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Ultravioletiniai spinduliai veikia daugelį polimerų, tame tarpe ir polipropileną. Darbo tikslas buvo ištirti ultravioletinės spinduliuotės (=254 nm) poveikį polipropilenui. Medžiagos cheminės sudėties pokyčiui nustatyti buvo matuojami infraraudonųjų spindulių absorbcijos spektrai, o fizinių savybių pokytis – matuojant stiprumo ribą, regimosios šviesos praleidimo faktorių, induktyvumą bei kontūro elektrinę talpą. Nustatyta, kad polipropileną veikiant 254 nm bangos ilgio šviesa medžiaga palaipsniui oksiduojasi. UV spinduliuotė generuoja peroksidinių (>CH-O-OH), karbonilinių (>C=O) ir vinilinių (-CH=CH2) grupių susidarymą anglies grandinėse ir jų koncentracija didėja ilginant švitinimo trukmę. Po 160 val. švitinimo prasideda polimero degradacija: keičiasi jo struktūra, prarandamas skaidrumas, elastingumas, didėja trapumas bei mažėja polipropileno plėvelės storis. Polipropileno paviršiuje atsiranda įtrūkimų, plėvelė pageltonuoja. Magnetinių savybių matavimai rodo, kad oksiduojantis polipropilenui didėja laisvųjų radikalų koncentracija propileno grandinėse. Mikroskopiniai tyrimai parodė plėvelės paviršiuje susidariusias destrukcijos juostas. / Wide verily of polymers undergo physicochemical changes. The aim of the paper was to study the effect of ultraviolet radiation (λ= 254 nm) on polypropylene. The chemical changes were measured by the infrared absorption spectra, and the change the physical properties – by measurement of the strength limit, visible light transmittance, polypropilene inductance and capacitance. It is determined that PP exposed to ultraviolet light undergo photo-oxidation and photo-degradation. UV radiation generates formation of peroxide (>CH-O-OH), carbonyl (>C=O) and vinyl (-CH=CH2) groups in the carbon chaines with increasing their concentrations during exposure. After 160 hours UV exposure process of PP destruction gets up: the transparency, elasticity, polypropilene film thickness and strenght is declining. Microscopic demonstrated the cracks on the surface of the films after 160 hours of exposure.

Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are 21-23 nucleotide-long double-stranded RNA molecules that can trigger the RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi is a post-transcriptional gene silencing process whereby siRNAs induce the sequence-specific degradation of complementary messenger RNA (mRNA). Despite their promising therapeutic capabilities, siRNA-based strategies suffer from enzymatic degradation and poor cellular uptake. Several carrier-based approaches have been employed to enhance the stability and efficiency of siRNA delivery. Considering their safety, efficiency, and targeting capabilities, peptide-based delivery systems have shown great promise for overcoming the main obstacles in siRNA therapeutic delivery. Peptides are versatile and easily designed to incorporate a number of specific attributes required for efficient siRNA delivery. This thesis focuses on the design, characterization and utilization of a new class of amphipathic peptides for siRNA delivery. The study includes: (i) designing amphipathic, amino acid pairing peptide sequences for siRNA delivery, (ii) siRNA delivery experiments in vitro to evaluate transfection efficacy of the designed peptides, (iii) physicochemical characterization of the interaction between promising peptides and siRNA, and (iv) identifying internalization pathway and kinetics of a promising peptide, C6M1. The peptide C6, an 18-mer amphipathic, amino acid pairing peptide, was designed as an siRNA delivery carrier by incorporating three types of amino acids, i.e., arginine, leucine, and tryptophan. This peptide adopted a helical structure upon co-assembling with siRNA. The C6-siRNA co-assembly showed a size distribution between 50 and 250 nm, confirmed by dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy. The C6-siRNA interaction enthalpy and stoichiometry were 8.8 kJ.mol-1 and 6.5, respectively, obtained by isothermal titration calorimetry. A minimum C6:siRNA molar ratio of 10:1 was required to form stable co-assemblies/complexes, indicated by agarose gel shift assay and fluorescence spectroscopy. C6 showed lower toxicity and higher efficiency in cellular uptake of siRNA, compared with Lipofectamine 2000, a lipid-based positive control. Fluorescence microscopy images confirmed the localization of C6-siRNA complexes in the cytoplasm. In order to enhance the solubility and delivery efficiency further, a modified peptide, C6M1, was