This thesis analyses the difficulties in reading modern poetry that arise out of not the references but the unconventional use of language, and presents them in a theoretical framework based on Julia Kristeva&rsquo / s semanalytic theory and Melanie Parsons&rsquo / s application of it to a comparison of Nonsense literature and twentieth century poetry. Then aspects of the works of G. M. Hopkins, Dylan Thomas and Edith Sitwell are discussed and poems by these poets are analysed within this framework.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-06-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:14:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 monteiro_v_me_assis.pdf: 360645 bytes, checksum: 75eb3a58332d525a081d052ea8ff9b71 (MD5) / O presente trabalho se propõe a uma abordagem das recorrentes imagens aquáticas em diversos poemas na obra do poeta português Camilo Pessanha. Para tanto, entendemos, segundo Gastón Bachelard (2002) que toda poética deve receber componentes de essência material, dentre os quais, para a obra de Camilo Pessanha, a água é o mais significativo de tais elementos. As imagens, na obra do poeta, apresentam-se fragmentadas e fugidias e, sendo assim, revela-se, por parte do sujeito poético, além da consciência da efemeridade das coisas, um desejo de fixar na forma estética o instante em que as imagens poéticas são percebidas. Pretendemos investigar, na obra do poeta, de que modo a água, matéria estética fundamental para sua poética, é trabalhada, dentre outros expedientes utilizados, para representar o aspecto fugidio da realidade, para atingir o adensamento da matéria e a permanência, a fixação do instante poético / This paper proposes an approach to recurrent aquatic images in several poems in the work of Portuguese poet Camilo Pessanha. For this, we understand, according Gaston Bachelard (2002) that all components should receive poetic essence of material, among which, for the work of Camilo Pessanha, water is the most significant of such factors. The images in the work of the poet, if present fragmented and fleeting and, therefore, it is revealed by the poetic subject, beyond the consciousness of the transience of things, a desire to fix the aesthetic form the moment when the poetic images are perceived. We will investigate, in the poet's work, how water, a matter crucial to their poetic aesthetics is worked out, among other devices used to represent the fleeting aspect of reality, and to reach the density of matter and remain, setting the poetic moment

Le tragique semble encore être au cœur de la littérature française au XXe siècle malgré la mort de la tragédie classique évoquée par des critiques comme Georges Steiner. En effet, la mort de la tragédie ne renvoie pas pour autant à la disparition du tragique. Bien au contraire, le tragique survit et prend de nouvelles formes dont celle du roman. C’est précisément cette « nouvelle forme » que nous analysons dans cette thèse intitulée « La tentation lyrique : tragique et consolation dans l’œuvre romanesque d’André Malraux » car « le roman moderne est […] un moyen d’expression privilégiée du tragique de l’homme, non une élucidation de l’individu ». C’est dans ce sens que ses romans participent de ce que Jean-Marie Domenach appelle le retour du tragique qui, dans son retour ne se limite plus au cadre du théâtre mais le déborde pour ainsi finir par s’investir dans d’autres genres tels le roman, la poésie, la musique voire le cinéma. Cette étude porte donc sur la vision tragique de Malraux. Elle examine comment elle se forge, son évolution et son mode d’expression. Nous essayons ainsi de voir les rapports complexes qui existent, chez Malraux, entre le tragique et le lyrique. Nous tentons, en outre, de voir comment Malraux parvient à sublimer ce tragique moderne en développant une poétique de la consolation. / The tragedy still seems to be in the middle of the French literature at the XXème century in spite of the death of the traditional tragedy evoked by critics like George Steiner. Indeed, the death of the tragedy does not return therefore to the disappearance of the tragedy. Quite to the contrary, the tragedy survives and takes new forms of which that of the novel. It is precisely this “new form” which we analyze in this thesis entitled “lyric temptation: tragedy and consolation in the novel of Andre Malraux” because “the modern novel is […] a means of expression privileged of the tragedy of the man, not an elucidation of the individual”. It is in this direction which its novels take part of what Jean-Marie Domenach calls the return of the tragedy which, in its return is not limited any more to the framework of the theatre but overflows it for thus ending up investing in other kinds the such novel, poetry, the music even the cinema. This study thus relates to the tragic vision of Malraux. It examines how it is forged, its evolution and its mode of expression. We thus try to see the complex relationship which exists, at Malraux, between the tragedy and the lyric one. We try, moreover, to see how Malraux manages to sublimate this modern tragedy by developing poetic consolation.

