Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The use of pig manure, especially of the deep-bedding manure, is not so often in the winter cover crops, preceding the summer commercial plantation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the carbon and nitrogen dynamics in soil and the black oat production with the use of pig slurry and deep-bedding manure. Emphasis has been given to the losses of N for ammonia volatilization, to the variation in the amounts of mineral N, to the decomposition of the organic materials and the oat N accumulation. Three experiments were conducted in field conditions in a typic Hapludalf soil, at the experimental area of the Soil Science Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, from May to October of 2003. In the first experiment, the ammonia volatilization was evaluated after the application of the pig slurry and deep-bedding manure on the crop residues of corn, in the following treatments: T1 - crop residues of corn (RCM) + 44,2 m3 ha-1 of pig slurry; T2 - RCM + 17,9 Mg ha-1 deep-bedding; T3 - RCM without incorporation; T4 - RCM + 44,2 m3 ha-1 pig slurry with incorporation and T5 - RCM with incorporation. The N losses by ammonia volatilization were higher in deep-bedding manure than in the pig slurry, proportionally. No loss of the N for ammonia volatilization was observed with the incorporation of the pig slurry in the soil. The highest ammonia emissions for the atmosphere (65%) occurred during the first day after the application of the pig slurry and the deep-bedding manure in the field. In the second experiment the N dynamics was evaluated in the soil during the black oat cultivation, through the temporary variation of the amounts of mineral N (NNH4+ and N-NO2- + N-NO3-). Also, the dry matter production and N accumulation in oat in the following treatments: T1 crop residues of corn (RCM) + 44,2 m3 ha-1 of pig slurry of ; T2 - RCM + 17,9 Mg ha-1 of deep-bedding manure; T3 - RCM + 9,7 Mg ha-1 of deep-bedding manure; T4 - RCM + 50 kg ha-1 of N-urea and T5 - RCM. For equivalent amounts of mineral N applied to the soil with the deep-bedding manure and the pig slurry, the amount of mineral N in the soil was higher in the pig slurry, evidencing a lower rate of mineralization of organic N of the deep-bedding manure. The ammoniacal N of the pig slurry was quickly nitrified in the soil and N-NO3- produced moved in the soil profile. This shows the evidences of lossing N by lixiviation. The deep-bedding manure presented low potential of supply of N to the oat, compared to the pig slurry. Only 22.5% of the ammoniacal N applied with the pig slurry was recovered in the oat. In the physiologic maturation of the oat 52.6% of ammoniacal N applied with the pig slurry was found in the soil-plant system. In the third experiment was evaluated the effect of the addition of pig manure on the decomposition of the crop residues of corn (RCM), without incorporation to the soil. The emission of C-CO2 was quantified continually for 62 days in the following treatments: T1 - Soil + RCM + 44,3 m3 ha-1 of pig slurry; T2 - Soil + RCM + 17,9 Mg ha-1 deep-bedding manure; T3 - Soil + RCM; T4 - Soil + 44,3 m3 ha-1 of pig slurry; T5 - Soil + 17,9 Mg ha-1 deep-bedding manure and T6 - Soil. The decomposition was higher in the pig slurry than in the deep bedding, revealing the highest degree of recalcitrant of the carbon compost of the deep-bedding manure. The decomposition of the crop residues of corn, with high C/N ratio, was improved with the application to the pig slurry. / O uso de dejetos de suínos, especialmente da cama sobreposta, é relativamente pouco freqüente em plantas de cobertura de solo no inverno, antecedendo às culturas comerciais de verão. Este trabalho foi realizado para avaliar a dinâmica do carbono e do nitrogênio no solo e a produção da cultura da aveia preta com o uso de dejetos líquidos e cama sobreposta de suínos, com ênfase às perdas de N por volatilização de amônia, à variação nas quantidades de N mineral no solo, à decomposição dos materiais orgânicos e ao acúmulo de N pela aveia. Para isso foram conduzidos três experimentos em condições de campo, no período de maio a outubro de 2003, na área experimental do Departamento de Solos da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) em um Argissolo Amarelo distrófico arênico. No primeiro experimento foi avaliada a volatilização de amônia após a aplicação de dejetos líquidos e cama sobreposta de suínos sobre os resíduos culturais de milho, nos seguintes tratamentos: T1- Resíduos culturais de milho (RCM) + 44,2 m3 ha-1 de dejetos líquidos de suínos; T2- RCM + 17,9 Mg ha-1 de cama sobreposta; T3- RCM sem incorporação ao solo; T4- RCM + 44,2 m3 ha-1 de dejetos líquidos de suínos com incorporação e T5- RCM com incorporação. Proporcionalmente, as perdas de N por volatilização de amônia foram maiores na cama sobreposta de suínos do que nos dejetos líquidos. Quando os dejetos líquidos de suínos foram incorporados ao solo não foram observadas perdas de N por volatilização de amônia. As maiores emissões de amônia