Réalisée à partir d’un échantillon de 410 travailleurs civils et policiers du Service de Police de la Ville de Montréal (SPVM) atteint en février 2009, cette recherche vise à approfondir les connaissances relatives à l’influence de l’utilisation des compétences, de l’autorité décisionnelle, du soutien social au travail, de la supervision abusive et du soutien social hors travail sur les trois dimensions du syndrome d’épuisement professionnel (épuisement émotionnel, cynisme, efficacité professionnelle). Cette recherche vise également à déterminer si les relations qui unissent ces facteurs organisationnels et sociaux aux trois dimensions d’épuisement professionnel varient selon que les travailleurs appartiennent à la main-d’œuvre policière ou civile. Les résultats des analyses multivariées témoignent de l’influence distinctive des variables explicatives sur les trois dimensions d’épuisement professionnel et supportent la conceptualisation tridimensionnelle du syndrome d’épuisement professionnel. Les résultats appuient également la distinction des concepts d’utilisation des compétences et d’autorité décisionnelle et permettent d’approfondir les connaissances relatives à l’influence de la supervision abusive, du soutien social hors travail et du rôle modérateur de la profession sur les trois dimensions du syndrome d’épuisement professionnel. / Conducted with a sample of 410 civilians and police officers of the Service de police de la Ville de Montréal (SPVM) consulted in February 2009, this study aims to increase knowledge regarding the influence of skill utilization, decision authority, social support in the workplace, abusive supervision and social support outside the workplace on the three dimensions of the burnout syndrome (emotional exhaustion, cynicism, professional efficiency). This study also aims to establish if the relations between these organizational and social factors and the three dimensions of the burnout syndrome vary according to the civilian or police nature of the workforce. Results of the multivariate analysis show the distinctive influence of explicative variables on the three dimensions of the burnout. Results also emphasize the distinction between the concept of skill utilization and decision authority as well as increase knowledge regarding the influence of abusive supervision, social support outside the workplace and the role of the profession as a moderator on the three dimensions of the burnout syndrom.

Ce mémoire a pour but d’étudier les facteurs professionnels et leur relation avec la détresse psychologique. L’objectif principal est d’évaluer l’effet modérateur du facteur professionnel de la latitude décisionnelle sur la relation entre la détresse psychologique et les facteurs professionnels étudiés. Pour ce faire, nous avons étudié la latitude décisionnelle de façon décomposée (utilisation des compétences et autorité décisionnelle). Les données sur lesquelles nous nous sommes basés proviennent de l’Équipe de Recherche sur le Travail et la Santé Mentale (ERTSM) et ont été recueillies au cours des mois de décembre 2008 et janvier 2009. L’échantillon utilisé se compose de 410 travailleurs, dont l’âge varie de 20 à 58 ans. Les analyses multivariées que nous avons réalisées nous ont permis d’identifier deux facteurs professionnels qui s’associent de manière significative à la détresse psychologique, soit les demandes psychologiques et la relation avec le supérieur immédiat. Les résultats de la régression logistique nous ont permis de déterminer que les travailleurs qui ont une bonne relation avec leur supérieur immédiat ont une probabilité inférieure (0.91) de développer de la détresse psychologique. Tandis que les travailleurs qui ont de fortes demandes psychologiques ont une probabilité 1.11 fois plus grande de développer de la détresse psychologique. Contrairement à l’hypothèse soutenue, le fait d’occuper l’emploi de policier par rapport au travail de bureau n’augmente pas la prévalence de détresse psychologique. De plus, les variables modératrices ne sont pas associées de façon significative avec la détresse psychologique. / This thesis aims to study some occupational factors and their relationship with psychological distress. The main objective of this master's thesis is to determine the moderator effect of decision latitude (decision authority and skill level) on the relationship between psychological distress and occupational factors. We use data from the Team for Research on Work and Mental Health (ERTSM). This research team collected the data during the month of December 2008 and January 2009. The sample consists of 410 workers whose ages range from 20 to 58 years. The multivariate analyses that we conducted allowed us to identify two occupational factors which are significantly associated to psychological distress. Those are psychological demands and the relationship with the supervisor. The results of logistic regression analyses show that workers who have a good relationship with their immediate superior have a lower probability (0.91) of developing psychological distress. On the other hand workers with high psychological demands have an odds ratio 1.11 times greater than those with low demands of developing psychological distress. Contrary to the hypothesis put forward, police officers do not have a higher probability of developing psychological distress than clerical workers. Furthermore, moderating variables are not significantly associated with psychological distress.

