Advance directives are instructions given by patients – or potential patients – specifying what actions ought to be taken for their health in the event that they are no longer capable to make decisions due to illness or incapacity. Over the last decades, there has been a rising tide in favour of advance directives: not only is the use of such directives recommended by most medical and advisory bodies, they are also gaining increasing legal recognition in many parts of the world. This book, however, takes as its point of departure one of the most commonly discussed medical-ethical arguments against granting advance directives moral force: the Objection from Personal Identity. The adherers of this objection basically asserts that when there is lacking psychological continuity between the person who formulated the advance directive and the later patient to whom it supposedly applies, this seriously threatens the directive’s moral authority. And, further, that this is so because lacking sufficient psychological continuity implies that the author of the advance directive is numerically distinct from the later patient. Although this argument has some initial appeal, most philosophers in the advance directives debate maintain that the Objection from Personal Identity fails, but suggest different reasons as to why. Whereas some argue that the objection has no force because it rests on faulty beliefs about personal identity, others argue that we ought to grant advance directives moral authority even if the author and the later patient are numerically distinct beings. This book investigates some of the most influential of these arguments and reaches the conclusion that the Objection from Personal Identity has more to it than is usually recognized in the medical-ethical debate. Lacking sufficient psychological continuity between author and later patient, it is concluded, does threaten the moral authority of the advance directive.

This thesis takes an interdisciplinary approach to the study of the impact that constructions of meaning and personal identity have upon the processes of professional decision-making, in the delivery of community safety services. The research draws upon the previous work undertaken in the fields of psychology, sociology, social anthropology, criminology and community safety. The research was composed of five separate studies. Study one was a Delphi exercise to determine consensus of meaning for different community terms in common usage for policy makers, practitioners and academics. The research was able to define consensual meanings for ten of the thirteen terms presented, including crime prevention, crime reduction and community safety. Consensus was not achieved for the terms community engagement, respect and quality of life and suggestions are made which may account for this result. Study two utilised repertory grids to investigate the ways that community safety professionals might construe the decisions that they have to make as part of their duties. Studies three and four utilised bespoke ISA/lpseus instruments, whose structures were informed by the results from Study Two. These instruments were used to further explore the construals and worldviews of a variety of community safety professionals through six process postulates. It was found that whilst an individual's initial job role or gender did not have significant impact upon their professional decision-making, the training that they had received in community safety and the time that they had spent working in the field did have a significant impact upon their professional decision-making. It was also found that the groups of community safety professionals differed in their attitudes towards those members of society who are the target of community safety activity. Study five involved the generation and piloting of a survey instrument whose various sections were designed to validate the findings generated from the previous studies, as well as providing further data on the decision-making processes of those working within community safety. The final chapter presents the Warren Person Process Priority (WaPPP) layered model of decision-making that was derived from the data collected to inform the current thesis. The outer Person layer is defined by the four-way typology derived from the Procedural / Free-form and Cautious / Adventurous bi-polar constructs of identity types that were identified from the ISA/lpseus studies. The middle layer of the model describes a number of different decision-making processes that professionals may follow when making a judgement or coming to a conclusion. The order of the processes was given by the results of the survey pilot. The central portion of the model presents a number of factors that may impact upon professional decision-making, determined from the ethnographic work that informed the ISA/lpseus studies. The order of these factors was determined from the preparatory data collection instrument that was used with the ISA/lpseus studies and confirmed by the results of the survey pilot. Suggestions are made for further research that may expand upon the results presented in this thesis. These include a larger version of the Delphi, with an international panel of experts; correlation of the ISA/lpseus instruments with other validated instruments for the measurement of personality, identity and decision-making and an expansion of the survey pilot.