Qu’ est-ce que signifie le réel pour un poète si reconnu, comme Yves Bonnefoy ? Quelle est la relation entre le réel et sa théorie poétique ? Constitue-il, le réel, une catégorie essentielle de sa théorie poétique ? Quelle est la place de la présence ? Comment elle se situe par rapport aux grands courants de la pensée du XXème siècle et aux Poèmes ? Quel est le rôle des essais critiques et des sciences comme la psychanalyse, la sémiotique et la philosophie quant à l’ étude du réel ? Finalement, quel rôle y jouent le langage et la poésie ? Le réel est une catégorie ontologique qu’ on distingue du terme de la réalité. En outre, le réel est un autre mot pour désigner le défaut et l’ excès de chaque étant en comparaison de tout ce qui le forme. Avec son premier recueil, Anti-Platon, Bonnefoy pose les fondements de sa propre ontologie qui attaque l’ idéalisme à la fois antique ( la philosophie platonicienne ) et moderne ( Hegel ) et qui reconnaît le rôle du sensible. Après Pierre Écrite, la présence remplace la notion de sensible et elle devient la notion-clé de son œuvre. La présence est l’ émergence soudaine de la chose dans son évidence. Aussi, est-elle ‘’une intuition de l’ universel dans le particulier’’ et l’ expérience de l’ unité, de l’ altérité et de l’ échange. En outre, les essais critiques et les études sur le langage, la poésie, la sémiotique, la psychanalyse et la philosophie, mettent en scène le projet poétique de Bonnefoy comme totalité. / What does real mean for a poet as recognized an Yves Bonnefoy? What is the relationship between the real and his poetic theory? What is the role of presence? How it is placed compared to the main currents of twentieth century’s thought and Poems? What is the role of critical essays and sciences like psychoanalysis, semiotics and philosophy regarding the study of real? Last but not least, what role does language and poetry play? The real is an ontological category that is distinguished by the term reality. In addition, the real is another word for default and excess of each being compared to all that form it. With his first book, Anti-Plato, Bonnefoy lays the foundation of his own ontology that attacks idealism both ancient ( Plato’s philosophy ) and modern ( Hegel ) and recognizes the role of the sensible. After Written Stone ( Pierre Écrite ), the presence replaces the term of sensible and becomes the key-concept of Bonnefoy’s work. Presence is the sudden emergence of the thing in it’s obviousness. Also, it is ‘’an intuition of the universal in the particular’’ and the experience of unity, of otherness and exchange. Thus, it offers a vision of renewing the poetic act. In addition, critical essays and studies on language, poetry, semiotics, psychoanalysis and philosophy, set the poetic project of Bonnefoy as a totality

Une démarche herméneutique, inspirée notamment par les travaux de Paul Ricoeur, nous permet de montrer dans cette thèse que l'œuvre romanesque de Sylvie Germain se fonde en profondeur sur une poétique de la mémoire. Elle procède en effet elle-même à une herméneutique de la mémoire, cherchant à déconstruire les mémoires fabriquées dont se nourrissent, parfois inconsciemment, les individus. Notre première partie analyse la manière dont, en procédant à une archéologie de la mémoire historique, Sylvie Germain décrypte son historicité en mettant à nu les processus d'élaboration et de manipulations trompeurs pour l'humanité. La deuxième partie montre comment la généalogie germanienne appréhende la mémoire phénoménologique comme un pharmakon. La troisième partie développe l'idée d'un testament germanien ancré dans une phénoménologie de l'altérité, seule garante d'une mémoire heureuse et apaisée.Notre analyse se place aussi sous l'angle de la critique de l'imaginaire telle qu'elle s'est constituée, dans le sillage du « cogito rêveur » de Bachelard, puis autour de Jean-Pierre Richard. Prenant appui sur une analyse transversale de tropismes récurrents, elle montre que la « poétique » germanienne se construit non seulement de thèmes mais aussi de l'opération narrative pour dire l'expérience temporelle de la mémoire. Les très nombreux textes qui ont nourri l'imaginaire germanien sont inventoriés et convoqués dans notre étude comme soubassement philosophique, historique et éthique de la création de la romancière et inhérents à celle-ci. / This research structured in three parts seeks to highlight, from a hermeneutics point of view, how the opus germanien to erect around a “poetics of memory”.A hermeneutics