designed by replacing three leucine with tryptophan residues in the C6 sequence. The fluorescence assay confirmed that the sequence mutation significantly increased the solubility of C6M1. C6M1 adapted a stable helical structure in saline or upon interaction with siRNA. The toxicity assay showed lower toxicity of C6M1 with an IC50 (the concentration of peptide at 50% cell viability) of 22 ??M, compared with C6 with that of 12 ??M. Naked siRNA was completely degraded after 4 h incubation in 50% serum, while the siRNA in complex with C6M1 was preserved even after 24 h. Western blotting showed a significant decrease in GAPDH protein contents (75%) in CHO-K1 Chinese hamster ovary cells, 48 h after treatment with C6M1-GAPDH siRNA complexes. The interaction of C6M1-siRNA complexes with cell surface and the mechanisms involved in the internalization of the complex in different size ranges were studied. Heparin and chlorate treatments revealed that the electrostatic interaction of the C6M1-siRNA complex with heparan sulphate proteoglycans at the cell surface is required to trigger the uptake process. Using endocytic inhibitors, it was found that small C6M1-siRNA complexes (mean ~155 nm) mainly enter CHO-K1 cells through an energy-independent mechanism, most likely involving direct translocation. In contrast, large complexes (mean ~460 nm) internalize the cells mainly through a lipid raft-dependant macropinocytosis. The integrity of the cytoskeletal components also showed significant impact on the efficient internalization of the C6M1-siRNA complex. The kinetics experiments confirmed the fast internalization of small complexes (with uptake half-time of 25 min) in comparison to large complexes (70 min). This work provides essential information for peptide design and characterization in the development of amphipathic peptide-based siRNA delivery.

Percutaneous delivery of drugs promises many advantages over oral or intravenous administration, such as a better control of blood levels, a reduced incidence of systemic toxicity, an absence of hepatic first-pass metabolism, better patient compliance, etc. However, the dermal drug transport is limited by the unsuitable physicochemical properties of most drugs and the efficient barrier function of the skin. Thus, numerous attempts have been reported to improve topical absorption of drugs, concentrating mainly on the barrier function of the stratum corneum by use of penetration enhancers and/or skin warming. An alternative and interesting possibility for improved dermal permeability is the synthesis of derivatives or analogues with the aim of changing the physicochemical properties in favour of skin permeation, efficacy and therapeutic value. Cyclizine (I) is an anti-emetic drug primarily indicated for the prophylaxis and treatment of nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness, post operation and Meniere's disease. It acts both on the emetic trigger zone and by damping the labyrinthine sensitivity. Pharmacologically it has anti-histaminic, antiserotonergic, local anaesthetic and vagolytic actions. It is widely used and also suitable for children from six year of age. Percutaneous absorption of (I) can, among others, avoid the "first-pass" effect and the discomfort of injection. The main objective of this study was to explore the feasibility of percutaneous absorption of (I) and its alkyl analogues via physicochemical characterization and assessment of their permeation parameters. The intent was also to establish a correlation between the physicochemical properties of these compounds and their percutaneous rate of absorption. To achieve these objectives, the study was undertaken by synthesizing the alkyl analogues and determining the physicochemical parameters relevant to skin transport. Identification and level of purity for the prepared analogues were confirmed by mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry and infrared (IR) spectrometry. Experimental aqueous solubility (25 °c & 32 °C) and partition coefficient for each compound were determined. In vitro permeation studies were performed at pH 7.4, using Franz diffusion cells with human epidermal membranes. Diffusion experiments were conducted over a period of 24 hours maintaining a constant temperature (37 DC) by means of water bath. All samples were analysed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cyclizine (I) has a methyl group at N-4. Increasing the alkyl chain length on N-4 of the piperazine ring resulted' in compounds with lower melting points and