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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
141

Význam a ochrana svědomí lékaře ve vztahu mezi lékařem a pacientem / The importance and protection of the conscience of physician in the physician-patient relationship

Šolc, Martin January 2018 (has links)
The Importance and Protection of the Conscience of Physician in the Physician-Patient Relationship In democratic countries all over the world, the protection of the conscience of health workers represents a very relevant problem. Especially the controversial but legal procedures, such as abortion or, in some countries, euthanasia, are often refused by health workers on the basis of their conscience. The society faces a difficult dilemma of balancing the interests of physicians, patients, and health care systems. The thesis approaches the problem primarily from the perspective of Catholic moral theology in the frame of a predominantly secular environment of the contemporary Euro-American civilisation. There are analysed the concept of conscience, the basic principles of moral reasoning, virtue ethics and its importance for modern medicine and, finally, the concept of conscientious objection as a model example of the protection of health worker's conscience. The above mentioned particular topics serve as a basis for the evaluation of the importance of the conscience of health worker and the proposal of possible solutions to the related dilemmas.
142

The Art in Medicine - Treatment Decision-Making and Personalizing Care: A Grounded Theory of Physicians' Treatment-Decision Making Process with Their (Stage II, Stage IIIA and Stage IIIB) Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients in Ontario

Akram, Saira 10 1900 (has links)
<p><strong>Introduction:</strong> In Ontario alone, an estimated 6,700 people (3,000 women; 3,700 men) will die of lung cancer in 2011 (Canadian Cancer Society, 2011). A diagnosis of cancer is associated with complex decisions; the array of choices of cancer treatments brings about hope, but also anxiety over which treatment is best suited for the individual patient (Blank, Graves, Sepucha et al., 2006). The overall cancer experience depends on the quality of this decision (Blank et al., 2006). Clinical practice guidelines are knowledge translation tools to facilitate treatment decision-making. In Ontario, guidelines have been developed and disseminated with the purpose to inform clinical decisions, improve evidence based practice, and to reduce unwanted practice variation in the province. But has this been achieved? To study this issue, the purpose of the current study was to gain an in-depth understanding and develop a theoretical framework of how Ontario physicians are making treatment decisions with their non-small cell lung cancer patients. The following research questions guided the study: (a) How do physicians make treatment decisions with their stage II, stage IIIA and stage IIIB non-small cell lung cancer patients in Ontario? (b) How do knowledge translation tools, such as Cancer Care Ontario guidelines, influence the decision-making process?</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> A qualitative approach of grounded theory, following a social constructivist paradigm outlined by Kathy Charmaz (2006), was used in this study. 21 semi-structured interviews were conducted; 16 interviews with physicians and 5 with health care administrators. The method of analysis integrated grounded theory philosophy to identify the treatment decision-making process in non-small cell lung cancer, from the physician perspective.</p> <p><strong>Findings:</strong> The theory depicts the treatment decision-making process to involve five key “guides” (or factors) to inform the treatment-decision making process: the unique patient, the unique physician, the family, the clinical team, and the clinical evidence.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Decision-making roles in lung cancer are complex and nuanced. The use of evidence, such as, clinical practice guidelines, is one of many considerations. Information from a large number of sources and a wide array of factors, people, emotions, preferences, clinical expertise, experiences, and clinical evidence informs the dynamic process of treatment decision-making. This theory of the treatment decision-making process (from the physician perspective) has implications relevant to treatment decision-making research, theory development, and guideline development for non-small cell lung cancer.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)
143

Perspective maternelle de la consultation anténatale pour travail préterme : une approche relationnelle