我國警察的任務，依警察法第二條規定為「依法維持公共秩序，保護社會安全，防止一切危害，促進人民福利。」致警察工作包羅萬象，使得警察人員成為政府推動許多行政事務的重要執行者，扮演政府與民眾之間的橋樑角色，是民眾接觸最頻繁的公務員；又因警察任務具有執法及管制的特性，影響民眾權益甚大，所以平時爭議頗多，其中尤以負責將警察任務轉化為實際行動的警察勤務基本單位的警勤區警員，更是警察組織對外的代表，其經常決定了警察政策的實際效果，所做所為不僅是民眾對警察組織評價的重要依據，更可能轉移至對政府的印象，故選擇其為本文的研究對象。 Lipsky(1980)的「第一線人員執行理論」(Theory of the work of street-level bureaucracies)，從第一線執行人員的工作本質，其身處的工作情境談到第一線執行人員的行為類型，本文即是以Lipsky之第一線執行理論為基礎架構，防禦行為（defensive behaviors）部分並參考Sorg(1983)的「基層官僚執行行為類型」及Ashforth和Lee(1990)的「防禦行為之初探模式」等研究，以實證調查方式，研究我國警勤區警員的防禦行為，目的在瞭解我國警勤區警員的工作環境及其適應環境的心態與方法；我國警勤區警員防禦行為的現況；他們為何會有這些行為表現？及不同防禦行為之重要決定因素。 為求能了解警勤區警員防禦行為之實際情形，恐態度認知和行為表現間存有差距，本研究嘗試結合質與量的研究方法，除對警勤區警員編製問卷施測外，亦由警察大學二年級至派出所實習的學生擔任觀察者，樣本之選取，係以立意抽樣法(purposive sampling)，配合觀察者之實習，選擇警察大學正科六十一期學生83年度實習派出(分駐)所內之所有警勤區員警為施測對象。研究編製「我國警勤區員警執勤模式問卷量表」，由員警填答，另設計「學生實習觀察問卷表」，由學生實習畢填寫，問卷調查資料，則進行次數(Frequency)、量表的效信度(Reliability & Validity)及因素分析(Factor Analysis)、描述性統計(Descriptive statistics)、卡方考驗(X2)、相關係數(Correlation Coefficient)、T考驗(T Test)、變異數分析(ANOVA)、迴歸分析(Regression Analysis)、逐步迴歸(Stepwise regression)、路徑分析(Path Analysis)、集群分析(Cluster Analysis)、區別分析(Discriminant analysis)等統計法分析。 研究發現摘錄如下： 一、我國警勤區警員防禦行為之現況：我國警勤區員警普遍存在「推諉責任」、「輕忽民眾」、「抑制變遷」等防禦行為，現況經分析員警和學生二組之調查結果，在「推諉責任」、「輕忽民眾」項，員警自認不會推諉責任及輕忽民眾需求（平均數低於中位數），但學生組的觀察，員警們有推諉責任及輕忽民眾需求的防禦行為（平均數則高於中位數），且二組間的差異經T檢定，達顯著水準；至於在「抑制變遷」因素項，二組的平均數皆高於中位數，員警的平均數高於學生組的平均數，表示警勤區警員對新政策、新措施在態度上是抗拒的，但學生們旁觀者的觀察，警勤區警員在行為表現上卻未如是強烈，研究者認為是「警察管理階層與執行階層鴻溝」與「警察服從天性」二者矛盾交織而成的現象：任何新的措施與作法皆會增加員警有形(工作量) 無形(心理層面)的負擔，員警在心態上是抗拒排斥改變的，但為因應組織監督考核的現況，故在行為上則是配合的。 經集群分析：「消極應付」組有618人為最高，「高度防禦」組607人，「積極認事」組則有448人，顯示有33.5%的勤區員警是以消極、應付的心態及行為模式在執行日常的勤務，有33%的警勤區警員會表現出積極的防禦行為，故有66.3%的警勤區員警有防禦行為。 二、警勤區員警處於民眾矛盾對待嚴重、各種內外環境交錯複雜之混沌環境中，同時法令不完備、工作單調矛盾具危險性常須處理突發狀況，資源不足、同儕間汲汲追求績效，對上無從表達意見、重服從的工作情境；整體而言，則認為警察工作目標、工作範圍尚稱明確。 三、本研究從警動機調查，有33.9%的員警是「想為社會治安貢獻一己心力」為最多，而有22.9%的員警是為「喜歡警察工作」，得知我國警勤區警察之從警動機仍多有利他的理想。大致而言，從警動機主動明確，愈具理想性則其愈能明瞭工作範圍與職掌，亦認為警察之理想目標是可實現的，在行為的表現上亦較不會有推諉責任的防禦行為。 四、年紀愈輕、從警年資愈低，愈認為警察工作目標過高遠、職掌不明確，執勤所需之資源不足感愈強，而工作壓力愈大，表現推諉責任之防禦行為情形愈嚴重。 五、未婚者之推諉責任、抑制變遷、輕忽民眾等防禦行為較已婚者嚴重；有宗教信仰的同仁較不會逃避工作、推卸責任(「推諉責任」平均數較低)，對於民眾的權益及需求會積極熱心處理(「積極應事」平均數較高)。 六、勤區員警之工作考量優先順序是，50.1%的員警(925人)是個人導向（保護自己優先），38.7%的員警則為程序導向（程序合於法規優先），而有10.9%的員警是屬任務導向（達成任務優先）。個人導向者在防禦行為中的「推諉責任」、「重質輕量」、「抑制變遷」、「輕忽民眾」等4項，平均數最高和其他五組中之一至二組組間差異達顯著水準，由此可知，個人導向工作考量之警勤區警員，較易有防禦行為。 七、路徑分析結果，驗證「工作壓力」、「工作自主」及「管理自主」居於中介變項之位置，「裁量權」（含「裁量權限」及「裁量功能」）非居於中介變項位置，研究架構需作修正。 八、依多變量的區別分析法分析，彙整成2線性區別函數，函數一，可將62.64%母群體加以分類，而其餘37.36%，則可由函數二加以分類，整體正確區別率為56.56%，超過50%，而56.56%之整體區別率達顯著水準。 九、迴歸、路徑分析及區別分析皆顯示「工作壓力」、「工作目標模糊衝突」、「管理自主」、「工作自主」、「政策目標接受度」5因素為預測防禦行為之重要變數，雖先後順序有所不同。 從本研究結果顯示，目前基層普遍存在消極、無力的任事態度，此種情形與違法犯紀的重大違規事件比起來，或許微不足道，但若大部份的政策執行者都採此態度應事，那麼即使有再立意甚佳、見解精闢、規劃完善的政策計畫亦屬空中樓閣，而無法落實執行，故於實務上對於警勤區警員的工作提出以下建議： 一、業務簡化降低壓力 二、尊重基層參與決策 三、定位預防犯罪專業 四、有效溝通價值傳承 五、回應民意民眾回饋 有關後續研究則提出：精進發展預測模式，對工作2年之警勤區員警施測後分群，針對問題給予正確引導；對於員警裁量之判斷與選擇過程等做行政學上之研究探討，與「裁量權限」、「裁量功能」二因素對防禦行為之影響地位進行瞭解；警勤區警員在面臨「服務更多民眾」與「維持高品質服務」時的實際選擇；及持續定期關注瞭解我國警勤區警員防禦行為的現況，等建議。 / According to the Article 2 of the Police Act: The police are obligated to maintain public order, protect social security, prevent all hazards, and promote public welfare according to applicable laws. The work of police is all-encompassing, and the police officers are the frontline workers or policy implementers in government agencies. They are more frequently and directly interacting with citizens, they play the role of bridge between the government and the public. Because the police officers are the law enforcement and regulatory role, they affect the rights and interests of the public very seriously, so there are usually a lot of controversy, especially the police beats that are the basic unit of police duties, a key contention of the police officers in the police beats is that the decisions and actions of them, actually ‘become’, or represent, the policies of the government agencies they work for. They are very important so chosen to be the objects of this study. "Theory of Street-Level Bureaucracy" of Lipsky (1980), which is grounded in observations of the collective behavior of public