approach, especially inspired by Paul Ricoeur's work, allows to demonstrate in this thesis that the Sylvie Germain's fictional work has a deep basis for a poetic memory. Indeed she proceeds herself to a hermeneutics of the memory, searching to deconstruct the built memories whose the individuals thrive on. By proceeding to an archeology of historic memory, my first part analyses how Sylvie Germain figures out her historicity, by showing its misleading creation and manipulation process for the humanity. The second part deals with the way which the Sylvie German's genealogy comprehends the phenomenological memory from the angle of pharmakon. A third part develops the idea of a Sylvie Germain's legacy settled in a phenomenology alterity, only responsible for a happy and pacified memory.My analysis is placed in the light of the imaginary criticism as it established itself, in the wake of Bachelard's “dreamy cogito”, then around Jean-Pierre Richard. Leaning on cross-disciplinary analysis of recurrent tropism, it seeks to demonstrate the Sylvie Germain's poetic is built up on themes but also on narrative operation to tell the time-related experience of the memory. The numerous text which fed the Sylvie Germain's imagination are inventoried in my study as philosophical, historical and ethical foundations of the novelist's creation.

Les Rougon-Macquart, immense composition littéraire, comportant vingt romans, est le témoignage le plus saillant de la poétique zolienne du récit. Cette poétique trouve son fondement dans les principes directeurs du Naturalisme qu'Émile Zola, maître à penser de ce courant, a élaborés dans ses différents écrits, comme théoricien et comme critique littéraire. Parmi les caractéristiques que Zola attribue au récit naturaliste se trouve un refus du recours au « romanesque » dans la poétique de l'œuvre. L'adjectif « romanesque », certes, est forgé sur le radical de « roman ». Mais, pris sous sa forme substantive, le romanesque entretient avec le genre du roman des relations complexes ainsi que l'a montré, par exemple, Jean-Marie Schaeffer. Il convient de rappeler, avec lui, l'origine linguistique du terme et ses évolutions, ainsi que le glissement sémantique qui propulse la notion hors de son contexte littéraire. Pour cerner cette notion, il n'est pas inutile de la replacer, comme il le fait, dans un contexte anglo-saxon : car l'anglais, on peut le souligner, distingue entre romance, que l'on peut traduire en français par « roman romanesque », et novel, qui est l'équivalent de « roman à visée réaliste ». « Romanesque » possède, ainsi, une double signification : il désigne ce qui est relatif au roman en tant que genre, mais aussi ce qui est propre au roman comme romance. En ce sens, il est devenu, au fil des siècles, péjoratif : il renvoie en effet à une peinture de passions idylliques, conduites à leurs extrêmes, jusqu'à frôler l'invraisemblable. On peut ainsi comprendre que des théoriciens du roman, notamment au XIXe siècle – moment où le genre aspire au sérieux et développe des esthétiques réalistes – s'en prennent à quelques-uns de leurs prédécesseurs, leur tenant grief de ne pas assez peindre la réalité des choses, de proposer une représentation idéalisée de la vie, dans laquelle le bon triomphe du mauvais, les nobles sentiments prévalent sur les mauvaises pensées et où la représentation des passions atteint des proportions incommensurables.Ainsi, si nous convoquons les principes du Naturalisme appliqués dans la poétique du récit de Zola, nous nous rendons compte que le romanesque, dans sa conception thématique, (on entend par là la peinture idyllique des passions et du monde) et non générique, est écarté dès les prémices du courant. Zola fustige en effet le comportement de ses contemporains et de ses prédécesseurs à qui il reproche de perdre le lecteur dans des rêves puérils, dans une peinture trop abstraite de la vie. Le XIXe siècle, qui a vu l'affirmation de la science et de ses méthodes, a conduit Zola à une nette rupture avec les poétiques antérieures du roman. Il ressort, dès cet instant, que Zola ne veut plus faire dans les récits qui ont bercé son adolescence ; il entend se démarquer de ces fantômes du rêve, de ces romans des dieux et des héros, personnages d'une aspiration irréalisable parce que trop abstraite. Son dessein avoué, il s'arme de la science et de ses méthodes d'analyse pour aller à conquête d'une représentation juste et véridique de la réalité dans l'œuvre littéraire, le roman en l'occurrence. Et puisque, en