Orr Gaucher, Nathalie 07 1900 (has links)
Une femme à risque d’un accouchement prématuré vit un enjeu de santé très éprouvant et stressant ; elle sera souvent hospitalisée pour recevoir des traitements médicaux visant à prolonger la grossesse et améliorer le pronostic du bébé. Dans ce contexte, une consultation avec un néonatalogiste est demandée. Plusieurs associations professionnelles médicales ont émis des lignes directrices sur cette consultation, insistant sur le besoin d’informer les parents au sujet des complications potentielles de la prématurité pour leur enfant. Ces recommandations s’inspirent du point de vue médical, et très peu d’études ont examiné la perspective, les attentes et les besoins des parents à risque d’un accouchement prématuré. Ce projet de thèse a pour objectif de proposer un modèle de relation médecin-patient informé de la perspective maternelle de la consultation anténatale, pour développer une approche clinique répondant à leurs besoins. Afin d’examiner cette problématique de façon complète, un travail constant de va-et-vient a été effectué entre la recension de données empiriques et une réflexion normative bioéthique féministe. Un projet de recherche empirique a d’abord permis d’explorer les attentes et le vécu de ces femmes. Les participantes espéraient recevoir plus que de l’information sur les complications de la prématurité. Elles souhaitaient que le néonatologiste soit attentif à leur situation particulière et qu’il développe une relation de confiance avec elles, leur permettant d’explorer leurs futurs rôles de mères et les encourageant à formuler leurs propres questions. Le cadre théorique féministe d’autonomie relationnelle a ensuite permis de proposer une approche de soin qui sache répondre aux besoins identifiés par les patientes, tout en adressant des enjeux de pouvoir intrinsèques à la clinique, qui influencent la santé et l’autonomie de ces femmes. Cette approche insiste sur l’importance de la relation de soin en clinique, contrastant avec un modèle encourageant une vision réductrice de l’autonomie, dans laquelle un simple transfert de données scientifiques serait équivalent au respect de la norme médicolégale du consentement éclairé. Ce modèle relationnel propose des actions concrètes et pratiques, encourageant les cliniciens à entrer en relation avec chaque patiente et à considérer l’influence qu’ils exercent sur l’autonomie relationnelle de leurs patientes. / Women at risk of preterm labour experience a highly stressful situation for which they are often hospitalised to receive the medical care required to delay their baby’s birth or to improve his outcome. Professional medical associations have published guidelines encouraging consultations with a neonatologist in these contexts. These emphasize informing parents about prematurity’s potential complications and outcomes. However, they are based on expert medical opinions, and little is known about parents’ perspectives of the antenatal consultation for preterm labour. This thesis proposes to elaborate a clinical model of a physician-patient relationship, grounded in mothers’ experiences and expectations from the antenatal consultation for preterm labour. In order to offer a comprehensive analysis of this clinical and ethical issue, both empirical data and a normative feminist bioethical framework were used. An empirical quantitative research project was first conducted to explore women’s experiences and their expectations regarding the antenatal consultation. Participants hoped to receive more than information from the antenatal consultation for preterm labour. Indeed, they hoped the neonatologist would strive to understand their unique and distinctive situations. They wanted the physician to develop trusting relationships, in which they would be enabled to ask questions important to them and in which many topics could be discussed – such as their roles as mothers of a premature baby. A feminist theory of relational autonomy was then used to examine this data. An approach to care responsive to women’s experiences is suggested, which considers not only their individual needs, but which is also critical of the many power imbalances inherent to the clinical setting that influence patients’ health and autonomy. This approach emphasizes the importance of relationships in the physician-patient encounter; it offers a striking contrast to consultation models that endorse a minimal conception of patient autonomy, in which the simple transfer of medical knowledge and data is believed to uphold the legal doctrine of informed consent. This relational model suggests practical and tangible means for physicians to engage in relationships with their patients and to consider the influence they have on their patients’ relational autonomy.
144

Conduta leiga e assistência médica em pacientes do Pronto-Socorro de Oftalmologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo / Non-medical conduct and medical assistance in patients assisted in the Ophthalmology Emergency Room at Clinics Hospital of the University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine

Carvalho, Regina de Souza 15 August 2007 (has links)
Foi realizado um survey transversal, descritivo e analítico em amostra não-probabilística, prontamente acessível, de tamanho 561, formada por pacientes que procuraram o Pronto-Socorro de Oftalmologia do Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo numa semana considerada típica de atendimento.Os dados foram obtidos através da ficha administrativa e aplicação de questionário semi-estruturado, realizado por meio de entrevistas. O questionário também constava de entrevista com o médico que fez o atendimento. O estudo teve como objetivos, em relação a usuários do pronto-socorro: descrever características sócio-demográficas, razões da procura e da escolha de unidade hospitalar, verificar conhecimentos e condutas referentes a causas e tratamentos do agravo ocular; verificar a adoção de tratamentos oculares prévios ao atendimento, identificar fontes de orientação na adoção de tratamentos, verificar causas de demora na procura de tratamento, identificar percepções sobre diagnóstico e tratamento prescrito. Em relação à instituição: determinar a proporção de atendimentos oculares de urgência e não urgência; disponibilizar informações para subsidiar intervenções educativas e assistenciais de saúde ocular. A análise estatística foi realizada com o uso do programa Stata (versão 9.0). Entre os resultados, destacou-se: o período de maior procura por atendimento oftalmológico no Pronto-Socorro do Hospital das Clínicas foi matutino e nos dias da semana; não houve diferença significante entre os sexos; a média de idade foi 39,8 anos; o atendimento foi realizado pelo Sistema Único de Saúde para 91,1% dos pacientes. A maioria dos atendidos tinha baixa renda e escolaridade. Metade dos pacientes era de fora da área de cobertura do Hospital das Clínicas. Para 49,0% a escolha do Hospital das Clínicas ocorreu por confiança e competência; para 42,2% por não haver oftalmologista nos serviços que costumam freqüentar. O tempo para procurar o serviço foi de mais de 24 horas a uma semana para 40,8% dos pacientes. A demora em procurar atendimento ocorreu por não considerar que era urgente por 47,0% e 34,1% foram a outro serviço antes. Daqueles que foram a outros serviços previamente, 48,8% não tiveram alteração do quadro, 39,6% pioraram sintomas. A automedicação foi usada prévio a vinda ao Pronto-Socorro por 40,5% dos pacientes. Desses, 29,4% usaram produtos caseiros. Os produtos mais freqüentemente utilizados foram água boricada, soro fisiológico, água de torneira ou poço, chás, compressas, lavagem com ervas (alecrim, arruda). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no uso de automedicação para tratar os sintomas oculares entre homens e mulheres (p = 0,95), nas diferentes faixas etárias (p = 0,14) ou nos diferentes níveis de escolaridade (p = 0,21). Também não foi observada diferença no padrão de uso de automedicação quanto à situação de trabalho dos pacientes (p = 0,15) ou quanto ao seu local de residência (p = 0,52).Pacientes com diagnóstico de inflamação/infecção ou trauma apresentaram as maiores proporções de uso de automedicação (49,5%). Relataram ter procurado auxílio religioso para tratar o problema 16,1% dos pacientes. Referiram ter entendido a informação sobre o que tinham 95,1%dos pacientes. Dos que receberam prescrição de medicamento, 95,0% entenderam como e porque usá-lo. Aproximadamente 50,0% dos pacientes deram nota máxima ao atendimento recebido. Segundo os oftalmologistas, 18,1% eram casos de urgência e 83,2% dos casos poderiam ter sido resolvidos em serviços de menor complexidade. Dos pacientes, 55,2% apresentavam diagnóstico de inflamação/infecção; 19,1% trauma. Conjuntivite viral foi o diagnóstico mais freqüente 24,6%, seguido por corpo estranho de córnea 7,5%, meibomite 6,4%. Entre os pacientes atendidos, os plantonistas classificaram 11,7% como retorno e 2,0% pós-operatório. Não houve diferença significativa no diagnóstico clínico entre os pacientes que vieram espontaneamente e os referenciados (p = 0,09). Em relação ao preenchimento das fichas administrativas, ressalta-se que 3,6% não constavam o nome do médico, 3,4% não constavam o CRM, 33,4% não foram preenchidos histórico ou observações clínicas; 6,3% só constavam o CID como diagnóstico. Concluiu-se que: a automedicação é muito difundida entre os pacientes e o uso de produtos caseiros se faz presente mesmo nos casos de urgência ocular. Os pacientes estão recebendo e entendendo explicações sobre o agravo ocular e sobre o tratamento prescrito. Os plantonistas vêm mantendo um bom relacionamento médico-paciente. O atendimento recebido pelo paciente foi considerado excelente. O Pronto-Socorro de Oftalmologia do Hospital das Clínicas é um hospital terciário que atende em sua maioria, casos primários e secundários; a maioria dos diagnósticos não foi considerada como urgência / We report a transversal, descriptive and analytical survey in a non-probabilistic promptly accessible sample, composed of 561 patients who looked for the Ophthalmology Emergency Room (E.R) of Clinics Hospital of the University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine during a regular week. Data were collected from administrative charts and from semi-structured questionnaire through interviews. The questionnaire also included an interview with the physician who assisted the patient. The study had the following purposes relative to the E.R patients: to describe social-demographic characteristics; reasons for search and choice of the hospital unit; to assess knowledge and conducts related to eye diseases and their causes and treatment; to assess previous ocular treatments; to identify the causes of compliance with treatment; to identify the reason for delayed search to medical treatment; to identify the knowledge about diagnosed diseases and prescribed treatment. Relative to the institution: to assess the rate of urgent and non-urgent ocular visits; to provide helpful data for ocular health assistance and educational interventions. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata software (version 9.0). The most important results were: most searches for the Emergency Room occurred during the day and on week-days; no statistically significant difference related to gender; average age was 39.8; and 91.1% of visits were assisted by the Public Health System. Most patients had low schooling and money income. Half of the patients did not belong to the area covered by Clinics Hospital. Forty-nine percent of the patients chose Clinics Hospital based to trust on the professionals and their competence; for 42.2% of the patients due to unavailability of ophthalmologists in the health units they are used to go to. The time taken to search assistance was between 24 hours and 1 (one) week for 40.8% of the patients. Such delay was due to the fact the 47% of the patients did not believe that their situation was urgent, and 34.1% searched another health unit before. Among those who searched another unit, 48.8% did not report worsening of health symptoms by the time they reached the E.R, while 39.6% did. Auto-medication was used previously to the E.R. visit by 40.5% of the patients, 29.4% of whom used home-made products. Most of these products were: boric water, physiologic saline solution, tap or well water, and herbs. No significant difference in auto-medication between man and women (p = 0.95), in different age levels (p= 0.14) or schooling levels (p= 0.21) was observed, neither in relation to work situation (p= 0.15) or place of residence (p= 0.52). Higher rates of auto-medication were observed among patients with ocular inflammation/ infection or trauma (49.5%), while 16.1% of the patients reported search for religious help to treat their disease. 95.1% of the patients reported having understood the information given about their condition. Among those patients to whom medication was prescribed, 95% understood how and why to use it. Approximately 50% of the patients graded with the maximum score the xxii xxiii assistance received. According to the ophthalmologists opinion, 18.1% of visits were real urgent cases, while 83.2% could have been attended at less complex health units. 52.2% of the patients were diagnosed with inflammation/infectious diseases; and 19.1% with trauma. Viral conjunctivitis was the most frequent diagnosis (24.6%), followed by corneal foreign bodies (7.5%), and meibomitis (6.4%). Considering assisted patients, physicians classified 11.7% as return visits and 2.0% as post-surgical visits. There was no significant difference on clinical diagnosis between patients on spontaneous or referred assistance (p= 0.09). As for the administration charts, it is important to emphasize that 3.6% of them did not contain the physicians name, 3.4% did not contain the professional registration number, 33.4% did not contain historical and clinical observations, and 6.3% only contained the International Classification of Diseases number. In conclusion, auto-medication is largely used among patients and the use of home-made products occurs even in urgent ocular situations. Patients are receiving and understanding the explanations about their ocular diseases and the prescribed treatment. E.R ophthalmologists have had a satisfactory physician-patient relationship. Medical assistance received by patients was considered excellent. Clinics Hospital Ophthalmologic E.R is a reference service which assists mostly primary and secondary cases, most of them being considered non-urgent
145