service organizations and advances a theory of the work of street level bureaucracies as individual workers experience it. The behavior of street-level bureaucrats is shaped by the nature of their work and conditions in which they operate. In response to the challenges they face, street-level bureaucrats often develop routines and simplifications in an attempt to reduce complexity, gain greater control over their work and manage stress. This research was based on Lipsky's theory of street-level bureaucracy, and the “A Typology of Implementation Behaviors of Street Level Bureaucrats.” of Sorg (1983), and the “Defensive Behavior in Organizations: A Preliminary Model." of Ashforth and Lee (1990). The purpose of this study is to understand what’s the working environment and dilemmas of the police officers in the police beats? How they adapted the dilemmas? What’s the situation of the defensive behaviors of the police officers in the police beats? Why did they have these behaviors? And what are the important determinants of the defensive behaviors? This study attempts to combine the quantitative and qualitative research methods. There is a questionnaire for the police officers in the police beats, also an observant questionnaire for the sophomores of the Central Police University, while the sophomores worked as police cadets they also were observers. The questionnaire survey data was analyzed by Frequency, Reliability and Validity Analysis, Factor Analysis, Descriptive Statistics, X2, Correlation Coefficient, T Test, Variance Analysis (ANOVA), Regression Analysis, Stepwise regression, Path Analysis, Cluster Analysis, Discriminant Analysis and so on. This study’s finding are as follows: 1. There are some kinds of defensive behaviors of the police officers in the police beats such as "shirk responsibility", "neglect the people", "resist change". According to the cluster analysis, there are 618 samples (33.5%) in the "negative coping" group, 607(33%) in the "highly defensive" group and 448 in the "Positive Attendance" group, showing that 66.3% of police officers have defensive behaviors. 2. The internal and external environment of the police officers in the police beats is complex and chaotic. There are a series of dilemmas of the police officers in the police beats. 3. There are 56.8% of the police officers in the police beats serve as public employment with a commitment to serving the community. The police officers in the police beats working with more idealization are more less "shirk responsibility" behavior. 4. The younger police officers who were working less than 2 years from the police service, they think that the goal of police is too ambitious, lacking of resources, felling more working pressure, and have more serious "shirk responsibility" behavior. 5. The unmarried police officers in the police beats have more "shirk responsibility", "neglect the people" and "resist change" behaviors than the married. The police officers with religion have less "shirk responsibility" behavior. 6. The priority of the police officers in the police beats were follow: there are 50.1% of the police officers (925) are personal oriented (to protect themselves), 38.7% of the police officers are procedural oriented (the legal procedure) and 10.9% of the staff are task-oriented (to achieve the task). The personal oriented police officers have more serious defensive behaviors. 7. According to the path analysis, that the "working pressure", "work autonomy" and "manage autonomy" are the intermediary variables of the defensive behaviors. The "Discretion" is not, so the structure of research needs to be revised. 8. According to the discriminant analysis, there are 2 function, the 62.64% of the population could classify correctly by function 1, and the remaining 37.36% of the population could classify correctly by function 2. The distinction rate was 56.56 %, more than 50%, and reached a significant level. 