outre, « le romanesque » est marqué par une axiologisation négative très forte dans sa signification non littéraire et dans laquelle émergent « des connotations de sentimentalité, de sensiblerie, voire de kitch », il se voit automatiquement disqualifié par la conception zolienne du roman.On peut néanmoins s'interroger sur la réalité de l'éviction du romanesque dans le récit et la fiction zoliennes. Peut-on imaginer une poétique du roman qui parvienne à se dégager totalement des schémas et d'une topique constitutifs d'un genre à ses origines, et véhiculés par une tradition séculaire ? Le romanesque ne fait-il pas retour dans l'œuvre de Zola ? Ce sont ces écarts qui se font jour entre la poétique réelle de l'œuvre et les déclarations théoriques de l'auteur que nous avons étudiés dans cette thèse. / Les Rougon-Macquart, a huge literary composition containing twenty novels, is in many respects the most prominent testimony of Zola's poetic narrative. This poetics is grounded on the guiding principles of Naturalism that Emile Zola, prominent leader of this movement has developed in his various writings, as literary theoretician and critic. Among the features that Zola attributed to the naturalist story is the refusal to use "romance" in the poetics of his work. The adjective “novelistic" certainly derived from the radical of "novel". But taken in its noun form, romance has to do with the genre of the novel and the complex relationships as demonstrated by Jean-Marie Schaeffer for instance. It is worth recalling with this one the linguistic origin of the term and its evolution, and the semantic shift that propels the notion out of its literary context. To understand this concept, it is useful to replace it, as it does in an Anglo-Saxon context. Because, in English, one can distinguish between romance, which can be translated into French by "roman romanesque", and novel, which is the equivalent of "novel that has a realistic target." "Romance" has thus a double meaning: it refers to what relates to the novel as a genre, but also what is unique to the novel as romance. In this sense, it has become, over the centuries, pejorative: it indeed refers to a painting of idyllic passions, led to their extremes to graze the improbable. One can thus understand that the theoreticians of the novel, especially in the nineteenth century - the time when the genre aspired seriously and developed realistic aesthetics - are attacking some of their predecessors for not giving a realistic picture of things, to provide an idealized representation of life in which good triumphs over evil, the noble sentiments prevail over evil thoughts and where the representation of passions reached immeasurable proportions.Thus, if we refer to the principles of Naturalism applied in the poetics of Zola's story, we realize that the romance in its thematic design (through that by which we mean the idyllic painting of passions and the world) and not generic, is aside from the beginnings of the current. Zola criticizes indeed the behavior of his contemporaries and his predecessors whom he accuses of misleading the reader in childish dreams, in a too abstract painting of life. The nineteenth century, which saw the affirmation of science and its methods, Zola led to a sharp break with the past poetic novel. It is clear from that moment that Zola does not want to do the same in the stories that have rocked his adolescence; he intends to stand out from the ghosts of dreams, the novels of gods and heroes, characters of an unattainable aspiration because they are too abstract. For this avowed purpose, he is armed with science and its methods of analysis to conquer a fair and truthful representation of reality in the literary work, the novel in this case. Thus, since the "romance" is marked by a very strong negative axiologisation in its non-literary meaning and in which emerging "connotations of sentimentality or kitsch", it is then automatically disqualified by Zola's concept of the novel.Nevertheless, one can ponder over the reality of the ouster of romance in the story and in Zola's fiction. Can you imagine a poetic novel that manages to completely break with the usual schemes and the constituents of a genre to its origins, and conveyed by a secular tradition? It is interesting to wonder whether the romance is taken back into the work of Zola or not? It is these differences that have emerged between the actual poetics of the work and the theoretical statements of the author that we have studied in this thesis.