Darbe nagrinėjami asmens tapatumo ir tapatumo su šeima jausmo formavimosi ypatumai. Asmens tapatumas yra reikšmingas, nes jis nusako žmogaus vientisumą, įprasmina jo gyvenimo tikslus, padeda suvokti savo vietą pasaulyje, užtikrina buvimą pačiu savimi. Tyrimo tikslas - įvertinti vaikų namuose, savaitinėse grupėse ir pilnose šeimose augančių vaikų (5-7 m.) tapatumo su šeima jausmo formavimosi ypatumus. Atlikus tyrimą paaiškėjo, kad tapatumo su šeima jausmo formavimąsi lemia vaiko poreikis turėti tėvus. Nustatyta, kad tapatumo su šeima jausmui formuotis reikalingas emocinių ryšių suvokimas, kad „turiu kažką, ką galiu pavadinti šeima“. / The Paper analyses peculiarities of development personal identity and a feeling of person’s familial identity. Person’s identity has a great significance, because it describes personal integrity, gives sense to purposes in life, helps to perceive a place in the World and ensures your being yourself. The purpose of this research is to estimate peculiarities of development of a feeling of familial identity among children (5-7 years), growing in children’s homes, weekly groups and full families.The analysis has shown, that development of a feeling of familial identity is determined by a need of a child – to have parents. It was found, that in order to develop a feeling of familial identity, a perception of emotional relations, that “you have something you can call a family” is needed.

Magistro darbe MOTERIŠKUMAS IR VYRIŠKUMAS DIEVO PLANE ŠIUOLAIKINIŲ GENDER IDEOLOGIJOS IŠŠŪKIŲ KONTEKSTE keliama problema, kaip sugebėti apginti krikščioniškąją poziciją asmens tapatumo (vyriškumo bei moteriškumo) klausimu ir ją deramai pateikti Lietuvos bendrojo lavinimo švietimo įstaigose. Šio darbo būtinybę liudija įvairūs šio laikmečio iššūkiai, transformuojantys vertybes ir darantys neigiamą įtaką tradiciniam katalikiškam lytiškumo supratimui. Darbo tikslas – suformuluoti katalikišką asmens tapatumo sampratą, vadovaujantis moteriškumo ir vyriškumo antropologiniais principais pagal Bažnyčios mokymą. Magistro darbo pirmoje dalyje kritiškai įvertinamas sekuliaraus pasaulio požiūris bei dabarties iššūkiai. Antroje dalyje analizuojamas tyrimas, kuris konstatuoja vyresnių klasių moksleivių požiūrį į lyties tapatumą. Trečioje dalyje – Katalikų Bažnyčios mokymas apie moters ir vyro sampratą, pašaukimą šeimai. Ketvirtojoje dalyje – pateikiamos gairės ir rekomendacijos asmens tapatumo ugdymui bei parapiniam pasauliečių katalikų apaštalavimui, įvertinamos bendrojo lavinimo mokyklų programos ir jų taikymo perspektyvos. Darbe akcentuota, kad sekuliarioji visuomenė jaunimui ir vaikams siūlo netinkamą lytinį švietimą. Jį bandoma realizuoti per Gender ideologijos struktūras. Atliktas tyrimas patvirtino, kad moksleiviai jaučia objektyvias moralės normas ir moralinius įsipareigojimus, jiems būdingas savo vertės ir kilnumo, lyties tapatumo pajautimas. Tai yra rimtas argumentas, kad... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The master’s paper FEMININITY AND MASCULINITY IN GOD’S PLAN IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERN CHALLENGES OF GENDER IDEOLOGY analyzes the problem how to be able to defend a Christian standpoint in respect of personal identity (femininity and masculinity) and duly present this standpoint in Lithuanian institutions of general education. The necessity for this work is evidenced by various modern-days challenges that transform the values and have a negative impact on traditional catholic conception of sex. The aim of the work is to formulate a catholic conception of personal identity based on anthropological principles of femininity and masculinity according to the teaching of the Church. The first part of the master’s paper includes a critical evaluation of modern-days challenges and the standpoint of secular world. The second part presents the analysis of the survey that reveals the attitude of senior schoolchildren towards sexual identity. The third part deals with the teaching of Catholic Church about the concept of woman and man and the vocation for family. The fourth part includes guidelines and recommendations for the development of personal identity and parochial apostolic work of secular Catholics and presents the assessment of general education schools’ curricula and prospects of their use. The work emphasizes that secular society is offering inadequate sex education for children and young people, which is being implemented through the structures of Gender Ideology. The survey... [to full text]

