各國視生技產業為未來發展的關鍵產業，並積極推動各項政策，使生技產業能快速成長，而生技醫藥市場是促成全球生技產業成長的主要動力，為了增加我國的競爭力，希望藉由與鄰近國家醫藥產業的比較，能更了解台灣生技醫藥產業經營績效。 本研究採用Battese and Coelli (1995)隨機成本邊界法，針對2002-2007年間，日本、南韓、中國、印度與台灣等五個國家，共61家生技醫藥廠商進行實證分析，研究結果如下：(1)研發密集度增加使成本效率降低，五個國家裡，日本最具成本效率。(2)產業平均成本效率值為0.855，且有逐年惡化的趨勢。(3)整體產業平均處於遞增規模報酬階段。(4)整體而言，總要素生產力(TFP)的提升主要是因為規模成分的貢獻，其次為技術的進步，而技術效率變動率對TFP成長率為負影響。(5)各國間雖然TFP變動率不存在顯著性差異，但在規模成分、技術變動率與技術效率變動率等方面存在著顯著的差異。 / Many countries regard biotechnology as a key industry for the future development. Governments often implement a variety of policies to help it grow rapidly. The biotech pharmaceutical industry is the main momentum for the growth of the global biotech industry. The objective of this paper is to measure the productivity and efficiency of the industry among Asian countries, and investigates the sources of the performance changes, and then hope to give some insight into the enhancement of the industry’s productivity. To pursue our goal, we adopt Battese and Coelli’s (1995) stochastic frontier approach to assess 61 biotech pharmaceutical firms during 2002-2007. The main empirical results can be summarized as follows: (1) The R&D intensity is negatively related to cost efficiency; in five countries, Japan has the highest cost efficiency. (2) On average, the cost efficiency is about 0.86, and has become worsen year after year. (3)Most of time, the industry is characterized with the increasing returns to scale. (4) The growth of total factor productivity (TFP) is mainly attributed to the scale efficiency change, and technical progress accounts for a minor source. However, technical efficiency deteriorates over time. (5) Among countries, the TFP growth rates have no significant differences, but the components show apparent differences.

Dans un contexte d’économie des connaissances, le brevet est utilisé de différentes manières par les pouvoirs publics et les inventeurs pour l’incitation à l’innovation, la protection et la diffusion des connaissances. Le but est de cette thèse de faire une analyse du système de brevet. Pour ce faire, nous proposons une nouvelle approche du brevet qui prend en compte, les spécificités sectorielles. Nous appelons ainsi cette approche, système sectoriel de brevets. Partant de l’analyse standard fondée sur le principe du « one size fits for all », nous élaborons une grille d’analyse qui tient compte de la nature des connaissances à protéger. Le processus d’apprentissage, la base de connaissances, les opportunités technologiques, la spécificité du savoir et les conditions générales d’appropriation, sont les constitutifs de la grille. Ils permettent de classer les technologies en deux types : technologies complexes et technologies discrètes. De cette classification, nous en déduisons les stratégies et les usages sectoriels de brevets. Nous montrons que, dans les technologies discrètes, cas de la pharmacie et des biotechnologies, les brevets protègent efficacement les inventeurs, et les stratégies de brevets dominantes sont de type fencing, evergreening. Tandis que, pour les technologies complexes, cas de l’électronique et des logiciels, le brevet est considéré comme étant peu efficace. De ce fait, il est complété par d’autres moyens de protection comme la complexité technologique, l’avance technologique, le secret, le copyright, pour lutter contre l’imitation, l’invention autour. Les stratégies de brevets font apparaître des phénomènes de type patent thicket. / In a context of knowledge economy, patents are used in different ways by the government and inventors the incentive for innovation, protection and dissemination of knowledge. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the patent system. To do this, we propose a new approach to the patent which takes into account sectoral specificities. We thus call this approach, sectoral system of patents. Starting from the standard analysis, based on the principle of "one size fits for all", we develop an analytical framework that takes into account the nature of knowledge to protect. The process of learning, knowledge base, technological opportunities, the specificity of knowledge and general conditions of appropriability, are the base of the model. They allow to classify the technologies into two types : complex technologies and discrete technologies. In this classification, we deduce strategies and sectoral uses of patents. We show that in discrete technologies, like the pharmaceutical industry and biotechnologies, patents effectively protect inventors and the dominants types of patent strategies are fencing and evergreening. While for complex technologies, electronics and software, the patent is considered inefficient. Thus, it is supplemented by other means of protection such as technological complexity, technological advance, the secret, copyright, to fight against copying the invention around. The patent strategies reveal phenomena such patent thicket, bulks.