[pt] Observar o desenvolvimento de projetos de alunos em Design é um ótimo exercício na busca afinarmos as diretrizes de uma instituição de ensino com o real processo percorrido pelos alunos. A presente pesquisa é um estudo de caso realizado com alunos da disciplina Planejamento, Projeto e Desenvolvimento - Comuicação Visual Conclusão (PPD-CV Conclusão), última disciplina de projeto do curso de Design da PUC-Rio, habilitação Comunicação Visual, pertencente ao currículo em vigor para alunos que ingressaram por vestibular até 2007. Durante o segundo semestre de 2007 e o primeiro semestre de 2008, o desenvolvimento dos projetos dos alunos da turma da professora tutora Izabel de Oliveira foi observado com o objetivo de identificar nas etapas percorridas pelos alunos, lacunas que pudessem ser trabalhadas. No processo destacamos 4 projetos que são apresentados à luz de fundamentação teórica, trazendo um olhar crítico sobre os processos percorridos pelos alunos. / [en] The development of projects by Design students is an excellent exercise when it comes to searching for the gaps to be covered in an attempt to finetune the guidelines of a teaching institution based on the real progress made by its students. This research involves a case study conducted with students of the PPD-CV Conclusion Course, the last subject in the Design course at PUC-Rio, Visual Communications Major, belonging to the curriculum prior to 2007. During the second semester of 2007 and the first semester of 2008, the researchers observed the development of the projects by students from the class of Tutor Professor Izabel de Oliveira with the objective of identifying the stages completed by the same as they develop their projects, gaps that could be worked. In order to ensure a critical perspective on the completed processes, the researchers highlight four projects that are presented based on a theoretical foundation.

[pt] Esta tese empreende uma leitura global dos sonetos de Fernando Pessoa e seus heterônimos, incluindo a fixação e o estudo de cerca de trezentos poemas escritos em Português, Inglês ou Francês. A dimensão do corpus não representa a totalidade dos sonetos pessoanos encontrados ao longo da pesquisa; embora se estudem alguns poemas inéditos, são postos de lado mais de cinqüenta sonetos inéditos em Inglês, cujo testemunho permanece por fixar. O trabalho propõe-se a estudar Pessoa como um dos grandes sonetistas da Literatura Portuguesa, alçando-o ao estatuto de Camões, Bocage e Antero, no que tange ao cultivo do soneto como elo entre tradição e ruptura. A leitura dos poemas desenvolve-se em três estágios, que correspondem às três partes da tese: investigação, edição e estudo. Na investigação, em que se esmiúça a metodologia, discutem-se os desafios filológicos e editoriais de lidar com os sonetos de Pessoa: onde encontrá-los, como lê-los e datá-los, a que heterônimos atribuí-los, que textos incluir dentro da definição de soneto... A segunda parte contém o texto fixado dos sonetos, com notas indicando nossas divergências de leitura em relação a edições de referência tais como as da Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda. O texto dos poemas conta com um aparato sincrônico de ícones em marginália, permitindo a leitura em diversas seqüências temáticas, para além da ordem cronológica. Por fim, a terceira parte expõe as conclusões da investigação, sob a forma de leituras temáticas agrupadas em temas-em-si, temas de linguagem e temas filosóficos, respectivamente tratando dos motivos constantes, os mecanismos poéticos e as vias de conhecimento recorrentes nos sonetos de Pessoa. / [en] This work endeavors to realize an encompassing reading of the sonnets of Fernando Pessoa and his heteronyms, including the text-fixation and study of nearly three hundred poems written in Portuguese, English or French. This magnitude of corpus does not represent the entirety of the sonnets found during the research; although some unpublished poems are studied, more than fifty inedited English poems are put aside, with manuscripts still to be read and fixated. This work ventures to study Pessoa as one of the great sonnetists in Portuguese Literature, raising him to the stature of Camões, Bocage and Antero, when regarding his cultivation of the sonnet between tradition and aesthetic rupture. The reading of the poems is developed in three stages, corresponding to the three parts of the thesis: investigation, edition, study. The investigation, in which the methodology is detailed, discusses the philological and editorial challenges of dealing with the sonnets of Pessoa: where to find them, how to read and date them, which heteronyms to assign to them and which texts to include inside the definition of sonnet… The second part contains the sonnets themselves, with notes indicating our textual divergences from critical editions such as the ones by the Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda. The poems are accompanied by a synchronic apparatus of marginal icons, inviting the reading in diverse thematic sequences, beyond the chronological order. Lastly, part three weaves the conclusions of the investigation, as a series of thematic essays grouped in basic themes, language themes and philosophical themes, respectively approaching the elemental motifs, the poetic mechanisms and the paths to knowledge explored by Pessoa s sonnets.

