O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as propriedades mecânicas da madeira de seringueira (Hevea brasiliensis), clones RRIM600 e GT1, para melhorar o aproveitamento comercial dessa madeira, que por falta de pesquisa não está no mercado brasileiro. A compreensão desse estudo contribuiu para a tecnologia de manufatura de produtos madeireiros de boa qualidade, determinados pelas propriedades mecânicas de importância na teoria das estruturas. Foram efetuados testes de compressão, cisalhamento e flexão estática em corpos de prova obtidos em duas épocas do desenvolvimento fenológico anual da cultura, analisando-se a influência do teor de amido da madeira da H.brasiliensis nas propriedades mencionadas acima. As árvores de Hevea foram cortadas com 26 anos de idade, depois de terem sido submetidas ao processo de extração de látex (\"sangria\") desde os sete anos do plantio. Foram cortadas para o estudo completo 72 árvores, sendo metade delas antes da senescência provocada por uma desfolha artificial e metade após o refolhamento. O experimento foi conduzido em área pertencente ao Departamento de Produção Vegetal da Escola Superior de agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" da Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ-USP) localizada em Piracicaba - SP (22º 42´30´´ S, 47º 38´00´´ W), à altitude de 550 m. Os resultados permitiram verificar que houve diferenças nas propriedades mecânicas entre as épocas fenológicas estudadas. Os clones GT1 e RRIM 600 puderam ser considerados de mesma resistência à compressão paralela e de mesma resistência à flexão estática, mas foram considerados diferentes na resistência ao cisalhamento e no módulo de elasticidade à flexão estática. Dentro das classes de perímetro do tronco estudadas os resultados foram similares para as resistências à compressão, ao cisalhamento e ao módulo de ruptura e diferentes para o módulo de elasticidade. O teor de amido na madeira caiu acentuadamente durante o refolhamento principalmente no clone GT1 e isso contribuiu para o aumento das propriedades mecânicas da época final da senescência para a época final da brotação. / This study aimed to evaluate the mechanical properties of the wood of rubber trees (Heveabrasiliensis) clones GT1 and RRIM600, to improve commercial uses of this wood, which is not in the Brazilian market due to a lack of research.The comprehension of this study has contributed to the technology of manufacturing of good quality wood products, determined by the mechanical properties of importance in the theory of structures.It were carried out tests of compression, shear and bending on specimens obtained at two stages of the crop annual phenological development, analyzing the influence of starch content of H.brasiliensis wood on the properties mentioned above. Hevea trees were cut at 26 years old, after being subjected to the extracting latex process (\"bleeding\") since seven years after planting.It were cut for the complete study 72 trees, half of them before senescence caused by an artificial defoliation and half after sprouting leaf. The experiment was conducted in an area which belongs to the Department of Plant Production of the School of Agriculture \"Luiz de Queiroz\" of the University of São Paulo (USP-ESALQ) located in Piracicaba - SP (22 º 42\'30\'\' S, 47 º 38\'00 \'\' W), at an elevation of 550 m. Results showed that there were differences in mechanical properties between the studied phenological stages. The GT1 and RRIM 600 clones could be considered of the same compression strength in parallel to the grain and same bending strength, but they were considered different in shear strength and modulus of elasticity in static bending. In the range of stem girth studied the results were similar for compression, shear and bending strength and different for modulus of elasticity. The starch content of wood decreased sharply during the sprout leaf mainly in GT1 clone and this contributed to the increase the mechanical properties from the final period of senescence to the final period of shooting.