D’une part, le développement scientifique dans le domaine pharmaceutique fournit des bénéfices substantiels à la santé des personnes, améliorant par conséquent leur qualité de vie. Toutefois, créer et mettre en marché une nouvelle substance thérapeutique n’est pas une tâche facile. Les laboratoires investissent du temps et de l’argent en recherche et développement pour y parvenir. D’autre part, malgré les bienfaits de la science et les efforts des chercheurs, les médicaments sont des produits potentiellement dangereux. Ils présentent des risques inhérents à leur nature, capables de causer des préjudices graves et irréversibles. D’ailleurs, la nature dangereuse de ces produits a incité l’instauration de normes qui imposent des critères stricts aux fabricants de médicaments dans le but de protéger le public. En suivant cette tendance mondiale, les législateurs brésilien et canadien ont instauré des régimes statutaires qui édictent des règles rigoureuses de conception, de fabrication et de commercialisation des médicaments. Néanmoins, à cause de la nature pénale et administrative de ces normes, elles ne sont pas efficaces lorsqu’il s’agit de dédommager le consommateur ou le tiers qui est victime du fait du médicament. Dans une telle situation, il faut recourir au droit civil dans le cas du Brésil et du Québec, ou à la common law dans les autres provinces canadiennes. Dans une étude comparée sur le sujet, nous avons appris que les droits civils brésilien et québécois ainsi que la common law canadienne ont des ressemblances très importantes, cependant en ce qui concerne l’exclusion de la responsabilité fondée sur le risque de développement scientifique, différentes solutions s’appliquent. / On the one hand, the scientific development in the pharmaceutical sector provides substantial benefits to human health, thus improving his quality of life. However, developing a new therapeutic substance is a hard task. The laboratories have been investing time and money in research and development to get there. On the other hand, despite the benefits of science and the efforts of researchers, drugs are potentially dangerous. They pose risks inherent in their nature, can cause serious and irreversible damage. Moreover, the hazardous nature of these products has prompted the creation of standards that impose strict criteria for drug manufacturers in order to protect the public. By following this global trend, the Brazilian and Canadian legislators have introduced statutory regulations that lay down strict rules of design, manufacture and marketing of drugs. However, as a result of criminal and administrative standards, they are not effective when it comes to compensate the victim of the drug. In this situation, we must resort to civil law, in the case of Brazil and Quebec, or the common law in respect of other Canadian provinces. In a comparative study, we find out that civil law in Brazil and Quebec and Canadian common law have significant similarities, however, regarding the exclusion of liability based on the risk of scientific development, different solutions apply.