9. According to the regression, path and discriminant analyses, that the "working pressure", "the working objectives are fuzzy and conflict", "manage autonomy", "working autonomy" and "acceptance of policy goal" 5 factors are important variables of defensive behaviors. Based on the findings above-mentioned, here are the recommendations of this study: 1. Simplify the working contents of the police officers in the police beats, and to reduce the working pressure. 2. Establish the mechanisms that the police officers in the police beats participate in decision-making. 3. Clarify the police officers in the police beats be the professional crime prevention roles. 4. Enhance internal communicant channels to preserve the heritage. 5. Respond to public opinion and build up the feedback of citizens to be the encouragement of the police officers in the police beats.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jorge Carlos Carrasco.pdf: 858437 bytes, checksum: dc8f70d6f288566e14679b4408f8e985 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-23 / The aim of this research was the analysis on the historical aspects of Human Rights and Public Safety applied to the activities of the Police within the Public Safety in the State. With respect to Human Rights, the concretion of citizenship in a Democratic State of Law passes by the role of the police - guaranteeing the social stability - in the investigation of criminal offenses, which should perform their duties in accordance with legal requirements, always grounded in the reflections that its actions could cause for the society. Thus, the analysis of the method of ostentatious, community and preventive policing expert, proactive action, consist of operational actions, the result of decomposition of certain criminal situations previously located, which should produce reduced sense of impunity. The studies were inspired by the Constitution of Brazil, in international and infra-constitucional treaties, considering the Fundamental Rights and Guarantees, Human Rights aimed at society and individuals that brighten the police actions. The Civil and Military Police, members of government agencies with roles and own specific regulations, are tasked to perform specialized ostensive and preventive policing, reflected on administrative law, stressing the duty of effectiveness and efficiency as the purpose of the public security organ. The proper profile of the acting professional in this procedure was described, highlighting the background and personal qualities necessary for the proper performance of the activity. We conducted, in a shortly panel, the effects of this form of policing in other countries and the relations of the officers responsible for it with the media. Brazil, guided by Democratic State of Law, since 1988, goes in search of a peaceful awareness among all citizens. And also advances in the search for structures, which reassure peace, strong, legalistic and legitimate. One of these structures is the Public Security, in this research highlighted in its operating agencies - Civil and Military Police. The adoption of specialized and intelligent policing, fully compliant and respectful of fundamental human rights standards, has as immediate goal, the reduction of violence, save lives by and large, cause a healthier, more peaceful and more respectful environment. If the institutions fail to function or become part of the problems, or even if the solution they present is not good or healthy, we have to change, replace, and, renew them. In pursuit of this innovation, the most important is the effective involvement of all police officers with Education, respecting the Fundamental Rights, Human Rights because only then you will get success in your institution, briefly, with effective crime prevention. We conclude that all these elements boots to a better, more humane, fairer and social world / Objetivou-se nesta pesquisa a análise sobre os aspectos históricos dos direitos humanos e segurança pública aplicados às atividades das polícias que integram a segurança pública no