Les terres cultivées représentent un cinquième de la surface émergée de la Terre. Elles fournissent des nutriments à l'homme, modifient le cycle biogéochimique et l'équilibre énergétique de la terre. L’évolution des terres cultivées dans le contexte du changement climatique et avec une intensification des actions anthropiques constitue un enjeu important pour la sécurité alimentaire et les exigences environnementales du développement durable. Le manuscrit de thèse s’inscrit dans cette thématique en exploitant les données de différentes sources et la modélisation numérique. Les données utilisées sont : les statistiques de rendements, les observations agro-météorologiques à long terme, les résultats des sites d’expérimentation avec du réchauffement, les jeux de données globales issus des processus de fusion ou d’assimilation, les données climatiques historiques et de projection future. La modélisation fait appel aux modèles statistiques et aux modèles de processus. Le manuscrit est composé d’une série de travaux de détection et d'attribution. Ils explorent la phénologie, le rendement et leurs réponses aux changements climatiques et aux pratiques de gestion. Ils sont soit sur l'échelle régionale soit sur l’échelle globale, en fonction de la disponibilité des données et de leur pertinence. Le chapitre 2 décrit la construction et l’utilisation d'un modèle statistique avec des données provinciales de rendement au Nord-est de Chine et des données climatiques historiques. Les résultats montrent un effet asymétrique de la température diurne sur le rendement du maïs. Le rendement du maïs augmente de 10.0±7.7% en réponse à une augmentation moyenne de 1oC pendant la saison de croissance quand il s’agit de la température minimale de nuit (Tmin), mais le rendement diminue de 13,4±7,1% quand il s’agit de la température maximale de jour (Tmax). Il y a une grande disparité spatiale pour la réponse à Tmax, ce qui peut s'expliquer partiellement par le fort gradient spatial de la température pendant la saison de croissance (R = -0,67, P <0,01). La réponse du rendement aux précipitations dépend aussi des conditions d'humidité. Malgré la détection d'impacts significatifs du changement climatique sur le rendement, une part importante de ses variations n’est pas expliquée par les variables climatiques, ce qui souligne le besoin urgent de pouvoir attribuer proprement les variations de rendement au changement climatique et aux pratiques de gestion. Le chapitre 3 présente le développement d’un algorithme d'optimisation basé sur la théorie de Bayes pour optimiser les paramètres importants contrôlant la phénologie dans le modèle ORCHIDEE-crop. L’utilisation du modèle optimisé permet de distinguer les effets de la gestion de ceux du changement climatique sur la période de croissance du riz (LGP). Les résultats du modèle optimisé ORCHIDEE-crop suggèrent que le changement climatique affecte la LGP différemment en fonction des types du riz. Le facteur climatique a fait raccourcir la LGP du riz précoce (-2,0±5,0 jour / décennie), allonger la LGP du riz tardif (1,1±5,4 jour / décennie). Il a peu d'effet sur la LGP du riz unique (-0,4±5,4 jour / décennie). Les résultats du modèle ORCHIDEE-crop montrent aussi que les changements intervenus dans la date de transplantation ont provoqué un changement généralisé de la LGP, mais seulement pour les sites de riz précoce. Ceci compense à la hauteur de 65% le raccourcissement de la LGP provoquée par le changement climatique. Le facteur dominant du changement LGP varie suivant les trois types de riz. La gestion est le principal facteur pour les riz précoce et unique. Ce chapitre démontre aussi qu'un modèle optimisé peut avoir une excellente capacité à représenter des variations régionales complexes de LGP. / Croplands accounts for one-fifth of global land surface, providing calories for human beings and altering the global biogeochemical cycle and land surface energy balance. The response of croplands to climate change and intensifying human managements is of critical importance to food security and sustainability of the environment. The present manuscript of thesis utilizes various types of data sources (yield statistics, long-term agrometeorological observations, field warming experiments, data-driven global datasets, gridded historical climate dataset and projected climate change) and also modelling approaches (statistical model vs. process model). It presents a series of detection and attribution studies exploring how crop phenology and crop yield respond to climate change and some management practices at regional and global scales, according to data availability. In Chapter 2, a statistical model is constructed with prefecture-level yield statistics and historical climate observations over Northeast China. There are asymmetrical impacts of daytime and nighttime temperatures on maize yield. Maize yield increased by 10.0±7.7% in response to a 1 oC increase of daily minimum temperature (Tmin) averaged in the growing season, but decreased by 13.4±7.1% in response to a 1 oC warming of daily maximum temperature (Tmax). There is a large spatial variation in the yield response to Tmax, which can be partly explained by the spatial gradient of growing season mean temperature (R=-0.67, P<0.01). The response of yield to precipitation is also dependent on moisture conditions. In spite of detection of significant impacts of climate change on yield variations, a large portion of