La publicité directe des médicaments d’ordonnance (PDMO), interdite au Canada, influence la relation tripartite entre l’industrie pharmaceutique, les consommateurs de médicaments d’ordonnance et les professionnels de la santé. L’industrie pharmaceutique, un secteur très lucratif, emploie diverses tactiques publicitaires dont plusieurs sont nuisibles aux consommateurs. Ces derniers sont la cible de la PDMO et interprètent de multiples façons le message publicitaire reçu. Finalement, les professionnels de la santé jouent un rôle crucial entre l’industrie et les consommateurs puisqu’une ordonnance est nécessaire pour se procurer le produit publicisé. L’encadrement normatif visant la PDMO au Canada est de sources variées. La législation mentionne clairement l’interdiction de ce type de publicité, mais Santé Canada tolère tout de même deux usages relatifs à la PDMO : les annonces de rappel de marque et les annonces de recherche d’aide. Cette situation crée de la confusion puisque l’information transmise aux consommateurs est incomplète. Les Américains ont légalisé la PDMO en favorisant son potentiel éducatif. Il est toutefois difficile de constater les effets positifs de cette légalisation sur la santé publique et l’économie américaine. Au Canada, le médicament Viagra a été l’objet de PDMO, lui conférant un succès économique et populaire. Mais cette notoriété fait que les consommateurs associent aisément le produit à la condition qu’il traite, ce qui est contraire aux usages tolérés par Santé Canada. Tous ces éléments renforcent notre position quant à l’importance de maintenir l’interdiction législative de la PDMO et de l’appliquer de manière plus rigoureuse. / Direct-to-consumer-advertising of prescription drugs (DTCAPD), forbidden in Canada, influences the three-way relationship between the pharmaceutical industry, the consumers of prescription drugs and the health care professionals. The pharmaceutical industry, a very profitable business, uses different advertising tactics that can be detrimental to the consumers. The consumers are the target of DTCAPD and interpret in many ways the advertising messages that are being sent. Finally the health care professionals are playing a crucial role between the industry and the consumers as prescriptions are necessary in order to receive the advertised drugs. The Canadian normative framework surrounding DTCAPD has different sources. The legislation is clearly forbidding these advertisements, but Health Canada is still permitting two types of messages: Reminder Ads and Help-Seeking Messages. This situation is confusing since the transmitted information is generally incomplete. The United-States legalised DTCAPD for its educational potential. It is yet difficult to observe the positive effects on the public health and the economy of this country. In Canada, the prescription drug Viagra was the target of DTCAPD and was an economical and popular success. This recognition however helps the consumers to associate the drug and the condition it is treating, which is contrary to the exception framework set up by Health Canada. All these elements strengthen our position to maintain the DTCAPD legislative interdiction and to apply it in a rigorous manner.

The topic of this thesis is spin doctoring. It understands terms "spin" and "spin doctoring" as deliberate manipulation with public opinion by means of communication. The thesis includes an account of relevant concepts as are public relations, propaganda or corporate spin. It describes academical approaches to this issue. The authors criticize especially a corruptive influence of spin doctoring on democratic society and manipulative nature of public relations, but they offer possibilities of counteraction against these practices as well. The thesis considers both historical and recent manifestations of spin doctoring. Many examples analysed in this thesis concerns political environment of the Great Britain. Techniques and practices of spin doctoring such as "third party technique", "astroturfing" or "denigration campaings" are thoroughly explained. The perspective of semiotics and spin doctoring as manipulation with sign within social environment are concerned. The conflict between critics of spin doctoring and representatives of public relations is interpreted as discoursive discrepancy and both the antagonist discourses are analyzed. One chapter is devoted to spin doctoring within pharmaceutical industry. The practices and techniques of spin doctoring are interpreted in detail on this example....