higher water solubility than (I). (II) exhibited 3-fold increase in water solubility, followed by (IV) with about 2.5 fold increase. The water solubility of (III) was almost the same as that of (I). Log partition coefficients increased linearly with increasing alkyl chain length. The analogues therefore, possessed more favourable physicochemical properties to be delivered percutaneously. Indeed, the in vitro skin permeation data proved that these analogues could be delivered more easily than (I) itself. The flux of (I) was 0.132 ug/cm2/h in a saturated aqueous solution. Compound (II) resulted in a 53-fold (6.952 ug/cm2/h) increase in permeation compared to (I). (III) and (IV) resulted in a 2- and 5fold enhancement of permeation respectively. Based on the results of the study, it seems that increased aqueous solubility and low level of crystallinity play a vital role in optimizing percutaneous absorption of (I) and its alkyl analogues. But the importance of the effect of increased lipophilicity cannot be ignored. The low percutaneous• absorption of (I) might be attributed to its low aqueous solubility and increased crystallinity, as is evident from the higher melting point than the analogues. From all the permeability data using aqueous solutions, it is clear that compound (II) is the best permeant of this series and in addition it is known that this compound antagonizes the effects of histamine. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharm.))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-06-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:10:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 peroni_fhg_me_sjrp.pdf: 520841 bytes, checksum: 9b519101966877f66941bfb83c70d8e0 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Características estruturais e físico-químicas de amidos estão relacionadas a sua fonte botânica. Países tropicais como o Brasil, possuem uma grande variedade de espécies amiláceas que poderiam substituir amidos modificados em alimentos processados. Neste trabalho, amidos isolados de nove espécies diferentes (mandioca, batata-doce, araruta, mandioquinha-salsa, biri, inhame, taro, açafrão, gengibre) foram analisados. Distribuições de peso molecular dos amidos e comprimentos de cadeias ramificadas da amilopectina foram analisadas por cromatografia de permeação em gel (GPC) usando Sepharose CL-2B e Bio gel P-6, respectivamente. Teores de fósforo e de amilose foram determinados por método colorimétrico e medida da afinidade com iodo, respectivamente. As propriedades de pasta e térmicas dos amidos foram determinadas usando-se um Rápido Visco Analisador (RVA) e um Calorímetro Diferencial de Varredura (DSC), respectivamente. O poder de inchamento e solubilidade dos amidos foram determinados a temperaturas entre 60-90ºC, com exceção do amido de gengibre que foi também determinado a 95ºC. Os resultados mostraram diferentes padrões de distribuições de comprimentos de cadeias ramificadas da amilopectina para os diferentes amidos. Através de Bio gel P-6, os cromatogramas mostraram cadeias ramificadas longas da amilopectina com DP (grau de polimerização) variando de 21 a 38, e cadeias ramificadas curtas com DP variando de 7 a 19. Os amidos de biri e açafrão mostraram altas proporções de cadeias muito longas da amilopectina enquanto que o amido de taro mostrou altas proporções de cadeias curtas com alto grau de ramificações. Em Sepharose CL-2B, foi observado que os amidos de batata-doce, araruta e taro, apresentaram moléculas de amilose de alto peso molecular, enquanto que o amido de açafrão mostrou o mais baixo. Os amidos de açafrão, inhame e biri apresentaram... / Structural and physicochemical characteristics of starches are related to their botanical sources. Tropical countries have a great variety of starchy species that could replace modified starches in processed foods. In this work, starch samples isolated from nine different species (cassava, sweet potato, arrowroot, Perurian carrot, canna, yam, taro, curcuma, ginger) were analyzed. Molecular weight distributions of the starches and branch chains lengths of debranched amylopectins were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) by using Sepharose CL-2B and Bio gel P-6, respectively. Phosphorous and amylose contents were determined by a colorimetric method and measuring iodine affinity, respectively. Pasting and thermal properties of the starches were determined using Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), respectively. Swelling power and solubility of the starches were