para a atmosfera (65% do total emitido) ocorreram durante o primeiro dia após a aplicação dos dejetos líquidos e da cama sobreposta no campo. No segundo experimento avaliou-se a dinâmica do N no solo durante o cultivo da aveia preta, através da variação temporal das quantidades de N mineral (N-NH4+ e N-NO3- + N-NO2-), e também a produção de matéria seca a acúmulo de N da aveia nos seguintes tratamentos: T1- Resíduos culturais de milho (RCM) + 44,2 m3 ha-1 de dejetos líquidos de suínos; T2- RCM + 17,9 Mg ha-1 de cama sobreposta; T3- RCM + 9,7 Mg ha-1 de cama sobreposta; T4- RCM + 50 kg ha-1 de N-uréia e T5- RCM. Para quantidades equivalentes de N mineral aplicadas ao solo com a cama sobreposta e os dejetos líquidos, a quantidade de mineral no solo durante o cultivo de aveia foi maior nos dejetos líquidos, evidenciando a baixa taxa de mineralização do N orgânico da cama sobreposta . O N amoniacal dos dejetos líquidos foi rapidamente nitrificado no solo e o N-NO3 - produzido se deslocou no perfil do solo havendo evidências de perdas desta forma de N por lixiviação. A cama sobreposta de suínos apresentou menor potencial de fornecimento de N à aveia, comparado com os dejetos líquidos de suínos. Apenas 22,5% do N amoniacal aplicado com os dejetos foi recuperado pela cultura da aveia. No florescimento pleno da aveia 52,6% do N amoniacal aplicado com os dejetos líquidos foi encontrado no sistema solo-planta. No terceiro experimento foi avaliado o efeito da adição de dejetos sobre a decomposição dos resíduos culturais do milho (RCM), sem incorporação ao solo. Para isso, foi quantificada a emissão de C-CO2 continuamente durante 62 dias nos seguintes tratamentos: T1- Solo + RCM + 44,3 m3 ha-1 de dejetos líquidos; T2- Solo + RCM + 17,9 Mg ha-1 de cama sobreposta; T3- Solo + RCM; T4- Solo + 44,3 m3 ha-1 de dejetos líquidos; T5- Solo + 17,9 Mg ha-1 de cama sobreposta e T6- Solo. A decomposição dos dejetos líquidos foi maior do que a cama sobreposta de suínos, revelando o maior grau de recalcitrância dos compostos carbonados da cama sobreposta. A decomposição dos resíduos culturais de milho, com elevada relação C/N, foi favorecida pela aplicação dos dejetos líquidos de suínos, sendo que a mesma aumentou em 21%.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Soil pollution by heavy metals such as copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) has deserved special attention as it may represent risks to the quality of the environment. In Brazil particularly in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, the application of high doses of pig slurry in soil as nutrient source to plants and the continued application of copper-based fungicides in vineyards are two activities that are alarming due to the addition of high amounts of Cu and Zn in the soil. For this reason continued application of copper-based fungicides and pig slurry along the years has caused great increment in Cu and Zn contents, mainly in the superficial layers, thus increasing bioavailability of these metals which can cause phytotoxicity to the plants. The objectives of this paper were to infer the possibility of phytotoxicity of Cu and Zn to plants grown in soils submitted to successive applications of pig slurry and in soils collected from vineyards with a long history of copper-based fungicide applications of the Serra Gaúcha and Campanha Gaúcha regions, as well as to evaluate bioavailability of accumulated Cu in soils collected from vineyards of the aforementioned regions. To develop this work was carried out three studies. In first study was grown corn until 25 days after plant emergence in a greenhouse using deformed and undeformed soil samples collected in 0 - 20 cm depth was setup where 19 successive pig slurry applications of 0, 20, 40 and 80 m3 ha-1 were done for the period of seven years. A second study which composes this work was done with soils collected from vineyards of the Serra Gaúcha and Campanha Gaúcha regions. In March 2009, soil samples were collected in soil depths of 0 - 20 and 0 - 5, 5 - 10, 10 - 15, 15 - 20, 20 - 25, 25 - 30, 30 - 40 cm in three vineyards and native forest from the Serra Gaúcha region and in two vineyards and native land of the Campanha Gaúcha region. Soil samples of the 0 20 cm depth were dried, grounded and later used for the cultivation of black oat in a greenhouse for period of 40 days after plant emergence the plants. In both studies, enzymatic biochemical parameters linked to oxidative stress in the aerial part of corn and black oat plants such as lipid peroxidation, H2O2 concentration, superoxide dismutase enzyme (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were evaluated. Further, non-enzymatic parameters linked to oxidative stress in the aerial part of corn and black oat plants such as ascorbic acid and non-protein thiol group concentrations were also evaluated. The third study was conducted with vineyard soils, which assessed the bioavailability of Cu in soils. The total content of Cu, pseudo-total content (extraction using the EPA 3050B method), available content (extraction