O controle sanitário no Brasil merece elevado nível de consideração, pois caracteriza-se por grande importância social e econômica. Abrange um leque grande de produtos e serviços de diversas naturezas, como: medicamentos, alimentos, produtos biológicos, vacinas, hemoderivados, saneantes e desinfetantes, produtos de higiene pessoal, perfumes e cosméticos, controle dos portos, aeroportos, estações de fronteiras e uma ampla variedade de serviços à saúde. A Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) foi criada no Brasil especificamente conforme artigo 3º da Lei nº 9782/1999, sendo relativamente recente comparando-se com as agências regulatórias no âmbito internacional, e desde então evoluiu, angariando respeito no nível nacional e internacional. Outras agências reguladoras igualmente importantes abrangem variedades de produtos e serviços semelhantes à ANVISA. Inclusive a Food and Drug Administration - (FDA) e a European Medicines Agency (EMA) apresentam em seu \"rool\" de medicamentos os veterinários, enquanto que no Brasil este tipo de produto é regulamentado pelo Ministério de Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA). O processo de registro no sistema de vigilância sanitária é um recurso de grande valia para assegurar a comercialização de produtos seguros e eficazes disponíveis à sociedade. Qualquer falha na cadeia produtiva pode impactar nos critérios de qualidade. Assim, a regulamentação sanitária sobre medicamentos abrange toda a cadeia farmacêutica desde o início dos estudos de pesquisa clínica até normas referente à publicidade. O objetivo desse trabalho é contribuir na promoção do conhecimento de regulação sanitária para os medicamentos pelo estudo da estrutura organizacional e atribuições da ANVISA, e paralelamente, efetuar a análise e comparação da regulamentação sanitária entre as diferentes categorias de medicamentos, bem como discutir a estratégia regulatória adotada pelo setor farmacêutico. Como material dessa pesquisa, empregou-se essencialmente, a regulamentação sanitária farmacêutica nacional, tendo como contrapontos a situação política e econômica do país, pautando-se como método a pesquisa qualitativa utilizando-se do modelo documental. Com vistas à estrutura organizacional das agências reguladoras de medicamentos descritas neste trabalho, verificou-se semelhanças inerentes as concepções técnicas e regulatórias, diferenciando-se, principalmente, da brasileira pelo fato dos medicamentos de uso humano e veterinário não estarem contemplados sob a responsabilidade da mesma instituição. Dentre as sete categorias de medicamentos estudadas, a composição técnica de seus dossiês de registro são consideravelmente análogas, sendo distintas as exigências regulatórias tangíveis aos quesitos específicos inerentes a cada tipo de medicamento. No período analisado (2009 a 2010), com o intuito de retratar a tendência regulatória adotada pelo setor farmacêutico brasileiro, as categorias de medicamentos genéricos e similares são as que mais apresentaram solicitações e deferimentos de registros no país. / The sanitary control in Brazil deserves a high level of consideration, because it is characterized by large social and economic importance. It encompasses a wide variety of products and services of various natures, as medicines, food, biological products, vaccines, blood products, sanitizing and disinfectants, toiletries, perfumes and cosmetics, control of ports, airports, frontiers stations and an extensive variety of health services. The National Agency for Sanitary Surveillance (ANVISA) was created in Brazil specifically as Article 3 of Law No. 9782/1999 and is relatively recent compared with regulatory agencies internationally, and has since evolved, gaining respect in the national and international level . Other regulatory agencies equally encompass important varieties of products and services similar from ANVISA. Even the Food and Drug Administration - (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) in its present \"rool\" medicine veterinarians, while in Brazil this type of product is regulated by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA). The registration process in health monitoring system is a very valuable resource to ensure that commercialization of safe and effective products available to society. Any failure in the supply chain can impact on the quality criteria. Thus, the sanitary regulation on medicines covers the entire pharmaceutical chain since the early clinical research studies relating to the advertising standards. The objective of this work is to contribute in promoting knowledge of sanitary regulation for medicines by studying the organizational structure and responsibilities of ANVISA, and in parallel, perform analysis and comparison of the sanitary regulation between different categories of medicines, as well as discuss the regulatory strategy adopted by the pharmaceutical industry. As material of this research, we used essentially the national pharmaceutical the sanitary regulation, having as counterpoints the political and economic situation of the country, basing itself as a qualitative research method using the model document. With views to the organizational structure of drug regulatory agencies described in this study, it was found similarities inherent in the concepts and techniques regulatory, differentiating itself mainly by the fact that the Brazilian medicines for human and veterinary use are not covered under the responsibility of the same institution. Among the seven categories of drugs studied, the technical composition of their registration dossiers are considerably analogous, with different regulatory demands tangible to specific questions related to each type of medicine. In the analyzed period (2009 to 2010), in order to portray the regulatory trend adopted by the Brazilian pharmaceutical sector, the categories of generic medicines and similar are the ones that submitted more requests for deferrals and registries in the country.