Esta pesquisa busca o estabelecimento de um processo de criação para o ator e a relação do artista com as possibilidades emanadas no instante do ato criador a partir de experiências notórias na sua prática cênica. O estudo oportuniza o entendimento de certos elementos necessários para a criação de uma vocalidade poética para o ator e sua interrelação com os princípios da comicidade oriundos do jogo cênico na concretização de um espetáculo solo. Esta vocalidade poética, motivadora da ação do ator, provoca um trabalho complexo de problematização entre o estudo das possibilidades do ator em cena e a maneira como ele se relaciona com as ações físicas e vocais geradas no processo de criação. / This research seeks to establish a creation process for the actor and the artist's relationship with the possibilities emanating from the moment of the creative act from notorious experiments in his stagecraft. The study provides an opportunity to understand certain elements needed to create a poetic voicing for the actor and its interrelation with the principles of humor coming from the scenic play in delivering a solo show. This poetic voicing, motivating actor's action, causes a complex job of questioning between the study of the actor on the scene and how it relates to the physical and vocal actions generated in the creation process.

Este trabalho tem por finalidade apresentar uma leitura contrastiva entre os escritos de cunho religioso do escritor português José Saramago, O Evangelho segundo Jesus Cristo e Caim, e os escritos tidos como sagrados pela cultura judaico-cristã: a Bíblia. A pesquisa visa, dessa forma, contribuir com uma leitura inovadora às análises já existentes das obras do autor. Além disso, procura evidenciar a relação entre Literatura e Religião, fazendo uso das teorias da Teopoética. A análise feita partiu do pensamento do próprio autor acerca do Romance, Literatura, História e Religião, mas também se remete à infância do autor em busca da compreensão do ambiente vivido por ele, bem como da educação por ele recebida. Logo, constata-se a ocorrência do sagrado em sua obra, mediante a aplicação do ateísmo ético e a associação ao conceito de apocrifia frente aos escritos religiosos. Em seguida, traça-se a evolução histórica da Bíblia, bem como sua relação com as teorias de Tradução e as possíveis ocorrências de desvios doutrinológicos sob o ponto de vista religioso, sob a observação de conceitos hermenêuticos e exegéticos. Na obtenção dos resultados, ressalta-se que alguns já eram esperados devido às leituras prévias realizadas; contudo, a maior parte deles é surpreendente do ponto de vista histórico-tradicional. Enfim, acredita-se na validade desta pesquisa, pois ela possibilita ao leitor, além de um comparativo, uma reflexão em busca da sua verdade pessoal. / This thesis intends to present a contrastive reading among the writings with religious nature of the Portuguese writer José Saramago, The Gospel according to Jesus Christ and Cain with the writings consider sacred by the Jewish and Christian cultures: the Bible. The search aims, in this way, to contribute with an innovative reading to the analysis previous done about the author’s books. Besides, let us seek to point the relation between Literature and Religion, using the theories of Theo-poetic. The analysis done started by the author’s thoughts about Novel, Literature, History and Religion, but it also comes back into the author’s childhood trying to comprehend his family environment, as well as the education received by him. Next, let us find the occurrence of the sacred in his work by applying the ethical atheism influenced by the humanistic philosophies and the association to the concept of apocryphal books in front of religious writings. After, let us present the historic evolution of the Bible, as well as, its relation with the Translation theories and the possible occurrence of doctrinal deviations from the religious point of view, under the observation of hermeneutical and exegetical concepts. In achieving the results, let us highlight that, some of them were expected due to the previous readings performed, however, most of them are surprising under the historical and traditional point of view. Finally, we believe in the validity of this research because it allows the reader, in addition to a comparison, a reflection in search of his personal truth.