with HCl 0.1 mol L-1 and EDTA), as well the chemical fractionation of Cu through sequential extraction were determined. Overall, the biochemical parameters were not intensely altered in the corn plants, thus indicating that the 19 pig slurry applications did not cause excessive accumulation of copper and zinc in soil. On the other hand, Haplumbrept soil from vineyards of the Serra Gaúcha region and the Typic Hapludalf soil from the vineyards of the Campanha Gaúcha region with a long history of cupric fungicide application caused great oxidative stress and the antioxidant system of the black oat plants was not effective enough to reverse the stress condition, indicating that these soils present toxic levels of copper to the black oat plants. Lastly, it was observed that a high concentration of Cu in black oat roots may be an indicator of bioavailability of Cu in soil, but it is not an indicator to evaluate phytotoxicity to the plants. In addition, copper added to the soil via foliar application in grapevines accumulates mainly in the superficial layers of soil predominately in bioavailable forms, especially those linked to the mineral fraction of the soil. / A poluição do solo por metais pesados como cobre (Cu) e zinco (Zn) tem merecido atenção especial, porque pode representar riscos à qualidade do ambiente. No Brasil, especialmente, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, a aplicação de altas doses de dejeto de suínos no solo, como fonte de nutrientes às plantas, e a aplicação continuada de fungicidas à base de Cu em vinhedos são duas atividades que preocupam pelo incremento das quantidades de frações de Cu e Zn no solo, principalmente em camadas superficiais, aumentando a biodisponibilidade destes metais, o que pode causar fitotoxidez. O presente trabalho teve por objetivos: (a) inferir sobre a possibilidade de fitotoxidez de Cu e Zn às plantas cultivadas em solos submetidos a aplicações sucessivas de dejeto líquido de suínos e em solos coletados sob vinhedos, com longo histórico com aplicações de fungicidas a base de Cu, da Serra e da Campanha Gaúcha; (b) avaliar a biodisponiblidade do Cu acumulado em solos coletados sob vinhedos da Serra e da Campanha Gaúcha. Para desenvolvimento deste trabalho foram realizados três estudos. No primeiro estudo foi realizado o cultivo de milho em casa de vegetação por um período de 25 dias após amergência das plantas, utilizando-se de amostras de solo deformadas e indeformadas coletadas da camada de 0 - 20 cm de profundidade, onde foram feitas 19 aplicações sucessivas de 0, 20, 40 e 80 m3 ha-1 de dejeto líquido de suínos, durante sete anos. O segundo estudo foi realizado com solos coletados sob vinhedos da Serra e da Campanha Gaúcha. Em março de 2009 foram coletadas amostras de solo nas camadas de 0 - 20 e de 0 - 5, 5 - 10, 10 - 15, 15 - 20, 20 - 25, 25 - 30, 30 - 40 cm de profundidade, em três vinhedos e mata nativa na Serra Gaúcha e, em dois vinhedos e em campo nativo, na Campanha Gaúcha. Os solos da camada 0 - 20 cm foram secos, moídos e, posteriormente, utilizados para o cultivo com aveia preta em casa de vegetação por um período de 40 dias após a emergência das plantas. Nos dois primeiros estudos foram avaliados parâmetros bioquímicos enzimáticos ligados ao estresse oxidativo na parte aérea das plantas de milho e aveia preta, tais como peroxidação lipídica, concentração de H2O2 e atividade das enzimas superoxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbato peroxidase (APX). Além disso, foram avaliados parâmetros não enzimáticos ligados ao estresse oxidativo na parte área das plantas de aveia preta e milho como concentração de ácido ascórbico e de grupos tióis não protéica. O terceiro estudo foi realizado com solos de vinhedos, onde foi avaliado a biodisponibilidade de Cu nos solos. Foram determinados os teores totais de Cu, teores pseudo-totais (extração pelo método 3050B da EPA), teores disponíveis (extração com HCl 0,1 mol L-1 e EDTA), além do fracionamento químico do Cu através da extração sequencial. De forma geral, os parâmetros bioquímicos não foram alterados de forma intensa nas plantas de milho, indicando que o acúmulo de Cu e Zn no solo proporcionado pelas 19 aplicações de dejeto líquido de suínos não causaram impacto negativo sobre as plantas. Por outro lado, os solos Cambissolo Húmico de vinhedos da Serra Gaúcha e os solos Argissolo Vermelho da região da Campanha, com longo histórico de aplicação de fungicidas cúpricos, apresentaram teores de Cu que causaram estresse oxidativo e o sistema antioxidante das plantas de aveia preta não foi suficientemente eficaz para reverter à condição de estresse, indicando que estes solos apresentam teores de cobre tóxicos para as plantas de aveia preta. Em adição, se observou que a concentração de Cu nas raízes da aveia preta pode ser utilizada como indicativo de biodisponiblidade de Cu no solo, mas não é indicador para avaliar fitotoxidez às plantas. Além disso, o cobre adicionado ao solo via aplicação foliar nas videiras acumulou, principalmente, nas camadas superficiais no solo e predominantemente em formas biodisponíveis, especialmente aquelas ligadas à fração mineral do solo.