the variations is not explained by climatic variables, highlighting the urgent research need to clearly attribute crop yield variations to change in climate and management practices. Chapter 3 presents the development of a Bayes-based optimization algorithm that is used to optimize key parameters controlling phenological development in ORCHIDEE-crop model for discriminating effects of managements from those of climate change on rice growth duration (LGP). The results from the optimized ORCHIDEE-crop model suggest that climate change has an effect on LGP trends, but with dependency on rice types. Climate trends have shortened LGP of early rice (-2.0±5.0 day/decade), lengthened LGP of late rice (1.1±5.4 day/decade) and have little impacts on LGP of single rice (-0.4±5.4 day/decade). ORCHIDEE-crop simulations further show that change in transplanting date caused widespread LGP change only for early rice sites, offsetting 65% of climate-change-induced LGP shortening. The primary drivers of LGP change are thus different among the three types of rice. Management is predominant driver of LGP change for early and single rice. This chapter demonstrated the capability of the optimized crop model to represent complex regional variations of LGP. Future studies should better document observational errors and management practices in order to reduce large uncertainties that exist in attribution of LGP change and to facilitate further data-model integration. In Chapter 4, a harmonized data set of field warming experiments at 48 sites across the globe for the four most-widely-grown crops (wheat, maize, rice and soybean) is combined with an ensemble of gridded global crop models to produce emergent constrained estimates of the responses of crop yield to changes in temperature (ST). The new constraining framework integrates evidences from field warming experiments and global crop modeling shows with >95% probability that warmer temperatures would reduce yields for maize (-7.1±2.8% K-1), rice (-5.6±2.0% K-1) and soybean (-10.6±5.8% K-1). For wheat, ST was less negative and only 89% likely to be negative (-2.9±2.3% K-1). The field-observation based constraints from the results of the warming experiments reduced uncertainties associated with modeled ST by 12-54% for the four crops.

A palmeira juçara – Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae) – é uma espécie abundante nas florestas onde ocorre e que produz grande quantidade de flores e frutos, sendo assim de grande importância ecológica. Após décadas de desmatamento e superexploração do palmito, as populações encontram-se reduzidas a fragmentos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar alguns aspectos etnoecológicos e ecofisiológicos acerca da espécie. Foram verificados cinco sistemas de manejo desenvolvidos por comunidades locais do litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul: manejo em capoeiras, manejo em reflorestamentos com espécies exóticas, manejo em bananais, quintais agroflorestais e corte clandestino de palmito em florestas. Comparou-se o crescimento de palmeiras jovens em florestas secundárias e bananais, de 2003 a 2008, e verificou-se que o tamanho das palmeiras em 2008 nos bananais foi cinco vezes maior do que nas florestas, apesar da herbivoria ter sido maior nos bananais; a mortalidade foi equivalente entre os dois tratamentos, apesar da grande variabilidade, e apresentando um padrão intraespecífico dependente da densidade. Observou-se um padrão de variação dos eventos fenológicos reprodutivos associado a latitude e altitude; verificou-se também uma relação quadrática significativa entre épocas de floração e de maturação dos frutos, demonstrando que o tempo necessário desde a floração até a maturação dos frutos depende da época que ocorre a floração. Verificou-se que os sistemas de manejo são diferentes estratégias de uso da juçara, e que esta apresenta um grande potencial para manejo. / The juçara palm - Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae) - is an abundant species in the forests where it occurs and that produces lots of flowers and fruits, being of great ecological importance. After decades of deforestation and heart of palm exploitation, it is reduced to fragments. This work aimed to study some ethnoecological and ecophisiological aspects of this species. We observed five management systems developed by local communities of the northern coast of Rio Grande do Sul: management in early secondary forest, management in reforestation with exotic species, management in banana plantations, homegardens and illegal cutting in forests. We compared the growth of young palms in secondary forests and banana plantations from 2003 to 2008, and found that the size of palms in 2008 in banana plantations was five times greater than in forests, in spite of herbivory was higher in the banana plantations; the mortality was equivalent between the two treatments, despite the great variability, and presenting an intraspecific density-dependent pattern. There was a pattern of variation in reproductive phenology related to latitude and altitude; there was also a significant quadratic relationship between timing of flowering and fruit ripening, showing that the time required from flowering to fruit maturity depends on the time the flowering occurs. It was found that the management systems are different strategies of use of the juçara palm, and that this species has high potential for management.