Eliminative materialism is a view that has been sparsely acknowledged and often overlooked when it comes to providing us with a criterion of what it takes for you and me to persist over time. This owes much to its counterintuitive belief in the non-existence of folk-psychological notions, such as persons. Against a backdrop of philosophical and scientific inquiry, this paper amounts to providing such a criterion in the form of f-organisms, taking a different route based on emergent descriptions, instead of conventional reductive explanations. The temporal plasticity (change over time) of such f-organisms display stable persistence conditions despite their constant state of reconstruction. What informs the question of identity in such a paradigm is dealt with accordingly, and the notion of the self is put in a context in which it can no longer be said to be the self we are familiar with – a context in which the center fails to hold. The imperative question for any of such criteria will be to accommodate the concept of identity as unconstrained and far away from uncertainty as possible. The main theme will thus be to reassess the general notion of diachronic identity to include our identity over time, and make explicit the various implications for such a view.

[pt] A presente tese visa analisar a possibilidade de pensar o outro, ou a alteridade, no seio da escrita diarística, tão comumente compreendida como uma escrita subjetiva. Os diários pessoais, considerados território privilegiado do sujeito, quando examinados sob a perspectiva de sua destinação, revelam um processo de constituição do sujeito que se dá no ato da prática de escrita diarística, através da constituição de uma identidade narrativa e, também, na inserção do outro - como partícipe da vivência inscrita no diário. Para instrumentalizar a análise do corpus, são revistas às noções de identidade pessoal, dentro do campo da filosofia, em particular a contribuição de Paul Ricoeur com sua noção de identidade narrativa. A identidade relacional, como a entende o teórico norte-americano Paul John Eakin também contribui para a explicitação da alteridade como componente da identidade no processo da escrita pessoal. Como seria possível ao sujeito definir- se como o eu da escrita de si? O produto de sua prática textual (seu diário, suas memórias, sua autobiografia, etc.) seria a revelação do sujeito por e para si próprio ou uma atestação da completa impossibilidade de o sujeito conhecer-se por si mesmo? Um ensaio de resposta é possível com a análise de alguns diários sob a perspectiva acima exposta. Entre eles, o diário de Carolina Maria de Jesus, o diário de Alice Dayrell, Minha vida de menina, além de trechos do diário da Princesa Isabel, do médico Felippe Maria Wolff e de um diário pessoal inédito. / [en] The dissertation is the result of a research whose main goal was to analyze the possibility of thinking the other, or the otherness, in the core of diary writing. Personal journals and diaries are considered the privileged territory of the self and upon an exam through the perspective of their destination they reveal a process of identity constitution. The narrative identity created during the practice of personal writing consists also of the presence of otherness - the other that is both the object of writing and its possible reader. The notions of personal identity are reviewed as well as the concept of narrative identity, by Paul Ricoeur, and relational identity, by Paul John Eakin. The diaries that are analyzed in this dissertation are: The diary of Carolina Maria de Jesus, the diary of Alice Dayrell (also known as Helena Morley), excerpts of the diary of Princess Isabel and of the Dr. Felippe Maria Wolff.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-03-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:53:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 viana_ca_me_mar.pdf: 1931238 bytes, checksum: 0ab6d79e4636a04ef562ac6fc8ec4c9b (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho consiste num esforço para compreender a noção filosófica de identidade pessoal ao longo do tempo. O procedimento para atingir tal compreensão é o de analisar e discutir as principais soluções, encontradas na literatura, que foram propostas para o problema da identidade pessoal. Este problema é descrito como a dificuldade de fundamentar e explicar a nossa crença de que uma pessoa em um dado momento de sua vida e ela em um outro momento são a mesma pessoa, a despeito das grandes alterações biopsicossociais pelas quais ela passa. A primeira solução proposta para este problema é aquela que centra a identidade pessoal em critérios substanciais, que podem ser físicos ou metafísicos. A segunda solução analisada é aquela que recorre à noção de continuidade, seja física, seja psicológica, para buscar explicar como as pessoas permanecem as mesmas ao longo do tempo. Uma terceira solução investigada propõe o entendimento do problema em questão como um problema passível de ser resolvido pela análise linguístico-conceitual; nesta parte, discutimos as seguintes idéias: concepção cética de identidade pessoal, auto-referência, auto-consciência e perspectiva de primeira pessoa. E, por fim, utilizando as noções de auto-organização e de emergência, discutimos