Introduction Not all children seeking asylum without parents or other relatives are entitled to residence permits. In the last few years, more than one in four unaccompanied asylum-seeking refugee children have been forced to repatriate, either to their home country or to a transit country. Mostly the children refuse to leave the country voluntarily, and it becomes a forced repatriation. Five actors collaborate in the Swedish child forced repatriation process: social workers, staff at care homes, police officers, Swedish Migration Board officers and legal guardians. When a child is forced to repatriate, the Swedish workers involved must consider two different demands. The first demand requires dignified repatriation, which is incorporated from the European Union’s (EU’s) Return Directive into Swedish Aliens Act. The second demand requires that the repatriation process be conducted efficiently, which means that a higher number of repatriation cases must be processed. The fact that the same professionals have different and seemingly contradictory requirements places high demands on the involved collaborators. Two professionals have a legal responsibility for the children until the last minute before they leave Sweden: social workers and police officers. That makes them key actors in forced repatriation, as they carry most of the responsibility in the process. Further, they often work with children who are afraid what will happen when they return to their home country and often express their fear through powerful emotions. Being responsible and obliged to carry out the government’s decision, despite forcing children to leave a safe country, may evoke negative emotional and mental stress for the professionals involved in forced repatriation. Aim The overall aim of this study is to explore and analyse forced repatriation workers’ collaboration and perceived mental health, with special focus on social workers and police officers in the Swedish context. Materials and methods The study combines a qualitative and quantitative research design in order to shed light at both a deep and general level on forced repatriation. In qualitative substudy I, a qualitative case study methodology was used in one municipality in a middle-sized city in Sweden. The municipality had a contract regarding the reception of unaccompanied asylum-seeking refugee children iv with the Swedish Migration Board. The municipality in focus has a population of more than 100,000 inhabitants. The city in which the data were collected has developed a refugee reception system where unaccompanied asylumseeking refugee children are resettled and await a final decision regarding their permit applications. This situation made it possible to recruit participants who had worked with unaccompanied refugee children without a permit. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a total of 20 social workers, staff at care homes, police officers, Swedish Migration Board officers and legal guardians. A thematic approach was used to analyse the data. In quantitative substudies II, III and IV, a national survey of social workers (n = 380) and police officers (n = 714), with and without experience of forced repatriation, was conducted. The questionnaires included sociodemographic characteristics, the Swedish Demand-Control Questionnaire, Interview Schedule for Social Interaction, Ways of Coping Questionnaire and the 12- item General Mental Health Questionnaire. Factor analysis, correlational analysis, and univariate and multivariable regression models were used to analyse the data. Results The qualitative results in substudy I showed low levels of collaboration among the actors (social workers, staff at care homes, police officers, Swedish Migration Board officers and legal guardians) and the use of different strategies to manage their work tasks. Some of them used a teamwork pattern, showing an understanding of the different roles in forced repatriation, and were willing to compromise for the sake of collaboration. Others tended to isolate themselves from interaction and acted on the basis of personal preference, and some tended to behave sensitively, withdraw and become passive observers rather than active partners in the forced repatriation. The quantitative results in substudy II showed that poorer mental health was associated with working with unaccompanied asylum-seeking refugee children among social workers but not among police officers. Psychological job demand was a significant predictor for mental health among social workers, while psychological job demand, decision latitude and marital status were predictors among police officers. Substudy III showed that both social workers and police officers reported relatively high access to social support. Furthermore, police officers working in forced repatriation with low levels of satisfaction with social interaction and close emotional support increased the odds of psychological disturbances. In substudy IV, social workers used more escape avoidance, distancing and positive-reappraisal coping, whereas police officers used more planful problem solving and self-controlling coping. Additionally, social workers with experience in forced repatriation used more planful problem solving than those without experience. Conclusions In order to create the most dignified forced repatriation, based on human dignity, for unaccompanied asylum-seeking refugee children and with healthy actors, a forced repatriation system needs: overall statutory national guidance, interagency collaboration, actors working within a teamworking pattern, forced repatriation workers with reasonable job demands and decision latitude, with a high level of social support and adaptive coping strategies. The point of departure for an interagency model is that it is impossible to change the circumstances of the asylum process, but it is possible to make the system more functional and better adapted to both the children’s needs and those of the professionals who are set to handle the children. A centre for unaccompanied asylum-seeking refugee children, consisting of all actors involved in the children’s asylum process sitting under the same roof, at the governmental level (Swedish Migration Board, the police authority) and municipality level (social services, board of legal guardians), can meet all requirements.