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Spray application of electrolysed water (EW) different types was studied with objective of verify effects in bacterial growth, lipid and protein oxidation, also color. Temperature (18 and 30°C) and applied volume of water (100 and 200 mL of EW to 250 g of pork loin), as well pressure (30 and 45 psi) was tested variables in six experiments. From the beginning the experiments was based in water and energy saving, grounded in resources saving. Acid electrolysed water (AEW), slightly acid electrolised water (SAEW) and basic electrolysed water (BEW) was applied individual, and had less effect than alternate (BEW +AEW and BEW+SAEW) applications regarding mesophylls, lactic acid bacterias, Enterobacteriaceaes, with little effect on psychrotrophics. Lactic acid bacterias growth was favored in vacuum environment and interfered on meat pH, while EW treatments had no interferences in meat pH along six experiments. Bacterial effects of different EW types and combinations presented decrease tendencies until 15th storage day. Along storage BEW + AEW and BEW + SAEW at 45 psi was more significant in reduce bacterias than individual treatments. Still, EW temperature had no influence in results of realized analysis. Lipid oxidation with AEW and SAEW was higher than BEW that had values according to control. When AEW and SAEW was applied in alternate form, the application of BEW applied first provided fats and protein protection from AEW and SAEW attack, and this fact don t occurred when EW was individually applied. Color had no significant changes for individual EW applications, but in alternate applications, 45 psi promote little changes in color. Correlations with carbonyl and thiol indicated protecin oxidation evolution in pig meat long storage period in all experiments. Redo x potential demonstrated be a good analysis that can be contributed to comprehension of oxidative aspect of meat. Hexanal was more detected in BEW + AEW than BEW +SAEW in storage time. Different types of EW spraying application can be a good alternative with use potential and decrease quantity of utilized water, being alternate form of application more advantageous than individual application about quality attributes of pig meat, like bacterias and physic-chemical. / A aplicação na forma de spray de diferentes tipos de água eletrolisada (AE) foi estudada com o objetivo de verificar seus efeitos no desenvolvimento de bactérias, na oxidação de lipídios e proteínas, e também na cor. A temperatura (18°C e 30°C) e o volume aplicado (100 e 200 ml em 250 g de lombo suíno) das AE, bem como a pressão (30 psi e 45 psi) foram variáveis testadas em seis experimentos. Os experimentos desde o princípio tiveram como base a economia de água e energia, fundamentados na economia de recursos. A água eletrolisada ácida (AEA), água eletrolisada fracamente ácida (AEFA) e água eletrolisada básica (AEB) foram aplicadas de maneira individual, e tiveram menor efeito do que a aplicação das AE de maneira alternadas (AEB + AEA e AEB + AEFA) em mesófilos, bactérias lácticas, Enterobacteriaceaes, com pouco efeito em bactérias psicrotróficas. As bactérias lácticas tiveram crescimento favorecido em ambiente à vácuo e interferiram no pH da carne, enquanto os tratamentos com AE não interferiram no pH da carne em todos os experimentos. O efeito frente às bactérias dos diferentes tipos e combinações de AE apresentaram a tendência de diminuir até o dia 15 de armazenamento. Ao longo do tempo de armazenamento a aplicação de AEB + AEA e AEB + AEFA em 45 psi foram mais significativos em manter a redução das bactérias do que os tratamentos individuais. Ainda, a temperatura da AE aplicada não pareceu influenciar nos resultados das análises realizadas. Ocorreu maior evolução da oxidação lipídica com AEA e AEFA, enquanto com a AEB os valores ficaram mais próximos ao controle. Quando AEA e AEFA foram aplicadas de forma alternada, a AEB ao ser aplicada primeiro proporcionou proteção à gorduras e às proteínas do ataque da AEA e AEFA, fato este que não ocorreu quando estas foram aplicada de maneira individual. O atributo cor não foi alterado de maneira significativa pelos diferentes tipos de AE individuais, mas em aplicações alternadas a pressão de 45 psi promoveu pequena alteração na cor. Correlações entre o tiol e o carbonil indicaram a evolução da oxidação proteica na carne suína durante o período de armazenamento em todos os experimentos realizados. O potencial redox (POR) demonstrou ser uma análise que pode contribuir para compreensão do aspecto oxidativo da carne. O hexanal foi mais detectado na combinação de AEB + AEA do que AEB + AEFA no tempo de armazenamento. A aplicação de spray de diferentes tipos de AE mostrou-se uma alternativa com potencial de uso e redução de quantidade de água utilizada, sendo a forma alternada de aplicação mais vantajosa do que a aplicação individual sobre atributos de qualidade da carne de porco, como bactérias e físico-química.