as possíveis contribuições da sistêmica na busca de uma solução para o problema. / This work consists of an effort to understand the philosophical notion of personal identity over time. The means to reach this understanding is to analyse and to discuss the most important solutions found in the literature that were proposed to the problem of personal identity. This problem is described as the difficulty of grounding and explaining our belief that a person in a given moment of her life and herself in another moment are one and the same person, despite all the great biopsychosocial changes which she undergoes. The first proposed solution to this problem makes substantial criteria, whether physical or metaphysical, central to personal identity. The second solution appeals to the notion of continuity, whether physical or psychological, to explain how people remain the same over time. A third solution suggests that the problem can be solved through linguistic-conceptual analysis; here, we discuss such ideas as the sceptical conception of personal identity, selfreference, self-consciousness and the first-person perspective. And, finally, with the help of the notions of self-organization and emergence, we discuss possible contributions of systemic theory to solving the problem.

Submitted by ANA PAULA TALIN BISSOLI (anatalin@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-09-20T16:19:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Final Impressão Ana Talin Defesa .pdf: 3231528 bytes, checksum: 551cc9a172cc17662f73ebfee05d45f6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Satie Tagara (satie@marilia.unesp.br) on 2018-09-20T17:46:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 bissoli_apt_me_mar.pdf: 3231528 bytes, checksum: 551cc9a172cc17662f73ebfee05d45f6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-20T17:46:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 bissoli_apt_me_mar.pdf: 3231528 bytes, checksum: 551cc9a172cc17662f73ebfee05d45f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho tem como objetivo central analisar, do ponto de vista filosóficointerdisciplinar, possíveis contribuições dos hábitos motores na constituição da identidade pessoal. inicialmente problematizamos a abordagem das teorias mecanicistas que consideram o processo de habituação motora como resultante de processos direcionados pela maturação neuronal, fundamentados em uma concepção de corpo comprometida com abordagens dualistas. Ressaltamos que tais concepções consideram o corpo como totalidade decomponível em suas partes, causalmente conduzido por uma mente que com ele não se confunde ou que em relação a ele mantém algum grau de autonomia. Nessas perspectivas, processos relacionados à motricidade seriam apenas coadjuvantes e não teriam relevância quando se trata do problema da identidade pessoal. Em contraste, a partir de uma concepção de identidade sistêmica da pessoa, baseada na perspectiva dos sistemas dinâmicos e da cognição incorporada e situada, procuraremos mostrar que o corpo da pessoa, enquanto uma organização dinâmica complexa, e as atividades motoras em geral são fundamentais para a instanciação e desenvolvimento de hábitos motores constituintes da identidade da pessoa. Será especialmente focalizado, a partir da concepção de raciocínio abdutivo proposta por Charles Sanders Peirce, o possível papel de processos abdutivos motores na constituição da identidade motora da pessoa. / This work has the objective of analysing, from a philosophical-interdisciplinary perspective, possible contributions of motor habits in the constitution of the personal identity. We initially problematize the approach of the mechanistic theories that consider the process of motor habituation as resulting from processes directed by the neuronal maturation, grounded in a conception of body compromised with dualistic approaches. We emphasize that such conceptions consider the body as a whole decomposable in its parts, causally conducted by a mind, which is not confused with the body, or that maintains a certain degree of autonomy in relation to it. In those perspectives, processes related to motricity would be only coadjuvant and would not have any relevance in what regards the problem of personal identity. In contrast, from a systemic conception of the identity of a person, based on the perspective of the dynamic systems and of the situated and embodied cognition, we will aim on showing that the body of a person, as a dynamic and complex organization, and the motor activities in general are fundamental to the instantiation and development of the motor habits constituents of the identity of the person. It will be especially focused, from the conception of abductive reasoning presented by Charles Sanders Peirce, the possible role of motor abductive processes in the constitution and updating of the motor identity of the person.