Os processos de dispersão, sobrevivência da prole e os períodos fenológicos das espécies vegetais, são o resultado tanto de sua história evolutiva quanto de suas adaptações ao ambiente. Para analisar o padrão evolutivo destes processos, foi testada a hipótese de que a similaridade entre espécies aparentadas em relação aos seus atributos reprodutivos (frutos, sementes e a fenologia da floração e frutificação) é maior do que o esperado por mero acaso (alto sinal filogenético), através de testes de Mantel parcial controlando o efeito da forma de vida das espécies. Os resultados revelaram que a maioria dos atributos de sementes, dois atributos dos diásporos (display das cores e a porcentagem de polpa) e o tempo de desenvolvimento dos diásporos, apresentaram um moderado sinal filogenético. Isto sugere que a conservação de atributos de sementes para sobrevivência da prole e a labilidade dos atributos de diásporos buscando dispersões mais efetivas, afetam significativamente o fitness das espécies, além de indicar uma influência do tempo de desenvolvimento dos diásporos nos picos de frutificação. / The processes of dispersal, offspring survival and phenological periods of plant species result both from their evolutionary history and adaptations to the environment. To analyze the evolutionary pattern of these processes, the hypothesis that the similarity among related species in relation to their reproductive traits (fruits, seeds and the phenology of flowering and fruiting) is higher than expected by chance (high phylogenetic signal) was tested through partial Mantel tests, controlling for the effect of species life form. The results revealed that most seed traits, two diaspores traits (color display and pulp percentage) and the time of diaspore development, show moderate phylogenetic signal. This suggests that the conservation of seed traits for offspring survival and the lability of diaspore traits seeking more effective dispersions, significantly affect the species fitness, and it also indicates the influence of the time of diaspore development on the fruiting peaks.

The studying of analysis of sugarcane growth is considered a pattern method to measure the biological productivity of a vegetable species in certain environmental conditions. The awareness of the culture growth rate, the accumulation data and the nutrients allocation become a quiet important tool in the process of manuring hadling. To get the regular and high plants productivity it is necessary to work on water and manure hadling. The water and nutrients of plants supplement capacity are dependent of manuring, the phenological cultivation phase, the physical and chemistry properties of soil and the local atmosphere condition. In spite of Brazil being the world biggest sugarcane productor. There are yet many problems to work out, especially about the manuring management. The sugarcane necessity on nutrients is supplied by fertilizers providing. This way we can presume that in several conditions this fertilizer is sometimes underestimated or other times overestimated. This experiment was accomplished in Progresso farm which belongs to the Usina Coruripe-AL, under waste conditions, with the cultivators: SP79-1011, RB72454, RB855113, RB867515, RB92579, RB93509 and Co997. The spacing was the array simple system of 1,00 x 1,00 m. it was made a manuring, in the dose of 84 kg ha-1 of N, 60 kg ha-1 of P2O5 and 144 kg ha-1 of K2O. The readings were made every 30 days in the first two months for the height and stool plants count. In that same portion, every 60 days were made the diameter measures of the stem, the foliating area, the foliating index area and total phytomass (they were appraised 30 plants for sub-portions). With