The aim of the present investigation was to study the influence of the sympathetic nervous system and of various adrenoceptor agents on enzyme secretion and morphology in rat parotid and guinea-pig submandibular glands. Biochemical methods were combined with electron microscopical techniques. Two different in vitro systems were employed, batch-incubation and microperifusion, to characterize the sympathetically evoked amylase release and its correlation to cyclic AMP. By using various selective β-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists a dominance of the β1-adrenoceptor over the β2 - in regulating amylase release - was establ ished. Continuous noradrenaline perifusion caused a rapid initial amylase discharge, closely correlated to tissue levels of cyclic AMP; no correlation between the two was observed during the later phase. Prenalterol (a β1-agonist) failed to elevate glandular cyclic AMP. This was in contrast to its potent secretagogic effect. On the other hand, terbutaline (a β2-agonist) was a weak secretagogue but markedly raised the levels of cyclic AMP. Thus, β-adrenoceptor activation may lead to release of large amounts of amylase despite minimal or no increase in cyclic AMP. Moreover, these effects seemed to be dissociated in salivary glands with regard to the β-adrenoceptor subtypes. This was further substantiated by the findings that repeated injections of prenalterol induced qualitative changes in the granule populations, similar to those caused by the non-selective β-agonist isoprenaline. Terbutaline was without effect. However, acinar cells size was increased following both prenalterol and terbutaline treatment. The data suggest that the 3-adrenergic effects on acinar cell size and granule population may be independently regulated. A decreased sympathetic activity of long duration was induced by neonatal or adult extirpation of the superior cervical ganlion on one side. Acinar cell size, as well as granule and amylase content was reduced 9 weeks after neonatal denervation. Ganglionectomy performed in adult animals was without significant effects. The secretory behaviour of neonatally denervated glands was characterized by an increased postjunctional sensitivity to 3-adrenoceptor agonists. Of special interest was the finding that neonatal denervation seemed to transform terbutaline from a partial to a full secretory agonist, thus changing its effects in the direction of those of prenalterol and noradrenaline. Moreover, increased levels of cyclic AMP as well as an enhanced response to DBcAMP were noted in the denervated glands as were intracellular changes. The denervation supersensitivity after neonatal denervation seems to differ from that observed in adult denervated glands. The results of the studies on denervated glands suggest that the sympathetic nervous system plays a fundamental role in the early maturation of the rat parotid gland as well as for the development of the β-adrenoceptor subtypes. / <p>S. 1-34: sammanfattning, s. 35-128: 6 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

Abstract This thesis aimed at developing methods for tracking the environmental origins of microbial contaminants of the food chain. We worked on three targets: i) environmental mycobacteria ii) toxinogenic Bacillus species iii) post-harvest fungi in strawberry jam. Our aim was to develop methods for early detection of the above contaminants, which have the potential to endanger consumer health. We developed a novel method based on 16S rRNA hybridization for tracking the reservoirs of potentially pathogenic environmental mycobacteria in piggeries and soil. From 1010 to 1012 16S rRNA molecules of environmental mycobacteria were found per gram of peat, wood shavings and straw in piggeries with a high prevalence of infections. These beddings may thus be a source of mycobacteria for pigs. We found 1010–1011 of mycobacterial 16S rRNA molecules per gram of Finnish forest soil, indicating that the soil contained 107–109 mycobacteria per gram. These numbers exceed the previous cultivation-based estimates of mycobacterial content in Finnish soils. To elucidate the role of mastitis in the input of toxinogenic Bacillus into the dairy production chain, milks were sampled from mastitic cows. Twenty-three Bacillus isolates were screened for toxins using the sperm cell motility inhibition assay. Four of the six toxinogenic isolates found were identified as Bacillus pumilus and two as Bacillus licheniformis. The isolates produced toxic substances that were heat-stable (100 °C) and soluble in methanol, thus being of non-protein nature. The extracts prepared from the toxin-producing isolates disrupted the plasma membrane of exposed sperm cells at concentrations 1–15 μg ml-1 (B. pumilus) 20–30 μg ml-1 (B. licheniformis). The toxic action of the mastitis-associated B. licheniformis strains was similar to that of the lipopeptide lichenysin A. The genes for lichenysin synthetase were found in these strains by PCR. This study revealed that heat-stable toxin-producing strains of B. pumilus and B. licheniformis occur in milk of mastitic milking cows. They may enter the dairy production chain when milk of clinically healthy cows recovered from mastitis is sent to dairies. Many foodborne contaminant fungi are known to produce volatile organic compounds. We investigated the suitability of such metabolites as early indicators of fungal contamination of strawberry jam. We found that volatile organic compounds commonly produced by the contaminant fungi in strawberry jam were 2-pentanone, styrene, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 1,3-pentadiene and ethanol. The results indicate that these compounds could be used to detect fungal contamination of jam.