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:47:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EDISON MIGUEL RODRIGUES.pdf: 2154782 bytes, checksum: 638bda53df73b73ff0df1db7236c596e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-16 / The Dissertation is part of the research area "Socio-Economic Relations" in their "ethical and legal aspects" of the Postgraduate Program in Law, International Relations and Development at the Catholic University of Goiás and from the human dignity perspective, analyzes the externalities - social cost of the pharmaceutical industrial activity in it´s exercise of economic freedom. It starts with the assumption that the history of ideas through its different stages culminated in the emptying of transcendent values, leaving just the market related ones. The lack of values, coupled with the economic and demographic scenario, causes externalities such as increasing the price of drugs, reducing the quality of products and the precariousness of meeting the needs of the elderly population. It is premised, however, that industrial activity is necessary to ensure innovation and development of new medicines, which justifies state interference in the market, to ensure the public interest. State intervention in the market would be guided by human dignity as the foundation of the Democratic State of Brazil. It happens that, as a concept under construction, human dignity lacks objectivity. Based on this, Barroso proposes the following elements of human dignity: the intrinsic value of individual, autonomy and community value. From this, explores some externalities relative to the price and quality of drugs in the world, in Brazil and in regional perspective (State of Goiás) caused by pharmaceutical corporate decisions taken on the full enjoyment of economic freedom. It is concluded that to address externalities and the needs of the elderly population without compromising own industrial activity (unintended consequence) the state should intervene in the market through public policies, especially in the Research, Development and Innovation (R&D). The methodology used to demonstrate this was the literature on the subject and its correlation with the data collected on price and quality of drugs. It uses the deductive-comparative methodology based on historical and ethical analysis to analyze the data collected. Cases or examples chosen for analysis were taken from the media in general, official publications, academic papers, internet and others, and serve the purpose of exposing the required state intervention in the market on behalf of human dignity, especially in Research, Development and Innovation (R&D). / A Dissertação insere-se na linha de pesquisa Relações Socioeconômicas em seus aspectos éticos e jurídicos , do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito, Relações Internacionais e Desenvolvimento da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás e analisa, a partir da dignidade humana, as externalidades - custo social - da atividade industrial farmacêutica no exercício de sua liberdade econômica. Parte-se da hipótese de que a história das ideias por meio dos seus diferentes momentos culminou no esvaziamento de valores transcendentes, restando os mercadológicos. O esvaziamento de valores, aliado ao cenário econômico e demográfico, provoca externalidades como o aumento do preço dos medicamentos, a redução da qualidade dos produtos e a precariedade do atendimento das necessidades da população idosa. Tem como premissa, porém, que a atividade industrial é necessária para garantir a inovação e desenvolvimento de medicamentos novos, o que justifica a interferência do Estado no mercado para garantir o interesse público. A intervenção do Estado no mercado seria pautada pela dignidade humana enquanto fundamento do Estado Democrático de Direito Brasileiro. Ocorre que, como um conceito em construção, a dignidade humana carece de objetivação. Barroso propõe que seriam elementos da dignidade humana: o valor intrínseco do indivíduo, sua autonomia e o valor comunitário. A partir disso, exploram-se algumas externalidades em relação ao preço e qualidade dos medicamentos na perspectiva mundial, brasileira e regional (Estado de Goiás) causadas por tomadas de decisões corporativas farmacêuticas no exercício pleno da liberdade econômica. Conclui-se que para endereçar as externalidades e as necessidades da população idosa, sem comprometer a própria atividade industrial (consequência indesejada) o Estado deve interferir no mercado por meio de Políticas Públicas, principalmente na área de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inovação (PDI). A metodologia utilizada para demonstrar isso foi a pesquisa bibliográfica acerca do tema e sua correlação com os dados levantados sobre preço e qualidade dos medicamentos. Utiliza-se a metodologia dedutiva-comparativa fundamentada em análises históricas e éticas para analisar os dados levantados. Os casos ou exemplos escolhidos para análise foram retirados da mídia em geral, de publicações oficiais, de trabalhos acadêmicos, internet e outros, e servem ao propósito de expor a necessária intervenção do Estado no mercado em nome da dignidade humana principalmente na área de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inovação (PDI).

Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-07-28T20:26:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 26d.pdf: 620094 bytes, checksum: 0691e2d3f7a8bff499145f051c3e29eb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-28T20:26:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 26d.pdf: 620094 bytes, checksum: 0691e2d3f7a8bff499145f051c3e29eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-29 / Nenhuma / As Revoluções Científicas e Tecnológicas favoreceram as mudanças da economia e proporcionou um aspecto muito mais dinâmico aos processos de negócios por meio do aumento do uso da informação e promoção da inovação. Esta inovação colaborou para o surgimento das Tecnologias da Informação Móveis e Sem Fio (TIMS) e da computação ubíqua, incluindo o uso de laptops, Assistentes Digitais Pessoais (PDAs), telefones inteligentes interconectados por redes sem fios que possibilitam a comunicação de diversos profissionais em ambientes diferentes. Com o surgimento das TIMS, organizações inteiras precisam readaptar sua estrutura tecnológica, seus processos de negócio, seus recursos humanos, a liderança e cultura organizacional para se adequar aos novos tipos de atividades. Levando em consideração os aspectos anteriormente descritos, este trabalho buscou identificar as decorrências do uso das TIMS para as competências dos profissionais da área comercial na indústria farmacêutica no Estado de Goiás. Com base nisso, o trabalho foi divido em três blocos temáticos: (1) os conceitos sobre TIMS e suas decorrências para as organizações e para os indivíduos que trabalham com as tecnologias; (2) o conceito de competências, com foco na compreensão das competências individuais; (3) o panorama da Indústria Farmacêutica e das competências dos seus profissionais da área comercial. Para pesquisar esses temas, utilizou-se o método do Estudo de Casos Múltiplos em duas empresas farmacêuticas no estado de Goiás. Nos resultados da pesquisa foram identificadas as facilidades que as TIMS trouxeram em conseguir alcançar as metas e a ajudar as organizações a obter redução nos custos, na agilidade e velocidade na comunicação, os desafios de encontrar empresas apropriadas para atender as peculiaridades das empresas e fazer com que os profissionais trabalhassem com as TIMS. Descobriu-se também como as TIMS afetaram os perfis, as habilidades e as competências dos representantes comerciais. Por fim, as aplicações móveis disponibilizaram e melhoraram tanto a mobilidade (os usuários negociando a qualquer hora e em qualquer lugar); a flexibilidade (que permite aos usuários a coleta de dados direto na fonte); e a divulgação dos produtos (algumas conexões sem fio oferecem permitem o deslocamento geográfico). / The Scientific and Technological Revolutions supported changes in the economy, providing a much more dynamic feature to business processes through the increased use of information and promotion of innovation. This innovation has contributed to the emergence of Wireless and Mobile Information Technology (TIMs, its acronym in Portuguese) and of the ubiquitous computing including the use of laptops, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs, its acronym in Portuguese) smart phones interconnected by wireless nets which enable the communication of several professionals in different environments. With TIMs appearance, entire organizations had to readapt its technological structure, its business processes, its human sources, its leadership and organizational culture to fit the new activities. Considering these aspects, this study aimed to identify the results of TIMs’ use to the skills of professionals of pharmaceutical industry in Goiás. On this basis, the study has been divided in three thematic blocks: (1) TIMs’ concepts and its consequences for organizations and for the individuals working with this technology; (2) the concept of competences, focusing on comprehension of individual competences; (3) the scenery of the pharmaceutical industry and its trade professionals competences. In order to research these themes, it was used the method of Multiple Cases Study in two pharmaceutical companies in Goiás. The study results identified the facilities that TIMs’ brought in order to achieve the goals and help the organizations purchase costs reduction, agility and speed in communication, the challenges of finding appropriate companies to answer the companies’ peculiarities and make the professionals use the TIMs. It was also discovered how TIMs affected the profiles, abilities and competences from the professionals. Finally, the mobile applications have provided e improved both mobility (the users can negotiate anytime and anywhere) and flexibility (which allows the data collect directly from the source); and the publicizing of products (some wireless connections allow geographical displacement).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:22:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Beatriz Penteado de Camargo Lemos.pdf: 1190038 bytes, checksum: 46d90acda1d772c3674d462a2f5c260e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-09 / Access to medication is an integral part of the Right to Health , clearly established by the Brazilian constitution. Through the Universal Health System, a complex network of healthcare and public services has been able to guarantee universal access of this Right to Health to all Brazilian citizens. The principal objective of this dissertation is to analyze one of the more problematic aspects of the project: the production and accessibility of medication. We will discuss the trajectory made by the Brazilian pharmaceutical industry under the theoretical perspective of historical New Institutionalism, demonstrating the established path dependence, and discuss possible alternatives for the