determined at temperatures between 60-90ºC, with exception of the ginger starch swelling power that was also determined at 95ºC. The results showed different patterns of amylopectin branch chains length distributions for different starches. From Bio gel P-6 GPC, chromatograms displayed long branch chains of amylopectin with DP (polimerization degree) varying from 21 to 38, and short branch chains with DP varying from 7 to 19. The canna and curcuma starches displayed higher proportions of very long chains of amylopectin whereas the taro starch showed higher proportions of short chains with a higher degree of branching. From Sepharose CL-2B, it was observed that the sweet potato, arrowroot and taro starches displayed amylose molecules with higher molecular weight, whereas the curcuma starch showed the lowest. The curcuma, yam, and canna starches displayed higher amylose contents (45.1, 35.0, and 33.7%, respectively) whereas the taro starch showed the lowest (10.2%)...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Nanoemulsões catiônicas têm sido consideradas como potenciais sistemas carreadores para oligonucleotídeos (ON) antisenso. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver nanoemulsões catiônicas como um sistema de liberação para ON anti-topoisomerase II de Plasmodium falciparum. Primeiramente, nanoemulsões constituídas de triglicerídeos de cadeia média, lecitina de gema de ovo, glicerol e água contendo os lipídeos catiônicos oleilamina ou DOTAP (2 mM) foram obtidas através do procedimento de emulsificação espontânea. Este procedimento resultou em formulações monodispersas com diâmetro de gotícula de 200-260 nm e potencial zeta de +50 e +55 mV. Após, um método espectrofotométrico no UV para quantificação dos ON em série fosfodiéster (PO) ou fosforotioato (PS) foi validado. O método mostrou-se linear, específico, preciso e exato para a determinação de PO e PS, sem diferenças significativas entre os ON. Nas condições validadas, as isotermas de adsorção dos ON às nanoemulsões foram obtidas através da determinação dos ON na fase aquosa externa das nanoemulsões, após ultrafiltração/centrifugação dos complexos. A taxa de recuperação através das membranas de ultrafiltração de celulose regenerada (30 kDa) foi superior a 92%. Os resultados indicam a adsorção progressiva dos ON com as nanoemulsões, até cerca de 60 mg/g de fase interna para o complexo DOTAP-PS. Finalmente, evidências adicionais da adsorção de PO e PS às nanoemulsões foram detectadas pelo aumento do diâmetro de gotícula, inversão do potencial zeta e morfologia das gotículas avaliada por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. O conjunto dos resultados obtidos demonstra que ON de série PO e PS anti-topoisomerase II de P. falciparum podem ser adsorvidos eficientemente às nanoemulsões catiônicas. / Cationic nanoemulsions have been recently considered as a potential delivery system for antisense oligonucleotides (ON). The aim of the present work was to evaluate cationic nanoemulsions as a delivery system for ON against the Plasmodium falciparum topoisomerase II gene. Firstly, nanoemulsions composed of medium chain triglycerides, egg yolk lecithin, glycerol and water, containing the cationic lipids oleylamine or DOTAP (2 mM) were obtained through spontaneous emulsification process. This procedure resulted in monodisperse formulations with droplet size of 200-260 nm and zeta potential of +50 and +55mV. After that, an UV spectrophotometric method for the quantification of either phosphodiester (PO) or phosphorothioate (PS) ON was validated. The method was linear, specific, precise, and accurate for the determination of PO and PS, without significant differences between both ON. In the validated conditions, ON adsorption isotherms with nanoemulsions were obtained through the ON determination in the external phase of nanoemulsions, after ultrafiltration/centrifugation of complexes. The recovery through regenerated cellulose membranes (30kDa) was higher than 92%. The results showed a progressive ON adsorption to the nanoemulsions up to approximately 60mg/g of internal phase for DOTAP-PS complexes. Finally, additional evidences of PO and PS adsorption to nanoemulsions could also be detected by the increase of the mean droplet size, the inversion of the zeta potential and the morphology of the oil droplets obtained by transmission electron microscopy. The overall results showed that PO and PS ON against P. falciparum anti-topoisomerase II gene can be efficiently adsorbed to the cationic nanoemulsions.