Estado. Com respeito aos direitos humanos, a concretização da cidadania num Estado Democrático de Direito passa pelo papel da polícia garantidora da estabilidade social na apuração das infrações penais, a qual deve desempenhar suas funções de acordo com as prescrições legais, sempre pautadas nos reflexos que sua atuação pode causar à sociedade. Assim, a análise do método de policiamento ostensivo, comunitário e preventivo especializado, uma ação proativa, consiste em atos operacionais, resultado da decomposição de certas situações criminais previamente localizadas, que deverão reduzir a sensação de impunidade. Os estudos foram inspirados na Constituição Federal de 1988, nos tratados internacionais e na legislação infraconstitucional, considerando-se os direitos e garantias fundamentais, os direitos humanos e os indivíduos que iluminam as ações policiais. As polícias civil e militar, órgãos integrantes da administração pública, com funções e regramentos próprios, são encarregadas de efetuar o policiamento ostensivo e preventivo especializado, refletido sobre o direito administrativo, realçando o dever de eficácia e eficiência como finalidade do órgão de segurança pública. Descreveu-se o perfil adequado ao profissional que atua nesse procedimento, com realce à sua formação e às qualidades pessoais necessárias para o bom desempenho da atividade policial. Um breve painel demonstra os efeitos dessa forma de policiamento em outros países e as relações dos policiais responsáveis por ele com a mídia. O Brasil, norteado pelo Estado Democrático de Direito, desde 1988, caminha em busca de uma consciência pacífica entre todos os cidadãos. Avança na procura de estruturas asseguradoras da paz, fortes, legalistas e legítimas. Uma destas estruturas é a segurança pública, nesta pesquisa, realçada em seus órgãos operacionais polícia civil e polícia militar. A adoção de policiamento especializado e inteligente, inteiramente cumpridor e respeitador das normas fundamentais de direitos humanos, tem por objetivo imediato reduzir a violência, salvar vidas em geral, proporcionar um ambiente mais saudável, pacífico e respeitoso. Se as instituições deixam de funcionar, passam a ser parte dos problemas, ou se a solução que apresentam não é boa, sadia, temos que mudá-las, substituí-las, inová-las. Na busca dessa inovação, o mais importante é o envolvimento eficaz de todos os policiais com a educação, respeitando os direitos fundamentais e os direitos humanos, pois só assim obterá o sucesso de sua instituição com a efetiva prevenção do crime. Conclui-se que todos esses elementos contribuem para um mundo melhor, mais humano, mais justo e mais social

The implementation of the stop-and-frisk duty of the police is extremely closely related to the intervention of people¡¦s freedom of action, privacy and moral integrity right. In the past, the basis of law for the fulfillment of the stop-and-frisk duty by the police authorities was only the ¡§Regulations of the Police Duties.¡¨ Nevertheless, the Regulations contained no content of the objective for initiating the stop-and-frisk duty, the stop-and-frisk procedures and the means of relief. The Regulations only mention the term of stop and frisk, but lack the soul and body of stop and frisk. Based on the term of stop and frisk, the police always legitimized the enforcement of many banning acts, such as searching the house of a citizen in the midnight in the name of fulfilling the stop-and-frisk duty of the household. Similar behaviors were frequently found, thus creating many complaints from the citizens. After the chancellor of Judicial Yuan made an explanation of Shih No. 535, a lot of feedbacks from the police were undoubtedly created. To Taiwan, this is a great leap in marching towards a country under the rule of law. It has made the police authorities understand the importance of administrative procedures, and urged the birth of ¡§Act of Exercise of the Police Powers.¡¨ In the new Act, the behavior of stop and frisk is replaced by the term ¡§checking of identity.