the study of the growth analysis of cultivators it was observed that happened difference in the studying variables in the respective times (30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 days of DAP planting). There were two important phases of growth: intense adopting until 120 DAP; and the second phase, the stem height, the IAF increase and the intense green mass accumulation, starting from 180 DAP. And, in relation to the nutrients accumulation in the same times mentioned above, the largest rates of nutrients accumulation X II were in the period of 240 DAP, which were coinciding with the high pluvial precipitation period, and the appropriate conditions for the whole development of the culture. The RB92579 cultivating in the end of the experimental period had accumulated 119,27 t ha-1 of green matter in the aerial part, and for the nutrients: N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S the accumulation was of 158,8; 23,3; 231 35,4; 30,7; 26,7 kg ha-1, respectively. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / O estudo de análise de crescimento é considerado um método- padrão para se medir a produtividade biológica de uma espécie vegetal em determinadas condições ambientais. O conhecimento da taxa de crescimento da cultura, os dados de acúmulo e de alocação de nutrientes passam a ser uma ferramenta bastante importante, no processo de manejo da adubação. Para a obtenção de produtividades altas e regulares nas plantas são necessários que se trabalhe com o manejo da água e da adubação. A capacidade de suprimento de água e nutrientes para as plantas é dependente do cultivar, da fase fenológica da cultura, das propriedades físicas e químicas do solo e das condições atmosféricas locais. Apesar de o Brasil ser o maior produtor mundial de cana-de-açúcar, ainda há vários problemas a serem solucionados, especialmente quanto ao manejo da adubação. A necessidade da cana-deaçúcar por nutrientes é suprida pelo fornecimento de fertilizantes. Desse modo pode presumir que, em diversas condições, esse fertilizante ora seja subestimado ora seja superestimado. Este ensaio foi realizado na Fazenda Progresso pertencente à Usina Coruripe-Al, sob condições de sequeiro, com os cultivares: SP79-1011, RB72454, RB855113, RB867515, RB92579, RB93509 e Co997. O espaçamento foi o sistema de fileira simples de 1,00 x 1,00 m. Foi feita uma adubação, nas doses de 84 kg ha-1 de N, 26,2 kg ha-1 de P e 120 kg ha-1 de K. As leituras foram feitas a cada 30 dias nos dois primeiros meses para contagem de perfilhos e altura de plantas. Na mesma parcela onde foram feitas as avaliações, a cada 60 dias foram feitas medidas do diâmetro do colmo, área foliar, índice de área foliar e fitomassa total (foram avaliadas 30 plantas por cultivares e repetições). Com o estudo da análise de crescimento dos cultivares, observou-se que ocorreu diferença nas variáveis em estudo nas respectivas épocas 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 e 360 dias após o plantio (DAP). Ocorreram duas fases importantes de crescimento: intenso perfilhamento até os 120 DAP; e altura de colmo, aumento do IAF e o intenso acúmulo de massa verde a partir dos 180 DAP. Em X relação ao acúmulo de nutrientes, nas mesmas épocas citadas acima, as maiores taxas de acúmulo de nutrientes ocorreram no período de 240 DAP, coincidindo com o período de elevada disponibilidade hídrica e de condições adequadas para o desenvolvimento geral da cultura. O cultivar RB92579 no final do período experimental havia acumulado 119,27 t ha-1 de matéria verde na parte aérea. Para os nutrientes: N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S, o acúmulo foi de 158,8; 23,3; 231; 35,4; 30,7; 26,7 kg ha-1, respectivamente.

The physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.), is a native plant of the Americas which belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family. There is a process of domestication of the species, being considered an agricultural option for the Northeast region, for being a xerophytic species that adapted to regions of less fertile soils and of unfavorable climate conditions than most of the traditional alimentary cultures. Part of the interest for the cultivation of this species is related to the use of the seeds for oil production for the obtainment of the bio-diesel. This work was developed with the objective of charactering the phenology behavior of the physic nut in semi-humid region (Zone of Mata) and to compare the leaf gaseous exchanges and photochemistry efficiency of the physic nut in two regions with distinct climates, Agreste (semi-arid tropical climate) and Zone of Mata (semi-humid tropical climate) of the state of Alagoas. The physic nut presented vegetative growth with standard sazonal, slow growth was verified in the dry season, and acceleration of the growth in the rainy season. The budding and fructification peak occurred during the rainy season. The development cycle of the fruit lasted an average period of 120 days from the sprouting of the inflorescence until the complete matureness of the fruit on the plant. The physic nut plants presented less decreases in the photosynthesis taxes, stomata conductance and transpiration in the dry seasons. The highest vapor pressure deficit (in dry season) was the main responsible factor for the closing the stomata in the physic nut, which contributed to the reduction in the tax values of the liquid photosynthesis. During the dry season, around noontime, a dynamic photoinhibition occurs with a fast recovery during the afternoon in physic nut leaves. However, in the semi-arid region, with severe water deficit there can be chronic photoinhibition. / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.), pertencente à família Euphorbiaceae, é uma planta nativa das Américas. Encontra-se em processo de domesticação, sendo considerado uma opção agrícola para Região Nordeste, por ser uma espécie xerófita que se adapta a áreas de solos pouco férteis e de clima desfavorável à maioria das culturas alimentares tradicionais. Parte do interesse pelo cultivo desta espécie está relacionada ao uso da semente como matéria-prima na produção de óleo para a obtenção do biodisel. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de caracterizar o comportamento fenológico do pinhão-manso em região semi-úmida (Zona da Mata) e comparar as trocas gasosas foliares e eficiência fotoquímica dessa espécie em duas regiões com climas distintos, Agreste (clima tropical semiárido) e Zona da Mata (clima tropical semi-úmido) do estado de Alagoas. O Pinhão-manso apresentou crescimento vegetativo com padrão sazonal, verificou-se crescimento lento na estação seca, e aceleração do crescimento na estação chuvosa. O pico de floração e frutificação ocorreu durante a estação chuvosa. O ciclo de desenvolvimento reprodutivo durou um período médio de 120 dias do surgimento da inflorescência até o amadurecimento pleno do fruto. As plantas de pinhão-manso apresentaram menores quedas na taxa de fotossíntese, condutância estomática e transpiração. O maior déficit de pressão de vapor do ar (época seca) foi o principal fator responsável pelo fechamento estomático no pinhão-manso, o que contribuiu para a redução nos valores da taxa fotossintética líquida. Na época seca, por volta do meio-dia ocorre a fotoinibição dinâmica com uma rápida recuperação durante a tarde em folhas de pinhão-manso. No entanto, na região semi-árida, com déficit hídrico severo pode haver fotoinibição crônica. Estes resultados refletem o desempenho dessa espécie, o que sugere maior capacidade de tolerar as condições fotoinibitórias ocasionadas pelo estresses abióticos.