"O termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido e a pesquisa em seres humanos na área de saúde: uma revisão crítica" / The informed consent and the research in human beings within the health area : a critical review

Slawka, Sérgio 05 August 2005 (has links)
Para avaliar a efetividade do processo de obtenção do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido (TCLE) no contexto da pesquisa clínica em seres humanos, foram realizadas análises sistematizadas sobre os principais elementos de sustentação do TCLE (bioética na pesquisa em seres humanos, direitos humanos do sujeito da pesquisa, história da obtenção do TCLE, e regulamentações brasileiras na pesquisa em seres humanos), assim como também análises sistematizadas sobre a efetividade dos principais processos envolvidos na obtenção do TCLE (comunicação médico-paciente, tomada de decisão pelo sujeito da pesquisa, e interpretação das expressões de probabilidade no TCLE pelo sujeito da pesquisa). Ainda que estes três processos envolvidos na obtenção do TCLE apresentem, individualmente, alguns procedimentos efetivos, verificou-se que a obtenção de um TCLE verdadeiramente autônomo é utópica e, portanto, o processo de obtenção do TCLE é considerado não-efetivo / In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the process for obtaining the informed consent (IC) within the context of clinical research in human beings, systematic-like analysis were performed on the key elements supporting the IC (bioethics within the research in human beings, human rights for the research subject, history of the obtainment for the IC, and Brazilian regulation within research in human beings), as well as systematic-like analysis on the effectiveness of the major processes involved in the obtainment for the IC (physician-patient communication, decision-making for the research subject, and interpretation of the probability expressions in the IC by the research subject). Eventhough these three processes involved in the obtainment for the IC present, individually, a few effective procedures, the obtainment of a truly autonomous IC is utopia and thus the process for obtaining the IC is considered non-effective
146

"Efeitos da visita médica nos pacientes da enfermaria da clínica geral do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo" / Effects of the medical visit in patients of the infirmary of the general clinic of the Hospital of the Clinics of the College of Medicine of the University of São Paulo

Sancovski, Ana Rosa Kisielewski 29 May 2002 (has links)
A forma de tratar os pacientes pode ser ensinada não somente pela teoria e prática formais, mas principalmente pelas atitudes do mestre e pela relação médico paciente que ele estabelece. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar os efeitos positivos ou deletérios da visita médica em grupo ao leito dos pacientes da Enfermaria da Clínica Médica Geral pois ela pode melhorar ou piorar a ansiedade e a depressão já contidas e instaladas no paciente e testar um modelo de visita médica hospitalar que priorize o paciente enquanto sujeito. Estudaram-se 95 pacientes com idades entre 16 e 65 anos, divididos em três grupos: um com 36 pacientes chamado G0 que passa visita na enfermaria mas não discute à beira do leito; outro com 34 pacientes chamado G1 que passa visita na enfermaria e discute à beira do leito e um novo, experimental, com 25 pacientes chamado G2, com visita na enfermaria e nova forma de discutir ao leito, com participação ativa do paciente em seu processo de recuperação . O Método utilizado foi: todos os pacientes, na véspera da visita, foram submetidos à escala HAD para medir ansiedade e depressão e à parte pré-visita do Questionário de Avaliação da Internação do Paciente da Clínica Médica Geral (QAIPCMG). No dia da visita, após a mesma, reaplicou-se aos três grupos a escala HAD, a parte pós-visita do QAIPCMG , a qual contém um quadro de Sentimentos e Sensações a serem escolhidos como tendo sido sentidos pelos pacientes durante a visita médica, o Teste de Apercepção Temática - TAT, pranchas 1 e 15 e o Questionário Desiderativo. Os critérios de inclusão foram: pacientes com doenças crônicas menores e agudas maiores internados há mais de uma semana e não mais do que duas. Para a análise estatística utilizaram-se os testes: Qui quadrado e Kruskal Wallis. As medidas de ansiedade e depressão da escala HAD pré e pós visita não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes. O grupo experimental G2, que se apresentou, propôs ao paciente que se sentasse, não usou termos técnicos para discutir o caso, explicou quais eram as medidas propostas para continuar o tratamento, pediu sua autorização para realizar novos exames e procedimentos, olhou e ouviu suas colocações, obteve referências de alegria (p= 0,0009) e tranqüilidade (p= 0,0058) por parte dos pacientes, estatisticamente significantes quando comparados às respostas dos outros dois grupos. O grupo G2 referiu um número maior de aspectos positivos observados na visita médica, (p = 0,0186) se comparados aos grupos G0 e G1. Os testes psicológicos projetivos possibilitaram medir e analisar as capacidades de abstração e elaboração mental de 52% da amostra, apontando que, nos 3 grupos 37,68% dos pacientes, mostrou boa capacidade para elaborar o impacto da internação e da doença, porém 40% apresentou pouca capacidade para conter aspectos negativos de suas personalidades. Conclui-se que, se não se cuidar do que e como se fala, não olhando e ouvindo o paciente, considerando-o como sujeito, a visita médica pode ser iatrogênica. / How to treat patients is something that can be taught not merely by theory and formal practices, but mainly through the teacher’s attitudes and how the physician-patient relationship is established. The main goal of this paper is to assess positive or deleterious effects of a group medical visit to patients’ bedsides at Internal Medicine Infirmary, as visits can improve or worsen anxiety and depression already existing in patients and test a model for hospital medical visits which allocates priority to patients as subjects. 95 patients with ages between 16 and 65 were studied, divided into three groups: one with 36 patients called G0, visiting patients with no discussion at the bedside; another with 34 patients called G1, visited in the infirmary with discussions, and a new, experimental group with 25 patients called G2, with infirmary visits and a new mode of discussion by the bedside, with the patient’s active participation in the recovery process. The method used was: the day before the visit, all patients underwent the HAD scale to measure anxiety and depression and the pre-visit part of the Questionnaire to Assess Hospitalization. On the day of the visit, after the call, the HAD scale was once again applied to the three groups, and the after visit part of the Questionnaire, using the chart on Feelings and Sensations that are selected to reflect patients feelings during the visit, the Theme Apperception Test - TAT, diagrams 1 and 15 and the Desiderative Questionnaire. Inclusion criteria included: patients with minor or greater chronic diseases extending for more than a week, not exceeding two weeks. The following tests were used for statistical analysis: chi square and Kruskal Wallis. The HAD scale measurements of anxiety and depression before and after the visits did not present significant statistical differences. The G2 experimental group introduced itself and proposed to the patient that he/she sit, avoided using technical terms to discuss the case, explained the measures being set forth to continue treatment and requested authorization to carry out new tests and procedures, heard the patient’s comments, obtained references on happiness (p= 0,0009) and calmness (p= 0,0058) expressed by patients that were statistically significant when compared to the responses of the other two groups. Group G2 referred to a greater number of positive aspects observed in the medical visits, (p = 0,0186) when compared to groups G0 and G1. The projective psychological enabled the measurement and analysis of the capacity for abstraction and mental elaboration of 52% of the sample, demonstrating that in the 3 groups, 37,68% of the patients had a good ability to elaborate on the impact of hospitalization and the disease, whilst 40% had little capacity when it came to containing or controlling negative aspects in their personalities. The conclusion therefore is that if no caution is taken on how to speak to patients, if physicians do not look at and listen to patients, considering them as subjects, medical visits may be iatrogenic.
147