Resumo: A conjuntura energética internacional aponta para o esgotamento das reservas de petróleo em curto prazo. O Brasil, face às suas potencialidades, tem procurado através de políticas públicas, incentivar o estudo de formas alternativas de energia. Muitas destas formas são baseadas em produtos e sub-produtos agrícolas, com destaque para a indústria de álcool para fins combustíveis. Outra alternativa de origem vegetal, mais recentemente discutida, seria a produção de óleo combustível denominado biodiesel. Para este fim, iniciativas tem sido tomadas em nível internacional, já sendo possível a obtenção e uso deste combustível de forma comercial. Em nossa região, muitas plantas oleaginosas podem ser potencialmente exploradas para esta finalidade, cujo potencial tem sido pouco estudado. Este trabalho dedica-se ao estudo de uma espécie oleaginosa, a macaúba [Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq) Lodd. ex Mart], para verificar seu potencial energético e econômico. Para este fim, foram realizadas diferentes caracterizações físico-químicas nos constituintes do fruto da macaúba, incluindo a avaliação qualitativa do óleo da polpa e da castanha. Verificou-se que esta espécie apresenta boas características como fonte de óleo vegetal para fins energéticos e/ou industriais, comparável e até superior a outras oleaginosas. Verificou-se que os parâmetros físico-químicos indicam que a espécie é importante como fonte energética, principalmente baseado nos valores calorimétricos. As análises cromatográficas revelaram que os óleos da macaúba podem ser distintamente empregados, com potencial energético para o óleo da polpa e farmacológico para o óleo da amêndoa. / Abstract: The international energetic context shows a run out of fuel reserve in a short term. Brazil due to its natural resources has tried through public politics to stimulate the research of alternative ways of energy. Several of these ways are based upon agricultural products and by-products with emphasis on the alcohol-fuel industry. Another alternative from plants recently discussed would be the production of biodiesel fuel. Initiatives have been internationally performed in order to obtain and use such fuel commercially. Within our region several oil plants can be potentially explored and have also been researched. This work aims to study an oil plant - macaúba [Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq) Lodd. ex Mart] to analyze its energetic and economical potential. Different physicochemical characterization was performed in macaúba plant including quality evaluation of its oil from pulp and nut. It was observed that such plant shows good characteristics as a source for plant oil for energetic and/or industrial uses being superiorly compared to other oil plants. It was also verified that the physicochemical parameters for this species indicate her importance as energetic source, considering its calorimetric values. The chromatographic analysis revealed that the macauba oils could be used for different purposes, like energetic potential for the pulp oil or pharmaceutical uses for the nut oil. / Orientador: Fernando Broetto / Coorientador: César Benedito Batistella / Coorientador: Sonia Maria Alves Jorge / Banca: José Pedro Serra Valente / Banca: Luiz Antonio Gallo / Mestre

Nanoemulsões catiônicas têm sido recentemente propostas como sistemas carreadores de DNA. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a influência de diferentes fosfolipídeos sobre propriedades dos complexos formados entre nanoemulsões e pDNA (pTracerTMCMV2). Em uma primeira etapa, nanoemulsões catiônicas constituídas de triglicerídeos de cadeia média, estearilamina, lecitina de gema de ovo ou fosfolipídeos isolados (DSPC, DOPC, DSPE ou DOPE), glicerol e água foram preparadas através do procedimento de emulsificação espontânea. Independente do tipo de fosfolipídeo empregado, esse procedimento conduziu à obtenção de nanoemulsões catiônicas monodispersas com diâmetro de gotícula e potencial zeta de cerca de 250 nm e +50 mV, respectivamente. A complexação do pDNA com as nanoemulsões catiônicas, avaliada através do retardamento de migração do pDNA em gel de agarose por eletroforese, foi total quando o complexo apresenta uma relação de cargas [+/-] ≥ 1,0. Nestas condições, os complexos formados foram protegidos da degradação pela enzima DNase I. Em uma segunda etapa, a citotoxicidade das nanoemulsões e dos complexos com o pDNA sobre células Hep G2 foi avaliada, através do ensaio de MTT. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a adição de quantidades crescentes das nanoemulsões, conduz a uma toxicidade progressiva sobre as células, independente do pH do meio. Dentre as formulações estudadas, aquelas estabilizadas pelos fosfolipídeos DSPC e DSPE, de elevada temperatura de transição de fases, foram marcadamente menos tóxicas, em comparação com as formulações obtidas com lecitina, DOPC e DOPE. Essa mesma tendência foi detectada para os complexos formados com o pDNA. Em uma última etapa, foi realizado um estudo preliminar de transferência gênica em células Hep G2, utilizando a técnica de PCR em tempo real. Dentre as diferentes formulações testadas, a maior quantidade de DNA de GFP detectada parece ser para a formulação obtida com o fosfolipídeo DSPC, ilustrando as potencialidades de uso das nanoemulsões desenvolvidas como reagentes de transfecção de pDNA em células Hep G2. Em conclusão, o conjunto dos resultados obtidos demonstra o efeito dos fosfolipídeos empregados sobre propriedades físico-químicas, complexação, estabilidade, citotoxicidade e transfecção de nanoemulsões catiônicas como sistemas carreadores de pDNA. / Cationic nanoemulsions have been recently considered as potential delivery systems for DNA. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the influence of different phospholipids on the properties of complexes formed between nanoemulsions and pDNA (pTracerTM-CMV2). First, cationic nanoemulsions composed of medium chain triglycerides, stearlyamine, egg lecithin or isolated phospholipids (DSPC, DOPC, DSPE or DOPE), glycerol and water were prepared through spontaneous emulsification process. Independently of the type of phospholipid used this procedure results in monodisperses cationic nanoemulsions with droplet size and zeta potential of about 250 nm and +50 mV, respectively. The complexation of pDNA with cationic nanoemulsions, analyzed by agarose gel retardation assay was total when the complex possesses a charge relation [+/-] ≥ 1.0. In these conditions the complexes were protected from enzymatic degradation by DNase I. After that, the cytotoxicity of the nanoemulsion and the complexes with pDNA in Hep G2 cells was evaluated through MTT assay. The results showed that the addition of increasing amount of nanoemulsion leads to a progressive toxicity on the cells independently of the media’s pH. Among the studied formulations the ones stabilized with the phospholipids DSPC and DSPE, that have elevated phase transition temperatures, were much less cytotoxic in comparison with the formulations obtained with lecithin, DOPC and DOPE. This same trend was detected for the complexes formed with pDNA. Finally a preliminary study of gene transfer to Hep G2 cells was performed using real-time PCR technique. Among the different formulations tested, the major quantity of reporter DNA detected seems to be for the formulation obtained with the DSPC phospholipid. This shows the potentialities of the use of nanoemulsions as transfection reagents of pDNA in Hep G2 cells. In conclusion, the overall results show the effect of the phospholipids on physicochemical properties, complexation, stability, cytotoxicity and transfection of cationic nanoemulsions as delivery systems for pDNA.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as propriedades físico-químicas de diferentes matérias-primas de talidomida visando à identificação de parâmetros críticos a serem observados para garantir a aquisição de insumo com qualidade farmacêutica. Sete amostras foram caracterizadas a partir de estudos tecnológicos, espectroscópicos, morfológicos, térmicos e cristalográficos, sendo avaliadas frente a processos de dissolução e compactação. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram a inexistência de homogeneidade entre as matérias-primas analisadas, apresentando diferenças em relação à constituição cristalina e morfológica, comportamento térmico, velocidade de dissolução intrínseca e comportamento frente à compactação. Foi observada e quantificada a presença de fases polimórficas a e b e materiais semicristalinos. A amostra T5 demonstrou desfavoráveis propriedades tecnológicas, gerando indicativos de problemas relativos à processabilidade do fármaco em medicamento, ao contrário de T1. A análise térmica forneceu indícios de transição sólido-sólido entre fases polimórficas de fármaco, provavelmente relacionada a propriedades químico-mecânicas das amostras associadas à inserção de calor. Amostras semicristalinas apresentaram maior velocidade de dissolução intrínseca, principalmente associada ao polimorfo b, representando, possivelmente, um desvio de qualidade em processos sintéticos. Estudos preliminares indicaram que a amostra T1 exibiu melhor compactabilidade que T5. Devido a sua pureza cristalográfica e propriedades tecnológicas, a amostra T1 se mostrou a mais indicada ao desenvolvimento de comprimidos de talidomida. / The objective of this work was to evaluate physicochemical properties of different thalidomide raw material in order to identify critical parameters to assure the acquisition of a product with pharmaceutical quality. Seven samples were characterized by technological, spectroscopic, morphological, thermal and crystallographic approaches. Dissolution tests and degree of compaction were used to evaluate the samples. The results demonstrated raw materials with lack of homogeneity and differences related to crystal and morphological constitution, thermal behavior, intrinsic dissolution rate and compaction behavior. Polymorphic forms a and b and semicrystalline materials were observed and quantified. In contrast to T1, the sample T5 presented unfavorable technological properties generating indicatives of relative problems impairing the tablets manufacturing process. Thermal analysis indicated solid-solid transition between polymorphic phases probably related to chemical-mechanical properties of the samples associated with heating. Semicrystalline materials presented higher intrinsic dissolution rate than other samples, mainly related to the polymorph b, possibly representing quality deviation associated with synthetic process. Early studies indicated better compactability of sample T1 than T5. Due its crystallographic purity and technological properties, it is suggested that T1 is the sample choice to be used during the development of a pharmaceutical solid oral dosage form containing thalidomide.