xvi, 112 p. : ill. (some col.) / In seasonal environments, the ability to take advantage of the favorable seasons and avoid or mitigate the effects of the unfavorable ones is essential for organismal fitness. Many polar and temperate organisms use photoperiod (length of day) to time seasonal life history events because photoperiod's regular annual cycle makes it a very reliable indicator of seasonality. This reliability allows organisms to anticipate and properly prepare for seasonal change. Although photoperiodism is widespread in polar and temperate vertebrates, little is known relative to invertebrates regarding how its use varies with environment and this method's underlying genetic and physiological basis. This dissertation is focused on demonstrating the proper methodology for the study of photoperiodism and establishing the threespine stickleback as a model of vertebrate photoperiodism. Chapter I is an introduction to photoperiodism, how it is influenced by environment, the physiological basis of its output, and a summary of the chapters that follow. Chapter II explains an analytical method to test for causality and applies this method to data that have been interpreted as evidence that the circadian clock is causally involved in photoperiodism. Chapter III describes the photoperiodic response of threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus populations from two latitudes. These results are used to inform an empirical examination of the previously described assertion that the circadian clock is causally involved in photoperiodism. Chapter IV examines the physiological basis of early photoperiodic response using the threespine stickleback as a model teleost fish. Chapter V summarizes the previous chapters, describes their significance, and suggests future research directions. This dissertation includes both previously published and co-authored material. Supplementary Excel files demonstrating the analyses used in Chapter III are also included in this dissertation. / Committee in charge: Eric Johnson, Chairperson; William Cresko, Advisor; William Bradshaw, Member; Judith Eisen, Member; Patricia McDowell, Outside Member

Phenology studies recurrent periodic phenomena of plants and their relationship to environmental conditions. Monitoring forest ecosystems using digital cameras allows the study of several phenological events, such as leaf expansion or leaf fall. Since phenological phenomena are cyclic, the comparative analysis of successive years is capable of identifying interesting variation on annual patterns. However, the number of images collected rapidly gets significant since the goal is to compare data from several years. Instead of performing the analysis over images, experts prefer to use derived statistics (such as average values). We propose PhenoVis, a visual analytics tool that provides insightful ways to analyze phenological data. The main idea behind PhenoVis is the Chronological Percentage Maps (CPMs), a visual mapping that offers a summary view of one year of phenological data. CPMs are highly customizable, encoding more information about the images using a pre-defined histogram, a mapping function that translates histogram values into colors, and a normalized stacked bar chart to display the results. PhenoVis supports different color encodings, visual pattern analysis over CPMs, and similarity searches that rank vegetation patterns found at various time periods. Results for datasets comprising data of up to nine consecutive years show that PhenoVis is capable of finding relevant phenological patterns along time. Fenologia estuda os fenômenos recorrentes e periódicos que ocorrem com as plantas. Estes podem vir a ser relacionados com as condições ambientais. O monitoramento de florestas, através de câmeras, permite o estudo de eventos fenológicos como o crescimento e queda de folhas. Uma vez que os fenômenos fenológicos são cíclicos, análises comparativas de anos sucessivos podem identificar variações interessantes no comportamento destes. No entanto, o número de imagens cresce rapidamente para que sejam comparadas lado a lado. PhenoVis é uma ferramenta para análise visual que apresenta formas para analisar dados fenológicos através de comparações estatísticas (preferência dos especialistas) derivadas dos valores dos pixels destas imagens. A principal ideia por trás de PhenoVis são os mapas percentuais cronológicos (CPMs), um mapeamento visual com uma visão resumida de um período de um ano de dados fenológicos. CPMs são personalizáveis e conseguem representar mais informações sobre as imagens do que um gráfico de linha comum. Isto é possível pois o processo envolve o uso de histogramas pré-definidos, um mapeamento que transforma valores em cores e um empilhamento dos mapas de percentagem que visa a criação da CPM. PhenoVis suporta diferentes codificações de cores e análises de padrão visual sobre as CPMs. Pesquisas de similaridade ranqueiam padrões parecidos encontrados nos diferentes anos. Dados de até nove anos consecutivos mostram que PhenoVis é capaz de encontrar padrões fenológicos relevantes ao longo do tempo.