Trata-se de explorar o tema da identidade pessoal no Tratado da natureza humana (1739-1740) de Hume, segundo três pontos de vista: a simpatia, a imaginação e as paixões. De início, mediante o estudo da relação entre as ideias de eu e de outro no princípio da simpatia, procuramos mostrar como esse princípio carrega em si um significado mais profundo do que a mera comunicação de paixões ou afetos usualmente privilegiada entre os intérpretes. Com efeito, se examinarmos a dependência entre o indivíduo e seu semelhante, encontramos no mecanismo simpático um conflito quanto à natureza da identidade pessoal: o eu é, ao mesmo tempo, a percepção mais forte que se pode ter no pensamento, e, sem a exterioridade, nas palavras de Hume, o eu é na realidade nada. A fim de esclarecer o conflito, propomos o seguinte: num primeiro momento, investiga-se a imaginação, em virtude da qual uma ficção do eu é engendrada no pensamento; num segundo, a sucessão de paixões, em que um eu de prazer e dor é produzido. Sem a intenção de privilegiar a imaginação ou as paixões como princípio de formação da identidade, ou mesmo de especular a respeito de uma articulação exaustiva entre elas, pretendemos apreender sob os três pontos de vista (incluindo a simpatia) o que haveria de essencial à identidade: uma ordem que se estabelece a partir da desordem, e que se encontra a todo momento por ela ameaçada. / This work explores the theme of personal identity in Humes Treatise of human nature (1739-1740), according to these three points of view: sympathy, imagination and passions. First of all, through the study of the relation between the self and the ideia of other in the principle of sympathy, we intend to show that this principle carries within itself a meaning more significant than a mere communication of passions or affects usually adopted by the commentators. In effect, if we examine the dependency between the individual and his similar, we find in the mechanism of sympathy a conflict regarding the nature of personal identity: the self is, at the same time, the liveliest perception we can have in the thought, and, without the exteriority, according to Humes words, the self is in reality nothing. In order to overcome the conflict, we propose: first, the investigation of the imagination, through which a fiction of the self is created in the thought; second, the succession of passions, where a self of pleasure and pain is produced. Without the intention of favouring the imagination or the passions as the principle of the formation of identity, neither with the intention of speculating about an exhaustive articulation between these two, we intend to consider by the three points of view (including that of sympathy) what would be the essential about personal identity: an order that is established by the disorder, and that is at all times threatened by that very disorder.