Les défauts d’odeurs, liés à l’accumulation d’androsténone et de scatol dans le tissu adipeux, sont le frein majeur à l’élevage des porcs mâles entiers. L’androsténone est produite par les testicules et le scatol dans le colon. En dehors de la génétique et de l’alimentation, les facteurs de variation ont été peu étudiés.La thèse aborde le problème des odeurs sexuelles sous quatre angles : 1) estimer l’héritabilité des composés odorants du tissu gras et leurs corrélations génétiques avec des indicateurs de santé, du développement sexuel et de l’agressivité ; 2) étudier l’effet de la dominance sur ces composés ; 3) déterminer l’impact d’un état inflammatoire chronique modéré sur le développement sexuel et la concentration en androsténone ; 4) rechercher les effets de conditions d’hygiène contrastées sur la teneur en scatol et analyser l’implication du microbiote intestinalNos résultats confirment l’héritabilité forte des teneurs en composés odorants mais les corrélations génétiques avec les paramètres de santé sont faibles. Une sélection pour réduire la concentration plasmatique en œstradiol et testostérone permettrait de réduire à la fois les teneurs en composés odorants et l’agressivité des porcs. Les porcs de rang de dominance élevé ont une teneur en androsténone supérieure dans le gras. Un état inflammatoire chronique modéré ne semble pas affecter la teneur en androsténone. Enfin, la dégradation de l’hygiène du logement augmente fortement la concentration en scatol, probablement via des changements de composition du microbiote intestinal. / Boar taint, due to the accumulation of androstenone and skatole in the fat tissue, is the major constraint to the production of entire male pigs. Androstenone is produced by the testes. Its synthesis increases during pubertal development. Skatole is produced in the hind gut. Its hepatic catabolism is inhibited by sexual steroids. Apart from genetics and feeding, the factors affecting boar taint have been little studied.The current thesis approaches four aspects of the boar taint problem: 1) the heritability of the fat content of odorous compounds in the fat tissue and their genetic correlations with indicators of health, sexual development and aggressiveness; 2) to study the effect of dominance on the fat content of boar taint compounds; 3) to determine the influence of a moderate chronic inflammatory status on the sexual development and the fat concentration in androstenone; 4) to evaluate the effect of contrasting hygiene conditions on the fat concentration in skatole and, to analyOur results confirm the high heritability of the fat concentrations of boar taint compounds but their genetic correlations with health indicators are low. A selection to decrease the plasma concentrations in estradiol and testosterone should decrease both boar taint compound concentrations and aggressiveness of boars. Boars with a high dominance rank have a higher fat concentration in androstenone. Lastly, the degradation of the housing hygiene conditions strongly increases the concentration in skatole, probably through modifications in gut microbiota composition

La production de viande à moindre coût nécessite de disposer d’animaux robustes, efficaces, capables de s’adapter aux contraintes d’élevage. Ceci requiert l’évaluation de la capacité de l’animal à constituer et restituer ses réserves énergétiques. Ce travail de thèse a donc pour objectif d’identifier de potentiels biomarqueurs sanguins en lien avec la composition corporelle. Pour cela, deux espèces monogastriques sont étudiées, le porc et le poulet. Au sein de chaque espèce, les animaux de deux lignées génétiques (sélection divergente sur la Consommation Moyenne Journalière Résiduelle chez le porc et sur la proportion de gras abdominal chez le poulet) ont reçu des régimes alimentaires contrastés (riches en lipides et en fibres vs. riches en amidon) mais isoprotéiques et isoénergétiques. Les paramètres plasmatiques et le transcriptome du sang ont été étudiés en réponse à ces régimes alimentaires.Les métabolites et hormones plasmatiques sont affectés par le régime chez le porc alors que ces paramètres sont affectés par le régime et la lignée chez le poulet. L’analyse du métabolome associée aux mesures ciblées des concentrations en métabolites et hormones montre que l’association de plusieurs paramètres sanguins explique entre 37 et 75% de la variabilité de la masse adipeuse chez le porc ou le poulet. Pour les deux espèces, le transcriptome du sang est plus affecté par la lignée génétique que par le régime alimentaire. Les porcs et les poulets nourris avec un régime riche en lipides et en fibres, surexpriment le gène codant la forme hépatique d’une enzyme mitochondriale : CP / Meat production at a lower cost requires robust and efficient animals able to adapt to different rearing conditions. This requires assessing animal’s abilities to store and restore its energy reserves. The objective of the current thesis was to identify potential blood markers of body composition. Two monogastric species were studied, pig and chicken. For each species, animals of two genetic lines (divergent selection on Residual Feed Intake in pigs and abdominal fat proportion in chicken) received two diets contrasted in energy sources (high vegetable oils and fibers vs. rich in starch) but isoproteic and isoenergetic. Plasma parameters and the blood transcriptome were studied in response to those diets.Plasma metabolites and hormones were affected by the diet in pigs whereas those parameters were affected by the diet and the genetic lines in chickens. Metabolome analysis, associated with targeted measurement of metabolites and hormones concentrations, shows that the combination of several blood parameters explained between 37 and 75% of the variability of body fat in pig or chicken. For both species, the blood transcriptome was more affected by the line than by the diet. Pigs and chickens fed a diet rich in lipids and fibers, overexpressed the gene encoding the hepatic form of a mitochondrial enzyme: CPT1A. In summary, this work supports the potential use of blood transcriptome to study variations of phenotypes in a dynamic way throughout the life of the animal and to highlight biomarkers for future selection process.