L’internationalisation des marchés fait désormais partie intégrante de la réalité du monde des affaires, et de plus en plus d’organisations se retrouvent à étendre leurs activités à travers plusieurs pays. Cela est toujours d’actualité aujourd’hui, alors qu’une très grande proportion d’organisations s’attend à voir leurs mandats à l’international augmenter ou à tout le moins demeurer stable (Brookfield, 2015). Alors que nombreuses études se sont penchées sur l’adaptation des expatriés en terre étrangère (Bhaskar-Shrinivas, Harrison, Shaffer, & Luk, 2004), un nombre nettement moins élevé de chercheurs s’est attardé à l’adaptation de ces individus une fois de retour à la maison. Or, il est de plus en plus admis que plusieurs difficultés peuvent être associées à un retour d’un mandat à l’international. Celles-ci sont d’ailleurs parfois plus élevées que les difficultés vécues à l’international (Forster, 2000). Cette thèse tente donc de pallier cette lacune en examinant, tout d’abord, le rôle de deux antécédents de l'adaptation: la perception du soutien organisationnel (PSO) et la proactivité du rapatrié. Le rôle médiateur de la satisfaction des attentes sera également exploré. Pour ce faire, un total de 125 policiers revenant d’une mission à l’international ont participé à cette étude. En raison d’un nombre considérable de données manquantes pour certaines variables, la méthode d’imputation multiple a été utilisée (m = 5). Deux médiations ont été effectuées afin de tester les hypothèses, et ce, en contrôlant pour le temps écoulé depuis le retour de l’individu. Premièrement, il y a un lien indirect significatif de la PSO sur l’adaptation qui passe par la satisfaction des attentes (b = 0,25, BCa IC [0,11 – 0,40]). Deuxièmement, il y a également un lien indirect significatif de la proactivité sur l’adaptation qui passe par la satisfaction des attentes (b = 0,16, BCa IC [0,01 – 0,32]). Les résultats semblent donc soutenir les deux hypothèses. En d’autres mots, la PSO et la proactivité amèneraient une augmentation de l’adaptation, et ce, en permettant aux rapatriés de se former des attentes plus réalistes face au rapatriement. Nos résultats suggèrent donc qu’autant l’organisation que l’individu auraient un rôle à jouer dans l’adaptation des rapatriés, quoique l’impact de la proactivité de ces derniers paraisse moindre que celui de la PSO. À la lumière de ces résultats, le dernier chapitre abordera quelques pistes d’explications visant à comprendre l’effet plus petit de la proactivité, en plus de discuter plus en profondeur de l’implication théorique et pratique des résultats. Enfin, les limites et pistes de recherches futures de la thèse seront présentées. / Nowadays, internationalisation of markets is a pressing economic reality, bringing many organizations to increasingly choose to extend their activities abroad. This still relevant today as a very large proportion of organizations expect their international assignments to either increase or at least remain stable (Brookfield, 2015). While many studies have examined the adaptation of expatriates (Bhaskar-Shrinivas, Harrison, Shaffer, & Luk, 2004), a much smaller number of researchers have focused on the adaptation of these individuals once they have returned home. However, several difficulties are associated with repatriation and they are often more important than those encountered abroad (Forster, 2000). This thesis attempts to bridge this gap by examining, firstly, the role of two antecedents of adaptation: perceived organizational support (POS) and repatriates’ proactivity and secondly, the mediating role of expectations. To this end, a total of 125 police officers returning from a mission abroad participated in this study. Due to a considerable number of missing data for some variables, the multiple imputation method was used (m = 5). Two mediations were carried out in order to test the hypotheses, controlling for the elapsed time since the return of the repatriate. Our findings indicate that satisfied expectations mediate both the relationship between POS and repatriates’ adaptation (b = 0,25, BCa IC [0,11 - 0,40]) and proactivity and adaptation (b = 0.16, BCa IC [0.01 - 0.32]). The results therefore seem to support both hypotheses. In other words, POS and proactivity lead to increased adaptation by allowing repatriates to develop more realistic expectations of repatriation. This suggests that both the organization and the individual have a role to play in the adaptation of repatriates, although the impact of the latter appears to be less than that of the organization. In light of these findings, the final chapter explores some possible explanations in order to understand the smaller effect of proactivity, and also discusses more extensively the theoretical and practical implications of the results. Finally, limits and avenues for future research are presented.