Durante o processo de escolarização ocorre uma cisão entre a construção do conhecimento e a construção da identidade pessoal. No caso da Matemática, é possível observar com maior nitidez a disjunção dos dois fenômenos em função do discutível caráter objetivo da disciplina. Ao contrário do que poderíamos pressupor, as dificuldades enfrentadas pela maior parte de nossos alunos não são de ordem técnica, mas de ordem afetiva: quando alguém se dispõe a aprender, os obstáculos, ainda que difíceis, podem ser superados. O que fazer, então, quando o aluno desistiu da Matemática? Como restabelecer essa relação? Como recuperar a pessoa que se perdeu diante da imparcialidade dos números e das fórmulas? Tendo essas questões no horizonte, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o de realizar uma investigação teórica para compreender adequadamente a construção da identidade pessoal e a construção do conhecimento. Nossa intenção é demonstrar que as narrativas têm o poder de articular os dois processos, uma vez que os significados, na perspectiva de Jerome Bruner, são negociados e estabelecidos narrativamente e que a concepção da identidade, na perspectiva de CharlesTaylor, requer uma compreensão narrativa da vida. Sintonizados com Paul Ricoeur e Julián Marías, investigamos as relações de interdependência existentes entre a identidade pessoal, a linguagem, a narrativa, a ação humana e a Ética. Verificamos, também, como ocorre a manutenção do si-mesmo, ao longo do tempo, nos planos biológicos e cultural, assim como o papel da ficção para a auto-compreensão. Quanto à construção do conhecimento, percorremos um caminho que se iniciou com a construção da realidade, passou pela questão dos conceitos e culminou no estudo da narrativa como forma de conhecimento; nesse caso, juntaram-se às nossas referências os pensamentos de Ortega y Gasset e de José Antônio Marina. Em se tratando da Matemática, constatamos que muitos dos seus conceitos se fundamentam em histórias de movimento e manipulação de objetos, além disso, as narrativas representam a possibilidade de inserir a disciplina no contexto das realizações humanas, dotando-a de um significado mais dramático. Com Kieran Egan, vimos como seria uma aula no formato de história. Finalmente, selecionamos algumas sugestões que podem ser um ponto de partida para o trabalho com as narrativas nas aulas de Matemática. Se educar significa construir significados para nossos conteúdos, compor tacitamente um cenário de valores e semear projetos, concluímos que as narrativas são imprescindíveis, pois, por meio delas, abarcamos essas três dimensões. / A splitting between knowledge and personal identity occurs during everybody´s school days. In the case of Mathematics, it is possible to notice clearly the separation of both phenomena, because of the debatable objectivity of the matter. Contrary to what is taken for granted, the difficulties that our students face are not technical but of affective origin: when someone wants to learn even the most difficult obstacles can be overcome. So, what should we do when the students give Mathematics up? How to restore their relationship with Mathematics? How to recover someone who has gotten lost facing numbers and mathematical formulae? Taking such questions in consideration, the target of this paper is a theoretical investigation to adequately understand the building up of the personal identity and the building up of the knowledge. Our intent is to demonstrate that the narratives can articulate both processes, so that the meanings, according to Jerome Bruner, are negotiated and established via narratives, because the concept of identity, in Charles Taylor´s opinion, demands a narrative understanding of the life. Supported by Paul Ricoeur and Julian Marías, we have checked the interdependence amongst the personal identity, the language, the narrative, the human action and Ethics. We have also checked how someone´s self is preserved throughout life, historically and culturally, as well as the role of fiction for the self-understanding. Concerning the construction of knowledge, we dealt with the construction of the reality, afterwards we dealt with the matter of concepts, and culminated with the study of the narrative as a way to attain knowledge. At this point, our conclusions came together with Ortega y Gasset´s and Jose Antonio Marina´s findings. As far as Mathematics is concerned, we ascertained that many concepts are based on stories of action and manipulation of objects; besides, the narratives mean a possibility to insert Mathematics in the fields of human achievements, with a more dramatic meaning. And Kieran Egan taught us how a Mathematics class, shaped as a story, could be. Finally, we have presented some suggestions which could be a starting point to use the narratives in the Mathematics classes. We have concluded that the narratives are indispensable because with them we can assemble the construction of meanings for the contents of our teachings, to quietly build a set of moral values and to seed projects.