Introduction : Partant du constat qu'il est possible de conserver plus longtemps les denrées alimentaires grâce à un conditionnement sous atmosphère modifiée enrichie en gaz nobles, nous avons développé une stratégie innovante de conservation de transplants rénaux. Nous avons évalué l'effet protecteur d'une solution de conservation saturée en gaz nobles pour la préservation des transplants rénaux.Matériels et méthodes : Dans un modèle d'autotransplantation rénale hétérotopique chez le porc, les transplants prélevés ont été rincés et mis en conservation 30h à 4°C dans du Celsior présaturée en gaz (air, azote, argon 100% ou xénon 100%, n=6 dans chaque groupe) avant transplantation. Les porcs ont été surveillés quotidiennement pendant 21 j.Résultats : L'argon a amélioré la survie (83,3% vs 33,3% avec l'Air, p=0,04) et la reprise de fonction du transplant. Une sortie de tubulopathie significativement plus précoce des transplants a été observé avec l'Argon. Tous les porcs xénon et azote sont décédés. A J21 les transplants argon avaient une meilleure préservation de leur intégrité structurelle cellulaire avec moins d'inflammation, de fibrose interstitielle et d'atrophie tubulaire. Les rapports RAA/TBARS, et d'Hsp 27, étaient significativement plus élevés avec l'argon. Les taux de TNF alpha, Il 6 et 8 ont montré une diminution de la réponse inflammatoire avec l'argon.Conclusion : Nous avons démontré l'effet bénéfique de l'argon sur la reprise précoce de fonction de transplant et en limitant les lésions d'ischémie-reperfusion. Bien que le mécanisme d'action de l'Argon ne soit pas élucidé, il semble que Hsp 27 soit un élément central de la renoprotection. / Introduction: Based on prolonged preservation of perishable food products under modified atmosphere, we developed an innovative method to preserve kidneys during transplantation using nobles gases. We evaluated the protective effect of argon and xenon on preserving kidney graft functionality and integrity in a clinically relevant pig model of transplantation. Methods: The left kidneys of pigs (n=6 per group) were removed, flushed and stored for 30 h in Celsior solution saturated with air, nitrogen, 100% argon, or 100% xenon. Next, autotransplantation and controlateral nephrectomy were performed. The survival rate, renal function, Hsp27, thiobarbituric acid (TBARS), reduced ascorbic acid (RAA), and TNF alpha were analyzed. A histological examination was completed.Results: Argon improved survival (83.3% for argon vs 33.3% for air, p=0.04) and transplant function recovery. All pigs in the nitrogen and the xenon group died. Diuresis recovery occurred earlier in the argon group (n= 5) when compared with the air group (n=2), p=0.05. On day 7 argon transplants had lower serum creatinine levels and a large reduction in primary non function than the air group. Argon-treated tissues showed better cell structural integrity with minor signs of inflammation, fibrosis, and tubular atrophy. The argon group showed significantly higher RAA/TBARS ratios and Hsp27 levels.Conclusion: We demonstrated that modified atmosphere preservation packaging with argon in cold-storage solution improved early transplant function recovery and long-term quality by minimizing IRI in a pig model of prolonged cold-ischemia. The renoprotective effect of argon may involve the Hsp27 pathway.