Une prise en charge inadéquate des personnes atteintes d’un trouble mental par le système de justice pénale a été soulevée il y a plus de 60 ans. Celle-ci est toujours présente aujourd’hui. Effectivement, les personnes atteintes d’un trouble mental sont surreprésentées sur tout le continuum des procédures judiciaires pénales. La littérature révèle plusieurs facteurs associés à divers contacts avec le système de justice. Ceux-ci sont toutefois étudiés, la plupart du temps, distinctement les uns des autres (p. ex. contact avec les services policiers, arrestation, mise en accusation) plutôt que comme faisant partie d’un continuum de progression au sein du système de justice pénale (p. ex., progression d’un contact avec les services policiers à une arrestation). Ce mémoire vise deux objectifs. Premièrement, il vise à cerner les facteurs identifiés dans la littérature qui sont associés à la décision policière d’arrêter un individu atteint d’un trouble mental. Deuxièmement, il vise à identifier les facteurs associés à la progression d’individus atteints d’un trouble mental à travers le système de justice pénale jusqu’à la mise en accusation, soit la progression a) d’aucun contact avec les services policiers à un contact avec les services policiers; b) d’un contact avec les services policiers à une arrestation; et c) d’une arrestation à une mise en accusation. Une revue systématique a été réalisée pour répondre au premier objectif. Un total de 19 études a été identifié parmi quatre bases de données bibliographiques. Le deuxième objectif a été adressé par le biais d’analyses secondaires des données du projet AMONT, un projet sur la stabilité résidentielle de 478 individus faisant une première utilisation significative des services en santé mentale. Les données sociodémographiques, psychosociales et cliniques autorapportées de contacts avec les services policiers, d’arrestations et de mises en accusation au cours des six mois précédant le premier contact avec les services en santé mentale ont été colligées. Des régressions logistiques ont été effectuées pour vérifier la progression des individus à travers les premières étapes du système de justice pénale. Les résultats de ce mémoire suggèrent que chacune des premières étapes de progression dans le système de justice pénale présente des facteurs de risques distincts. Plusieurs des facteurs significativement associés à la progression d’aucun contact avec les services policiers à un contact avec les services policiers pourraient l’être en raison d’une situation de crise. De plus, les résultats soulignent l’importance de la perception des policiers dans la décision de procéder à une arrestation et cela, au-delà de caractéristiques objectives ou autorapportées des personnes atteintes d’un trouble mental. On peut émettre l’hypothèse que, de la même façon que les perceptions des policiers peuvent influencer la décision de procéder à l’arrestation, les perceptions des procureurs pourraient influencer la décision de porter des accusations. Plus de recherche est nécessaire pour vérifier l’impact de la perception des acteurs judiciaires sur la progression dans le système de justice pénale des personnes atteintes d’un trouble mental. Si les perceptions sont aussi importantes que le suggère ce mémoire, il serait important de complémenter les programmes de diversion par des formations pour informer les acteurs du système de justice pénale de l’impact de leurs perceptions sur leurs décisions. / About 60 years ago light was shed on an inadequate processing of persons with mental illness through the criminal justice system. This phenomenon is still of concern nowadays. In fact, persons with mental illness are overrepresented all along the continuum of contacts with the criminal justice system. However, these contacts are mostly studied as discrete events (e.g., contact with police services, arrest, indictment) rather than as being part of a continuum representing a movement through the criminal justice system (e.g., progression from a contact with police services to an arrest). The first objective of this research project is to identify, in the literature, factors associated with the decision of police officers to arrest persons with mental illness. The second objective is to identify, among persons with mental illness, factors associated with proceeding from: 1) no contact with police services to a contact with police services; 2) a contact with police services to an arrest; and 3) an arrest to an indictment. A systematic review was made to pursue the first objective. A total of 19 studies were identified from four databases. To address the second objective, secondary analysis of the baseline data from the AMONT project were made. This project examined residential stability of 478 first-time mental health service users. Sociodemographic, psychosocial, and self-reported data regarding contacts with police services, arrests and indictments in the six months prior to the first interview were collected. Logistic regressions were conducted in order to assess the flow through the different stages of the criminal justice system. Findings of this research project suggest that the movement through each stage presents distinctive risk factors. Several factors significantly associated with the flow from no contact with police services to a contact with police services might be caused by mental health crisis. Moreover, results highlight that perceptions of police officers’ might have a greater impact on the flow from a contact with police services to an arrest than actual or self-reported characteristics of persons with mental illness. Results also enable to suggest that, in the same way police officers’ perception can influence police officers’ decision to arrest, perceptions of prosecutors might influence the flow from an arrest to an indictment. More research should be done on the weight of judicial actors’ perception in trajectories of persons with mental illness through the criminal justice system. If their weight is proven to be substantial, diversion programs would benefit to be supported by judicial actors training on the impact of their perceptions on their decisions.

No description available.