Nanoemulsões catiônicas têm sido consideradas como potenciais sistemas carreadores para oligonucleotídeos (ON) antisenso. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver nanoemulsões catiônicas como um sistema de liberação para ON anti-topoisomerase II de Plasmodium falciparum. Primeiramente, nanoemulsões constituídas de triglicerídeos de cadeia média, lecitina de gema de ovo, glicerol e água contendo os lipídeos catiônicos oleilamina ou DOTAP (2 mM) foram obtidas através do procedimento de emulsificação espontânea. Este procedimento resultou em formulações monodispersas com diâmetro de gotícula de 200-260 nm e potencial zeta de +50 e +55 mV. Após, um método espectrofotométrico no UV para quantificação dos ON em série fosfodiéster (PO) ou fosforotioato (PS) foi validado. O método mostrou-se linear, específico, preciso e exato para a determinação de PO e PS, sem diferenças significativas entre os ON. Nas condições validadas, as isotermas de adsorção dos ON às nanoemulsões foram obtidas através da determinação dos ON na fase aquosa externa das nanoemulsões, após ultrafiltração/centrifugação dos complexos. A taxa de recuperação através das membranas de ultrafiltração de celulose regenerada (30 kDa) foi superior a 92%. Os resultados indicam a adsorção progressiva dos ON com as nanoemulsões, até cerca de 60 mg/g de fase interna para o complexo DOTAP-PS. Finalmente, evidências adicionais da adsorção de PO e PS às nanoemulsões foram detectadas pelo aumento do diâmetro de gotícula, inversão do potencial zeta e morfologia das gotículas avaliada por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. O conjunto dos resultados obtidos demonstra que ON de série PO e PS anti-topoisomerase II de P. falciparum podem ser adsorvidos eficientemente às nanoemulsões catiônicas. / Cationic nanoemulsions have been recently considered as a potential delivery system for antisense oligonucleotides (ON). The aim of the present work was to evaluate cationic nanoemulsions as a delivery system for ON against the Plasmodium falciparum topoisomerase II gene. Firstly, nanoemulsions composed of medium chain triglycerides, egg yolk lecithin, glycerol and water, containing the cationic lipids oleylamine or DOTAP (2 mM) were obtained through spontaneous emulsification process. This procedure resulted in monodisperse formulations with droplet size of 200-260 nm and zeta potential of +50 and +55mV. After that, an UV spectrophotometric method for the quantification of either phosphodiester (PO) or phosphorothioate (PS) ON was validated. The method was linear, specific, precise, and accurate for the determination of PO and PS, without significant differences between both ON. In the validated conditions, ON adsorption isotherms with nanoemulsions were obtained through the ON determination in the external phase of nanoemulsions, after ultrafiltration/centrifugation of complexes. The recovery through regenerated cellulose membranes (30kDa) was higher than 92%. The results showed a progressive ON adsorption to the nanoemulsions up to approximately 60mg/g of internal phase for DOTAP-PS complexes. Finally, additional evidences of PO and PS adsorption to nanoemulsions could also be detected by the increase of the mean droplet size, the inversion of the zeta potential and the morphology of the oil droplets obtained by transmission electron microscopy. The overall results showed that PO and PS ON against P. falciparum anti-topoisomerase II gene can be efficiently adsorbed to the cationic nanoemulsions.