F. graminearum est l’une des espèces prédominantes en tant que pathogène des céréales en Europe et dans les régions tempérées du monde. Cette moisissure appartient au genre Fusarium qui est l’un des genres qui produit le plus de métabolites secondaires, dont de nombreuses mycotoxines. Cependant, les connaissances sur son génome laissent présager que F. graminearum produit une très grande variété de métabolites qui sont encore inconnus. C’est pourquoi l’objectif de cette thèse a été de caractériser le métabolome de cette moisissure en identifiant de nouveaux métabolites ainsi qu’en étudiant leur toxicité. Pour cela, une méthode analytique combinant la spectrométrie de masse de haute résolution et le marquage des métabolites secondaires avec des isotopes stables a été développée. Celle‐ci à tout d’abord était validée avec le métabolome bien connu d’Aspergillus fumigatus avant d’être appliquée au métabolome de F. graminearum. Cette méthode a permis d’identifier 37 nouveaux métabolites, dont les fusaristatines A, C et D qui on été détectées pour la première fois chez F. graminearum. Le deoxynivalenol (DON) est une mycotoxine majeure produite par F. graminearum, c’est pourquoi sa toxicité a été comparée in vivo sur un modèle porcin à celle d’un mélange de fusariotoxines. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré une toxicité bien différente du mélange par rapport au DON seul, que ce soit par rapport à la performance des animaux ou à leur réponse immunitaire. Ceci suggère que certaines des fusariotoxines présentes dans le mélange auraient des répercutions biologiques et donc que leur toxicité reste encore à être élucidée. De plus, l’importance de la caractérisation de la toxicité du métabolome de F. graminearum a été soulignée par les résultats obtenus dans une seconde étude, qui ont révélés une possible implication du DON dans les maladies inflammatoires chroniques de l’intestin par l’intermédiaire des lymphocytes Th17. / F. graminearum is one of the most predominant cereal pathogen in Europe and temperate regions of the world. It belongs to the genera Fusarium, which is one of the most important in terms of the production of secondary metabolites, among which stand several mycotoxins. However, recent advances on the study of its genome suggest that only a small fraction of the secondary metabolites produced by F. graminearum have been identified so far. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis was to characterize the metabolome of this fungus by identifying new metabolites and by analyzing their toxicity. First, an analytical method combining high resolution mass spectrometry and isotopically labeled secondary metabolites was developed. The method was validated with the well known metabolome of Aspergillus fumigatus before it was applied to F. graminearum. As a result, 37 new metabolites were identified such as fusaristatin A, C and D, which were detected for the first time in the metabolome of F. graminearum. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the major mycotoxins produced by this fungus. Therefore, its toxicity was compared to that of a blend of fusariotoxins in vivo in a pig model. The results of this study showed different effects of the blend compared to DON alone on animal performances and immune response. This suggests that some of the fusariotoxins present in the blend could be biologically active and their toxicity should be further investigated. Toxicity of the metabolome of F. graminearum has also been highlighted by the results of a second study which showed a possible implication of DON on the appearance of inflammatory bowel diseases by the action of Th17 lymphocytes.

La conservation de la biodiversité génétique du cochon d’Inde (Cavia porcellus) est importante en tant qu’animal de consommation endémique de la région andine ainsi qu’en tant qu’animal modèle précieux pour la recherche biomédicale.L’objectif de ce travail était de mettre en place les protocoles qui permettront une conservation ex situ des ressources génétiques de cette espèce par la voie femelle. Les étapes nécessaires à la concrétisation d’un projet de cryobanque sont :- la maîtrise de la production d’embryons grâce à des traitements hormonaux de synchronisation du cycle œstral et de superovulation des femelles,- la cryoconservation dans l’azote liquide des embryons obtenus et leur transfert dans des femelles receveuses.Une méthode standardisée de synchronisation des chaleurs basée sur l’administration d’altrenogest per os pendant 15 jours a été définie. Les chaleurs des femelles donneuses et receveuses d’embryons apparaissent dans les 4 à 5 jours qui suivent l’arrêt du traitement de ce progestagène.Des traitements de superovulation basés sur 3 injections à 24 heures d’intervalle d’hMG, ou 6 injections à 12 heures d’intervalle de FSH-recombinante humaine, permettent une augmentation du taux d’ovulation de l’ordre de fois 3 à fois 4 par rapport à des femelles non-traitées. Toutefois les réponses au traitement restent variables et il faudra réitérer l’expérience sur de plus grands lots d’animaux afin d’ajuster les doses et les moments d’application.La méthode de congélation lente, utilisant l’éthylène glycol comme cryoprotecteur, a permis d’obtenir des taux de survie embryonnaire satisfaisants (70,3%). La méthode de vitrification a également donné de bons résultats, avec un taux de survie embryonnaire de 41,7%.Le premier transfert au monde d’embryons frais réalisé avec succès dans une femelle receveuse préalablement synchronisée a été obtenu lors de ce travail. Les transferts d’embryons décongelés n’ont pas encore donné lieu à des gestations. / The preservation of the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) genetic biodiversity is important as a native source of protein for many highlanders in the Andean region and as a precious laboratory animal for biomedical research.The aim of this work was to establish the protocols that will enable an ex situ preservation of the genetic resources of this species by the female way.The necessary steps for the achievement of a cryobank project are:- the control of the embryo production thanks to hormonal treatments to synchronize the estrous cycles and to superovulate the females,- the cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen of the obtained embryos and their transfer into recipient females.A standard method for synchronization of heat periods based on the per os administration of altrenogest during 15 days has been defined. The heat periods of the females, donors and recipients of embryos, appears 4 to 5 days after the end of the progestagen treatment. Superovulation treatments, based on 3 injections at 24-hour intervals of hMG or 6 injections at 12-hour intervals of human recombinant-FSH, lead to an increase of the ovulation rate of about 3 to 4 times when compared to untreated females. However, the responses to the treatments remain variable and further studies involving a larger number of animals should be carried out in order to adjust the dose and the moment of application of the treatment.The slow-freezing method, using ethylene glycol as cryoprotectant, enables the attainment of a satisfactory in vitro embryo survival rate (70,3%). The vitrification method also gives good results, with a 41,7% in vitro embryo survival rate.The first successful transfer of fresh embryos into a synchronized recipient female has been achieved in this study. The transfers of frozen-thawed embryos did not yet lead to gestation.