Le 1er avril 2003, l’entrée en vigueur de la Loi sur le système de justice pénale pour les adolescents (LSJPA) a fourni aux policiers canadiens de nouveaux outils pour procéder à des interventions non-judiciaires auprès d’adolescents contrevenants. Dorénavant, les policiers détiennent le pouvoir officiel d’imposer des mesures extrajudiciaires aux adolescents interpellés pour avoir commis des infractions plutôt que de procéder à leur arrestation formelle. La présente étude vise à déterminer quelles caractéristiques des adolescents et circonstances des infractions ont un impact significatif sur les décisions des policiers d’imposer ces mesures plutôt que de procéder à des arrestations. Les résultats sont basés sur trois échantillons de participations criminelles juvéniles enregistrées par un corps policier canadien entre 2003 et 2010: le premier composé d’infractions contre la personne (n= 3 482), le second, d’infractions contre la propriété (n= 8 230) et le troisième, d’autres crimes (n= 1 974). L’analyse de régression logistique multiniveaux a été utilisée pour déterminer les facteurs — tels que le sexe, l’âge et les contacts antérieurs avec la justice des adolescents ainsi que la localisation dans le temps et l’espace de l’infraction — ont un impact significatif sur le pouvoir discrétionnaire des policiers. Certains facteurs ont une influence universelle d’une catégorie de crime à l’autre, tandis que d’autres ont un impact spécifique selon le type d’infraction commise. / Since April 3rd 2003, the Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA) provides police officers with new tools to divert canadian juvenile offenders. Specifically, police officers can officially impose extrajudicial measures to juvenile delinquents instead of handing them directly to the justice system. The current study seeks to determine which characteristics of the offenders and circumstances of the offences significantly impact the decisions of officers to divert cases instead of sending them to the formal justice system. The results are based on three samples of juvenile offence participations recorded by a Canadian police force between 2003 and 2010: the first composed of violent offences (n= 3,482), the second, of proprety offences (n= 8,230) and the third, of other offences (n= 1,974). Multilevel logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine which factors - for example, gender, age, and criminal record of the offender as well as location in time and space of the offence - have a significant impact on police decision-making for each category of offence. Although some factors have similar significant impacts regardless of offence type, others have a differential influence depending on the type of crime that was committed.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur det emotionella arbetet upplevs, hanteras och inverkar på den psykosociala arbetsmiljön i polisarbetet under arbetstid hos två kategorier poliser i yttre tjänst. Den första kategorin är de som har mellan 0–5 års erfarenhet. Den andra kategorin har mer än fem års erfarenhet. Första frågeställningen undersöker hur respektive kategori poliser i yttre tjänst beskriver att de upplever och hanterar det emotionella arbetet i tjänsten. Den andra frågeställningen undersöker i vilken mån individuella egenskaper som surface acting, deep acting och rollspel är viktiga i ett riskfyllt yrke. Studien har utgått ifrån en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi med en abduktiv ansats. Urvalet är en blandning av subjektivt urval och snöbollsurval. Empirin inhämtades genom tio semistrukturerade telefonintervjuer. Poliserna hanterar emotioner i arbetet enligt Hochschilds (1983/2012) begrepp surface acting och deep acting. Detta genom att gå in i rollen och anpassa sina känslor utifrån situationen. Kollegialt stöd och mental förberedelse visade sig vara ett vedertaget sätt att hantera känslorna, men även humor. Generellt upplevde poliserna att deras tid i yrket har betydelse för hur de hanterar de emotionella arbetet. Slutligen visar denna studie att upplevda och möjliga konsekvenser av arbetet kan vara obalans i den emotionella dissonansen och avtrubbning. / The purpose of the study is to investigate how the emotional work is experienced, handled and affects the psychosocial work environment in police work during working hours with two categories of police officers in field service. Those between 0-5 years and more than five years of experience. The first question investigates how each category of police officers in field service describe that they experience and handle the emotional work in the service. The second question investigates in what extent are individual characteristics such as surface acting, deep acting and role-playing are important in a risky profession. The study has been based on a qualitative research strategy with an abductive approach. The sample is a mixture of subjective selection and snowball selection. The empirical data was obtained through ten semi-structured telephone interviews. The police handle emotions at work according to Hochschild's (1983/2012) concept of surface acting and deep acting. This by going into the role and adapting their feelings based on the situation. Collegial support and mental preparation proved to be an accepted way of dealing with emotions, but also humour. In general, the police felt that their time in the profession was important for how they handle the emotional work. Finally, this study shows that perceived and possible consequences of the work can be an imbalance in the emotional dissonance and blunting.