Strategies to improve patient-centred care in european hospitals: baseline assessment and tool development

Gröne, Oliver 19 March 2010 (has links)
Substantial research has been carried out on evaluating the physician-patient interaction and on launching policy initiatives to improve patient-centred care. However, the organizational uptake of strategies to improve patient-centredness has received less attention in research and practice. Against this background, this thesis pursues the question whether strategies to improve patient centred care are associated with, and can be facilitated by quality improvement in European hospitals. The findings suggest that strategies to improve patient-centredness and hospital quality improvement systems are to some extent associated; however, hospital's quality improvement systems are not sufficient in ensuring organization-wide implementation of patient-centred care. Gaps between strategic level and ward level implementation and confounding factors suggest that additional factors facilitate or exert pressure on hospitals to adapt a patient-centred approach. Tools addressing selected domains of patient information, education and health promotion can be embedded into existing quality improvement systems in order to facilitate implementation. / Nombrosos estudis han avaluat la interacció metge-pacient en l'atenció sanitària i es van iniciar múltiples accions de la política de salut per millora l'atenció centrada en el pacient. No obstant això, la implantació d'estratègies per millorar l'atenció centrada al pacient a nivell organitzacional va rebre menys atenció en recerca i en la pràctica. En aquest context aquest estudi pretén avaluar si les estratègies per la millora de l'atenció centrada al pacient estan associades i/o facilitades pels sistemes de la millora de la qualitat en hospitals Europeus. Les troballes d'aquest treball suggereixen que les estratègies de l'atenció centrada al pacient i els sistemes de millora de la qualitat estiguin parcialment associades però, els últims no són suficients per garantir la implantació de les estratègies de l'atenció centrada al pacient per tota la organització hospitalària. Diferències entre la implantació al nivell estratègic i al nivell del departament apunten a altres factors facilitadors o factors externs que potencialment influeixen l'adaptació d'un enfocament centrada al pacient. L'ús d'eines pràctiques per a la millora de la informació, educació i promoció de salut del pacient pot completar els sistemes de millora de la qualitat assistencial existents. / Números estudios han evaluado la interacción médico-paciente en la atención sanitaria y se iniciaron múltiples acciones de la política de salud para mejorar la atención centrada al paciente. No obstante, la implantación de estrategias para mejorar la atención centrada al paciente al nivel organizacional recibió menos atención en investigación y la práctica. En este contexto, este estudio pretende evaluar si las estrategias para la mejora de la atención centrada al paciente están asociadas y/o facilitadas por los sistemas de la mejora de la calidad en hospitales Europeos. Los hallazgos del presente trabajo sugieren que las estrategias de la atención centrada al paciente y los sistemas para la mejora de la calidad asistencial están parcialmente asociadas, sin embargo, los últimos no son suficientes para garantizar la implantación de las estrategias de la atención centrada al paciente por toda la organización hospitalaria. Diferencias entre la implantación al nivel estratégica y al nivel del departamento apuntan a otros factores facilitadores o factores externos que potencialmente influyen la adaptación de un enfoque centrada en el paciente. El uso de herramientas prácticas para la mejora de la información, educación y promoción de salud del paciente puede complementar los sistemas de la mejora de la calidad asistencial existentes.
148