Erythrina crista-galli L. and Erythrina falcata Benth. are the only two native species of corticeira from RS State. From 2004 to 2005, floral visitors, possible pollinators and phenology of those two species were studied at urban region of Santa Maria. On 42h of observations, 2750 visitors were registered on E. crista-galli. Apidae bees, Trigona spinipes (Fabricius, 1793) and Apis mellifera (Linnaeus, 1758) were the most frequent, being the probable pollinators, followed by wasps, ants, flies, beetles and butterflies. Besides insects, hummingbirds of the Trochilidae family were observed: Chlorostilbon aureoventris (d Orbigny and Lafresnaye, 1838), Amazilia versicolor (Vieillot, 1818) and Melanotrochilus fuscus (Vieillot, 1817). E. crista-galli flourishes from October to December. The anthesis is diurnal and lasts 5 days. On 40h of observations, 1238 floral visitors were registered on E. falcata, belonging to the same taxonomic groups registered for the previous species. The hummingbirds were the most frequent floral visitors and were considered pollinators of this species. E. falcata flourishes from September to November. The anthesis is diurnal and lasts 4 days. Handmade pollination tests results showed that E. crista-galli and E. falcata are autocompatible. The use of these two plant species is suggested as conservation strategy for pollinators native fauna species at urban and forestry environments. / Erythrina crista-galli L. e Erythrina falcata Benth. são as duas únicas espécies de corticeira nativas do RS. Durante o período de 2004 e 2005, foram estudados os visitantes florais, possíveis polinizadores e a fenologia dessas duas espécies, em ambiente urbano de Santa Maria. Em 42h de observação, 2750 visitantes foram registrados em E. crista-galli. Abelhas Apidae, Trigona spinipes (Fabricius, 1793) e Apis mellifera (Linnaeus, 1758) mostraram-se os mais freqüentes, sendo os prováveis polinizadores. Além delas apareceram vespas, formigas, moscas, besouros e borboletas. Além dos insetos, foram observados beija-flores da família Trochilidae: Chlorostilbon aureoventris (d Orbigny and Lafresnaye, 1838), Amazilia versicolor (Vieillot, 1818) e Melanotrochilus fuscus (Vieillot, 1817). A floração de E. crista-galli ocorreu de outubro a dezembro. A antese floral é diurna e dura 5 dias. Em 40h de observações, 1238 visitantes florais foram registrados em E. falcata, pertencentes aos mesmos grupos taxonômicos registrados na espécie anterior. Os beija-flores foram os mais freqüentes dos visitantes florais e considerados os polinizadores desta espécie. A floração de E. falcata ocorreu de setembro a novembro. A antese é diurna e dura 4 dias. Os resultados de polinização manual mostraram que E. crista-galli e E. falcata são autocompatíveis. Sugere-se o uso dessas duas espécies de plantas como estratégia de conservação de fauna nativa de espécies polinizadoras em ambientes urbanos e de reflorestamento

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:34:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-02-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:06:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sambugaro_r_dr_botfca.pdf: 1143633 bytes, checksum: 25f9ce4aa41c21b2302d4b0e2e19e340 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / The rubber tree is a tropical species that loses its leaves periodically. This deciduifolio habit is an important character for the rubber tree, that is, clones uniform defoliation provides a reduction in the pathogens inocule whose reproductive structures are located in the old leaves. After defoliation, it occurs the foliar renewal and it is at this stage, also known as refoliation, that the rubber tree presents susceptible leaflets in which occur most part of the foliar deseases, such as leaf blight, where the cycle of the pathogen (Microcyclus ulei (P. Henn.)v. Arx) is straightly related with the foliar stages (B, C and D). Therefore, the knowledge on these stages, clones phenologic behavior, factors that influence this character and local climate conditions is important for their selection. The objectives of this work were: characterize through quantitative and descriptive foliar morphology the stages B, C and D; characterize the phenologic behavior and the incidence of South American Leaf Blight; correlate the beginning of the defoliation period with climatic parameters, and leaf blight incidence, during the foliar renewal period, with climatic parameters. For the stages characterization, it was used the clone PB 235, from which the leaves central leaflets were collected, at different stages. It was measured the foliolar limbus lenght, width and area, and the petiole lenght and diameter. It was also determined the form of the limbus, apex and base of the foliolar lamina, as well the leaf coloration. For the other objectives, the clones Fx 3844, Fx 3864, Fx 2261, IAN 873, IAN 717 and RRIM 600 of rubber trees from Vale do Ribeira region, São Paulo state were used, being the fallen leaflets collected weekly in four baskets by clone, randomly distributed. The leaflets were totalized, separated by age and analyzed as for the incidence of the fungus Microcyclus ulei... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)