangement” during Mao Zedong’s era. “First-front” leaders are those who participated in the policy-making process directly while leaders on the “second-front” are referred to those who only indirectly involved in the process. The article argues that the best way to identify leaders in their affiliation in the “two-fronts” division of work is to have a detailed breakdown on personnel in the highest decision-making bodies, the Politburo and the Central Secretariat. We divide Chinese leadership during Mao’s era into four categories according to official document and reputation and status of the leaders. The article further delineates the operation of the “two-front arrangement” according to the division of work between the party and the state, charisma of the leaders and formal institutions. At the end, we try to assess the impact of the “two-fronts” model on Chinese politics.

Submitted by Vera Sirlene Leonardo (vsleonardo2@gmail.com) on 2017-04-25T21:54:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Do desenho nacional à Dinanimica local.pdf: 3314211 bytes, checksum: 7fe935d78deba7bedf6e21befc4d17ba (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Tereza Fernandes Conselmo (maria.conselmo@fgv.br) on 2017-04-28T16:24:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Do desenho nacional à Dinanimica local.pdf: 3314211 bytes, checksum: 7fe935d78deba7bedf6e21befc4d17ba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-02T12:42:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Do desenho nacional à Dinanimica local.pdf: 3314211 bytes, checksum: 7fe935d78deba7bedf6e21befc4d17ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-07 / This thesi’s aim is to analyse the implementation of a brazilian housing program, MCMV, in ordem to identify if this process is affected by the legacy of the policies that are formulated at the local level of government and by its path. The program structure, the federal government institutional resources provided in order to achive the program’s purpose were studied along with the results and the municipal management’s dynamic on the program’s implementation. The literature has its base on intergovernmental relations and federative coordination to indicate that the federal government mechanisms were insufficient to make the municipality producing enough housing to families with low income according to the area’s housing deficit. Its argued that the implementation process is affected by the action of local actors who controls the process and used to decided how the policies will be implemented and what will be implemented. This point of view is supported by the implementation theory and by the path dependence approach, both help understanding the performance of these actors in the dynamics of the local implementation. The research is theoretical empirical, qualitative, case study regarding the research strategy, wich the empirical object is the municipality of Maringá- PR and the instrument used to collected the data was a semistructured interview. The results shows that despite the intergovernmental articulation weakness, the competences between the federatives bodies worked as complementary because the municipality has contributed donating building sities in order to policy feasible. It was concluded that few units builted and located on the suburb, despite being supplied with social facilities they suffer the consequences of a strong agreement between public actors and interest groups that guide their actions to promote the town, fact that increases housing prices limiting the possibilities of producing housing for low income families. / Essa tese tem por objetivo analisar o processo de implementação da política habitacional, o programa MCMV, de modo a demonstrar se esse processo é afetado pelo legado das políticas que são elaboradas no nível local de governo e pela sua trajetória. Foram analisados, de um lado o desenho do programa e os recursos institucionais que o governo federal dispunha para alcançar os seus objetivos e, de outro, os resultados e a dinâmica da gestão municipal na implementação do programa. A tese apoia-se na literatura sobre relações intergovernamentais e coordenação federativa para mostrar que os mecanismos do governo federal foram insuficientes para induzir o município a produzir a quantidade de unidades habitacionais previstas com base no déficit habitacional da região para as famílias de baixa renda. Argumenta-se que o processo de implementação é afetado pela ação dos atores locais que tem o controle do processo e decidem o que e como serão implementadas as políticas. Esse argumento é sustentado pela teoria da implementação e pela abordagem da path dependence para auxiliar na interpretação da atuação desses atores na dinâmica da implementação local. A pesquisa é empírico-teórica, qualitativa, estudo de caso quanto à estratégia de pesquisa, cujo objeto empírico é o município de Maringá-Pr e os dados foram levantados por meio de entrevista semiestrutura. Os resultados mostram que apesar da frágil articulação intergovernamental houve complementariedade de competências entre os entes federativos, visto que o município subsidia com a doação de terrenos para viabilizar a política. Conclui-se que o cenário das poucas unidades produzidas e localizadas nos bairros periféricos, apesar de estarem supridas pelos equipamentos sociais, é reflexo da forte aliança entre os atores públicos locais e os grupos de interesse que direcionam suas ações voltadas para a promoção da cidade, fato que inflaciona o custo do imóvel, limitando as possibilidades de produção de moradia para a população de baixa renda.