"Efeitos da visita médica nos pacientes da enfermaria da clínica geral do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo" / Effects of the medical visit in patients of the infirmary of the general clinic of the Hospital of the Clinics of the College of Medicine of the University of São Paulo

Ana Rosa Kisielewski Sancovski 29 May 2002 (has links)
A forma de tratar os pacientes pode ser ensinada não somente pela teoria e prática formais, mas principalmente pelas atitudes do mestre e pela relação médico paciente que ele estabelece. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar os efeitos positivos ou deletérios da visita médica em grupo ao leito dos pacientes da Enfermaria da Clínica Médica Geral pois ela pode melhorar ou piorar a ansiedade e a depressão já contidas e instaladas no paciente e testar um modelo de visita médica hospitalar que priorize o paciente enquanto sujeito. Estudaram-se 95 pacientes com idades entre 16 e 65 anos, divididos em três grupos: um com 36 pacientes chamado G0 que passa visita na enfermaria mas não discute à beira do leito; outro com 34 pacientes chamado G1 que passa visita na enfermaria e discute à beira do leito e um novo, experimental, com 25 pacientes chamado G2, com visita na enfermaria e nova forma de discutir ao leito, com participação ativa do paciente em seu processo de recuperação . O Método utilizado foi: todos os pacientes, na véspera da visita, foram submetidos à escala HAD para medir ansiedade e depressão e à parte pré-visita do Questionário de Avaliação da Internação do Paciente da Clínica Médica Geral (QAIPCMG). No dia da visita, após a mesma, reaplicou-se aos três grupos a escala HAD, a parte pós-visita do QAIPCMG , a qual contém um quadro de Sentimentos e Sensações a serem escolhidos como tendo sido sentidos pelos pacientes durante a visita médica, o Teste de Apercepção Temática - TAT, pranchas 1 e 15 e o Questionário Desiderativo. Os critérios de inclusão foram: pacientes com doenças crônicas menores e agudas maiores internados há mais de uma semana e não mais do que duas. Para a análise estatística utilizaram-se os testes: Qui quadrado e Kruskal Wallis. As medidas de ansiedade e depressão da escala HAD pré e pós visita não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes. O grupo experimental G2, que se apresentou, propôs ao paciente que se sentasse, não usou termos técnicos para discutir o caso, explicou quais eram as medidas propostas para continuar o tratamento, pediu sua autorização para realizar novos exames e procedimentos, olhou e ouviu suas colocações, obteve referências de alegria (p= 0,0009) e tranqüilidade (p= 0,0058) por parte dos pacientes, estatisticamente significantes quando comparados às respostas dos outros dois grupos. O grupo G2 referiu um número maior de aspectos positivos observados na visita médica, (p = 0,0186) se comparados aos grupos G0 e G1. Os testes psicológicos projetivos possibilitaram medir e analisar as capacidades de abstração e elaboração mental de 52% da amostra, apontando que, nos 3 grupos 37,68% dos pacientes, mostrou boa capacidade para elaborar o impacto da internação e da doença, porém 40% apresentou pouca capacidade para conter aspectos negativos de suas personalidades. Conclui-se que, se não se cuidar do que e como se fala, não olhando e ouvindo o paciente, considerando-o como sujeito, a visita médica pode ser iatrogênica. / How to treat patients is something that can be taught not merely by theory and formal practices, but mainly through the teacher’s attitudes and how the physician-patient relationship is established. The main goal of this paper is to assess positive or deleterious effects of a group medical visit to patients’ bedsides at Internal Medicine Infirmary, as visits can improve or worsen anxiety and depression already existing in patients and test a model for hospital medical visits which allocates priority to patients as subjects. 95 patients with ages between 16 and 65 were studied, divided into three groups: one with 36 patients called G0, visiting patients with no discussion at the bedside; another with 34 patients called G1, visited in the infirmary with discussions, and a new, experimental group with 25 patients called G2, with infirmary visits and a new mode of discussion by the bedside, with the patient’s active participation in the recovery process. The method used was: the day before the visit, all patients underwent the HAD scale to measure anxiety and depression and the pre-visit part of the Questionnaire to Assess Hospitalization. On the day of the visit, after the call, the HAD scale was once again applied to the three groups, and the after visit part of the Questionnaire, using the chart on Feelings and Sensations that are selected to reflect patients feelings during the visit, the Theme Apperception Test - TAT, diagrams 1 and 15 and the Desiderative Questionnaire. Inclusion criteria included: patients with minor or greater chronic diseases extending for more than a week, not exceeding two weeks. The following tests were used for statistical analysis: chi square and Kruskal Wallis. The HAD scale measurements of anxiety and depression before and after the visits did not present significant statistical differences. The G2 experimental group introduced itself and proposed to the patient that he/she sit, avoided using technical terms to discuss the case, explained the measures being set forth to continue treatment and requested authorization to carry out new tests and procedures, heard the patient’s comments, obtained references on happiness (p= 0,0009) and calmness (p= 0,0058) expressed by patients that were statistically significant when compared to the responses of the other two groups. Group G2 referred to a greater number of positive aspects observed in the medical visits, (p = 0,0186) when compared to groups G0 and G1. The projective psychological enabled the measurement and analysis of the capacity for abstraction and mental elaboration of 52% of the sample, demonstrating that in the 3 groups, 37,68% of the patients had a good ability to elaborate on the impact of hospitalization and the disease, whilst 40% had little capacity when it came to containing or controlling negative aspects in their personalities. The conclusion therefore is that if no caution is taken on how to speak to patients, if physicians do not look at and listen to patients, considering them as subjects, medical visits may be iatrogenic.
149