national production of medication, considering the necessities faced by the country. From the historical/descriptive perspective, we will discuss how the worldwide pharmaceutical industry was formed and solidified and which artifices are utilized to maintain the oligopoly of the sector. The dissertation will explore the limitations of the current model of national medication production and the influence of intellectual property within the perspective of the institutional economy. We will compare with the development of the sector in India, which until the 1970 s had a panorama very similar to that of Brazil, and which, in thirty years, developed into a large producer of generic medication for world-wide distribution. In conclusion, we will discuss the opinion of several authors consulted and interviewed regarding the development perspectives of this sector / O acesso a medicamentos é parte integrante do direito à saúde, estabelecido de modo bastante amplo pela Constituição brasileira. Por meio do Sistema Único de Saúde, instituiu-se no Brasil uma complexa rede de atendimento e oferta de serviços públicos de saúde que têm buscado garantir a universalidade do acesso a esse direito a todos os cidadãos brasileiros. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal analisar um dos aspectos mais problemáticos desse projeto de universalização do direito à saúde: a produção e acesso aos medicamentos. Buscamos compreender a trajetória percorrida pela indústria farmacêutica brasileira sob a perspectiva teórica do neo-institucionalismo histórico, demonstrando o path dependence estabelecido e discutir as possíveis alternativas para a produção nacional de medicamentos diante das necessidades enfrentadas pelo país. Sob a perspectiva histórico-descritiva, discutiremos como a indústria farmacêutica mundial se formou, se solidificou e quais os artifícios utilizados para manter o oligopólio do setor. A dissertação explora as limitações do atual modelo de produção nacional de medicamentos e a influência do respeito à propriedade intelectual sob a perspectiva da economia institucional. Comparamos com o desenvolvimento do setor na Índia que, até os anos 1970, tinha um panorama muito similar ao brasileiro e, em trinta anos, tornou-se o grande celeiro de produção de genéricos para o mundo. Ao finalizar, discutimos a opinião de autores consultados e entrevistados sobre as perspectivas de desenvolvimento do setor

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:57:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Beatriz Penteado de Camargo Lemos.pdf: 1190038 bytes, checksum: 46d90acda1d772c3674d462a2f5c260e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-09 / Access to medication is an integral part of the Right to Health , clearly established by the Brazilian constitution. Through the Universal Health System, a complex network of healthcare and public services has been able to guarantee universal access of this Right to Health to all Brazilian citizens. The principal objective of this dissertation is to analyze one of the more problematic aspects of the project: the production and accessibility of medication. We will discuss the trajectory made by the Brazilian pharmaceutical industry under the theoretical perspective of historical New Institutionalism, demonstrating the established path dependence, and discuss possible alternatives for the national production of medication, considering the necessities faced by the country. From the historical/descriptive perspective, we will discuss how the worldwide pharmaceutical industry was formed and solidified and which artifices are utilized to maintain the oligopoly of the sector. The dissertation will explore the limitations of the current model of national medication production and the influence of intellectual property within the perspective of the institutional economy. We will compare with the development of the sector in India, which until the 1970 s had a panorama very similar to that of Brazil, and which, in thirty years, developed into a large producer of generic medication for world-wide distribution. In conclusion, we will discuss the opinion of several authors consulted and interviewed regarding the development perspectives of this sector / O acesso a medicamentos é parte integrante do direito à saúde, estabelecido de modo bastante amplo pela Constituição brasileira. Por meio do Sistema Único de Saúde, instituiu-se no Brasil uma complexa rede de atendimento e oferta de serviços públicos de saúde que têm buscado garantir a universalidade do acesso a esse direito a todos os cidadãos brasileiros. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal analisar um dos aspectos mais problemáticos desse projeto de universalização do direito à saúde: a produção e acesso aos medicamentos. Buscamos compreender a trajetória percorrida pela indústria farmacêutica brasileira sob a perspectiva teórica do neo-institucionalismo histórico, demonstrando o path dependence estabelecido e discutir as possíveis alternativas para a produção nacional de medicamentos diante das necessidades enfrentadas pelo país. Sob a perspectiva histórico-descritiva, discutiremos como a indústria farmacêutica mundial se formou, se solidificou e quais os artifícios utilizados para manter o oligopólio do setor. A dissertação explora as limitações do atual modelo de produção nacional de medicamentos e a influência do respeito à propriedade intelectual sob a perspectiva da economia institucional. Comparamos com o desenvolvimento do setor na Índia que, até os anos 1970, tinha um panorama muito similar ao brasileiro e, em trinta anos, tornou-se o grande celeiro de produção de genéricos para o mundo. Ao finalizar, discutimos a opinião de autores consultados e entrevistados sobre as perspectivas de desenvolvimento do setor