¡¨ A local scholar, Wu Keng once mentioned that ¡§stop and frisk¡¨ had been abolished and not been used. However, is it the fact? This paper is going to investigate the issue. Besides, does the constitution of the Act mean that the stop-and-frisk legal system is sound enough? This is another issue worthy of studying. Due to the vastness and un-limitedness of Administration Act, there is no country in the world having a sound and complete Administration Act. Nevertheless, viewing at the theories and principles of Administration Act, it can be generally divided into five main structures: basic principles, administrative organization, limit of administrative rights, administrative relief and administrative surveillance. If an administrative legal system is fearless to receive the examination based on each item of the five main structures of Administrative Law, it can be called a sound and complete administrative legal system. Another local scholar, Li Chen-Shan thinks that the separation of criminal law from Administration Act has led to the division of the police¡¦s mission of maintaining public security into two parts: ¡§prevention of harm¡¨ and ¡§criminal arrest,¡¨ which prevents the administrative harm and the criminal harm respectively. While they cross over the administrative area and the criminal area, stop-and-frisk duty belongs to an administrative behavior. Since it just belongs to the ¡§prevention of harm,¡¨ it should be regulated by the theories and principles of Administration Act. Therefore, this paper takes the stop-and-frisk legal system of police officers as the main body of the study. From the viewpoint of the science of law, this paper employs the abovementioned basic theories of Administration Act, i.e. the ¡§five major structures¡¨ of administrative principles, administrative organization, limit of administrative rights, administrative relief and administrative surveillance, as the research approaches of the study to examine the stop-and-frisk system of the police officers of Taiwan. Under this mode of thinking, the study is divided into seven chapters. Chapter 1 is Introduction, which firstly raises queries over the practice of fulfilling stop-and-frisk duty by the police authorities, and then introduces the motives, objectives, research approaches, research area and research structure of the paper. Chapter 2 is Basic Principles of Stop-and-Frisk Legal System, which firstly reviews the basic concepts of the two terms, the police and stop and frisk, and then investigates the background for the constitution of stop-and-frisk legal system. In this chapter, substantial information from the social aspect of the practical phenomena, the economic aspect of the optimal adjustment, the political aspect of negotiation and compromising, and the legal aspect of acts and regulations, is presented, enabling us to have a deeper understanding of the practical phenomena of stop-and-frisk legal system. After that, the chapter analyzes and compares the international aspects of the stop-and-frisk legal system of three countries, Germany, Japan and the United States, so as to take them as the references for the improvement of local legal system. Then, the chapter investigates the concepts of the rule of law of stop-and-frisk legal system, as well as the nature of stop and frisk from the angles of the three administrative principles according to laws and the seven principles of procedural justice. Finally, the chapter explores the relationship between stop-and-frisk legal system and the participation of the parties concerned. It is hoped that through the participation methods of the parties concerned, the stop-and-frisk legal system can become more sound and complete. Chapter 3 introduces the administrative organization of stop-and-frisk legal system by starting from the organizational structure of the existing police organization, and then investigates the organizational structure of the police authorities, staff