"O termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido e a pesquisa em seres humanos na área de saúde: uma revisão crítica" / The informed consent and the research in human beings within the health area : a critical review

Sérgio Slawka 05 August 2005 (has links)
Para avaliar a efetividade do processo de obtenção do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido (TCLE) no contexto da pesquisa clínica em seres humanos, foram realizadas análises sistematizadas sobre os principais elementos de sustentação do TCLE (bioética na pesquisa em seres humanos, direitos humanos do sujeito da pesquisa, história da obtenção do TCLE, e regulamentações brasileiras na pesquisa em seres humanos), assim como também análises sistematizadas sobre a efetividade dos principais processos envolvidos na obtenção do TCLE (comunicação médico-paciente, tomada de decisão pelo sujeito da pesquisa, e interpretação das expressões de probabilidade no TCLE pelo sujeito da pesquisa). Ainda que estes três processos envolvidos na obtenção do TCLE apresentem, individualmente, alguns procedimentos efetivos, verificou-se que a obtenção de um TCLE verdadeiramente autônomo é utópica e, portanto, o processo de obtenção do TCLE é considerado não-efetivo / In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the process for obtaining the informed consent (IC) within the context of clinical research in human beings, systematic-like analysis were performed on the key elements supporting the IC (bioethics within the research in human beings, human rights for the research subject, history of the obtainment for the IC, and Brazilian regulation within research in human beings), as well as systematic-like analysis on the effectiveness of the major processes involved in the obtainment for the IC (physician-patient communication, decision-making for the research subject, and interpretation of the probability expressions in the IC by the research subject). Eventhough these three processes involved in the obtainment for the IC present, individually, a few effective procedures, the obtainment of a truly autonomous IC is utopia and thus the process for obtaining the IC is considered non-effective
150

Conduta leiga e assistência médica em pacientes do Pronto-Socorro de Oftalmologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo / Non-medical conduct and medical assistance in patients assisted in the Ophthalmology Emergency Room at Clinics Hospital of the University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine

Regina de Souza Carvalho 15 August 2007 (has links)
Foi realizado um survey transversal, descritivo e analítico em amostra não-probabilística, prontamente acessível, de tamanho 561, formada por pacientes que procuraram o Pronto-Socorro de Oftalmologia do Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo numa semana considerada típica de atendimento.Os dados foram obtidos através da ficha administrativa e aplicação de questionário semi-estruturado, realizado por meio de entrevistas. O questionário também constava de entrevista com o médico que fez o atendimento. O estudo teve como objetivos, em relação a usuários do pronto-socorro: descrever características sócio-demográficas, razões da procura e da escolha de unidade hospitalar, verificar conhecimentos e condutas referentes a causas e tratamentos do agravo ocular; verificar a adoção de tratamentos oculares prévios ao atendimento, identificar fontes de orientação na adoção de tratamentos, verificar causas de demora na procura de tratamento, identificar percepções sobre diagnóstico e tratamento prescrito. Em relação à instituição: determinar a proporção de atendimentos oculares de urgência e não urgência; disponibilizar informações para subsidiar intervenções educativas e assistenciais de saúde ocular. A análise estatística foi realizada com o uso do programa Stata (versão 9.0). Entre os resultados, destacou-se: o período de maior procura por atendimento oftalmológico no Pronto-Socorro do Hospital das Clínicas foi matutino e nos dias da semana; não houve diferença significante entre os sexos; a média de idade foi 39,8 anos; o atendimento foi realizado pelo Sistema Único de Saúde para 91,1% dos pacientes. A maioria dos atendidos tinha baixa renda e escolaridade. Metade dos pacientes era de fora da área de cobertura do Hospital das Clínicas. Para 49,0% a escolha do Hospital das Clínicas ocorreu por confiança e competência; para 42,2% por não haver oftalmologista nos serviços que costumam freqüentar. O tempo para procurar o serviço foi de mais de 24 horas a uma semana para 40,8% dos pacientes. A demora em procurar atendimento ocorreu por não considerar que era urgente por 47,0% e 34,1% foram a outro serviço antes. Daqueles que foram a outros serviços previamente, 48,8% não tiveram alteração do quadro, 39,6% pioraram sintomas. A automedicação foi usada prévio a vinda ao Pronto-Socorro por 40,5% dos pacientes. Desses, 29,4% usaram produtos caseiros. Os produtos mais freqüentemente utilizados foram água boricada, soro fisiológico, água de torneira ou poço, chás, compressas, lavagem com ervas (alecrim, arruda). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no uso de automedicação para tratar os sintomas oculares entre homens e mulheres (p = 0,95), nas diferentes faixas etárias (p = 0,14) ou nos diferentes níveis de escolaridade (p = 0,21). Também não foi observada diferença no padrão de uso de automedicação quanto à situação de trabalho dos pacientes (p = 0,15) ou quanto ao seu local de residência (p = 0,52).Pacientes com diagnóstico de inflamação/infecção ou trauma apresentaram as maiores proporções de uso de automedicação (49,5%). Relataram ter procurado auxílio religioso para tratar o problema 16,1% dos pacientes. Referiram ter entendido a informação sobre o que tinham 95,1%dos pacientes. Dos que receberam prescrição de medicamento, 95,0% entenderam como e porque usá-lo. Aproximadamente 50,0% dos pacientes deram nota máxima ao atendimento recebido. Segundo os oftalmologistas, 18,1% eram casos de urgência e 83,2% dos casos poderiam ter sido resolvidos em serviços de menor complexidade. Dos pacientes, 55,2% apresentavam diagnóstico de inflamação/infecção; 19,1% trauma. Conjuntivite viral foi o diagnóstico mais freqüente 24,6%, seguido por corpo estranho de córnea 7,5%, meibomite 6,4%. Entre os pacientes atendidos, os plantonistas classificaram 11,7% como retorno e 2,0% pós-operatório. Não houve diferença significativa no diagnóstico clínico entre os pacientes que vieram espontaneamente e os referenciados (p = 0,09). Em relação ao preenchimento das fichas administrativas, ressalta-se que 3,6% não constavam o nome do médico, 3,4% não constavam o CRM, 33,4% não foram preenchidos histórico ou observações clínicas; 6,3% só constavam o CID como diagnóstico. Concluiu-se que: a automedicação é muito difundida entre os pacientes e o uso de produtos caseiros se faz presente mesmo nos casos de urgência ocular. Os pacientes estão recebendo e entendendo explicações sobre o agravo ocular e sobre o tratamento prescrito. Os plantonistas vêm mantendo um bom relacionamento médico-paciente. O atendimento recebido pelo paciente foi considerado excelente. O Pronto-Socorro de Oftalmologia do Hospital das Clínicas é um hospital terciário que atende em sua maioria, casos primários e secundários; a maioria dos diagnósticos não foi considerada como urgência / We report a transversal, descriptive and analytical survey in a non-probabilistic promptly accessible sample, composed of 561 patients who looked for the Ophthalmology Emergency Room (E.R) of Clinics Hospital of the University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine during a regular week. Data were collected from administrative charts and from semi-structured questionnaire through interviews. The questionnaire also included an interview with the physician who assisted the patient. The study had the following purposes relative to the E.R patients: to describe social-demographic characteristics; reasons for search and choice of the hospital unit; to assess knowledge and conducts related to eye diseases and their causes and treatment; to assess previous ocular treatments; to identify the causes of compliance with treatment; to identify the reason for delayed search to medical treatment; to identify the knowledge about diagnosed diseases and prescribed treatment. Relative to the institution: to assess the rate of urgent and non-urgent ocular visits; to provide helpful data for ocular health assistance and educational interventions. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata software (version 9.0). The most important results were: most searches for the Emergency Room occurred during the day and on week-days; no statistically significant difference related to gender; average age was 39.8; and 91.1% of visits were assisted by the Public Health System. Most patients had low schooling and money income. Half of the patients did not belong to the area covered by Clinics Hospital. Forty-nine percent of the patients chose Clinics Hospital based to trust on the professionals and their competence; for 42.2% of the patients due to unavailability of ophthalmologists in the health units they are used to go to. The time taken to search assistance was between 24 hours and 1 (one) week for 40.8% of the patients. Such delay was due to the fact the 47% of the patients did not believe that their situation was urgent, and 34.1% searched another health unit before. Among those who searched another unit, 48.8% did not report worsening of health symptoms by the time they reached the E.R, while 39.6% did. Auto-medication was used previously to the E.R. visit by 40.5% of the patients, 29.4% of whom used home-made products. Most of these products were: boric water, physiologic saline solution, tap or well water, and herbs. No significant difference in auto-medication between man and women (p = 0.95), in different age levels (p= 0.14) or schooling levels (p= 0.21) was observed, neither in relation to work situation (p= 0.15) or place of residence (p= 0.52). Higher rates of auto-medication were observed among patients with ocular inflammation/ infection or trauma (49.5%), while 16.1% of the patients reported search for religious help to treat their disease. 95.1% of the patients reported having understood the information given about their condition. Among those patients to whom medication was prescribed, 95% understood how and why to use it. Approximately 50% of the patients graded with the maximum score the xxii xxiii assistance received. According to the ophthalmologists opinion, 18.1% of visits were real urgent cases, while 83.2% could have been attended at less complex health units. 52.2% of the patients were diagnosed with inflammation/infectious diseases; and 19.1% with trauma. Viral conjunctivitis was the most frequent diagnosis (24.6%), followed by corneal foreign bodies (7.5%), and meibomitis (6.4%). Considering assisted patients, physicians classified 11.7% as return visits and 2.0% as post-surgical visits. There was no significant difference on clinical diagnosis between patients on spontaneous or referred assistance (p= 0.09). As for the administration charts, it is important to emphasize that 3.6% of them did not contain the physicians name, 3.4% did not contain the professional registration number, 33.4% did not contain historical and clinical observations, and 6.3% only contained the International Classification of Diseases number. In conclusion, auto-medication is largely used among patients and the use of home-made products occurs even in urgent ocular situations. Patients are receiving and understanding the explanations about their ocular diseases and the prescribed treatment. E.R ophthalmologists have had a satisfactory physician-patient relationship. Medical assistance received by patients was considered excellent. Clinics Hospital Ophthalmologic E.R is a reference service which assists mostly primary and secondary cases, most of them being considered non-urgent

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