on duty (including the assistants on duty), the budget and other problems. It is expected that a complete organizational structure can be formed to achieve a smooth operation of the stop-and-frisk practices of police officers. Chapter 4 discusses about the design and use of the limit of the rights of stop-and-frisk legal system. The chapter investigates each item stipulated in Administrative Procedure Act,¡¨ including the administrative plan, administrative legislation, legislative punishment, administrative investigation, administrative agreement, administrative guidance and the fulfillment of administrative obligations, hoping to make a comprehensive investigation of the limit of the stop-and-frisk rights. Chapter 5 introduces the relief and problem-solving measures of stop-and-frisk legal system. There is an ancient saying about law, ¡§Where there is right, there is relief.¡¨ This chapter firstly mentions the right of dissent, and then discusses about the issues of pleading, administrative lawsuit, national compensation, compensation of loss and referendum, intending to cover every detail of the rights of citizens. Chapter 6 talks about the administrative surveillance of stop-and-frisk legal system, and investigates the internal surveillance mechanism of the police authorities themselves and the external fair surveillance mechanism of the third parties. It is hoped that the surveillance mechanisms can meet the national and public requirements, no matter from the legal facet or the practical facet. Chapter 7 is the Conclusions and Suggestions, which synthesize the researcher¡¦s discussion of the five main structures of Administration Act. Over some specific items of the existing stop-and-frisk legal system of the police officers that need to be revised or deleted, the chapter proposes concrete suggestions, which can be a reference for the police authorities in exercising their powers, and working on the goals of building the administrative standards of Taiwan according to law, and improving the legal image of Taiwan under the rule of law.

Réalisée à partir d’un échantillon de 410 travailleurs civils et policiers du Service de Police de la Ville de Montréal (SPVM) atteint en février 2009, cette recherche vise à approfondir les connaissances relatives à l’influence de l’utilisation des compétences, de l’autorité décisionnelle, du soutien social au travail, de la supervision abusive et du soutien social hors travail sur les trois dimensions du syndrome d’épuisement professionnel (épuisement émotionnel, cynisme, efficacité professionnelle). Cette recherche vise également à déterminer si les relations qui unissent ces facteurs organisationnels et sociaux aux trois dimensions d’épuisement professionnel varient selon que les travailleurs appartiennent à la main-d’œuvre policière ou civile. Les résultats des analyses multivariées témoignent de l’influence distinctive des variables explicatives sur les trois dimensions d’épuisement professionnel et supportent la conceptualisation tridimensionnelle du syndrome d’épuisement professionnel. Les résultats appuient également la distinction des concepts d’utilisation des compétences et d’autorité décisionnelle et permettent d’approfondir les connaissances relatives à l’influence de la supervision abusive, du soutien social hors travail et du rôle modérateur de la profession sur les trois dimensions du syndrome d’épuisement professionnel. / Conducted with a sample of 410 civilians and police officers of the Service de police de la Ville de Montréal (SPVM) consulted in February 2009, this study aims to increase knowledge regarding the influence of skill utilization, decision authority, social support in the workplace, abusive supervision and social support outside the workplace on the three dimensions of the burnout syndrome (emotional exhaustion, cynicism, professional efficiency). This study also aims to establish if the relations between these organizational and social factors and the three dimensions of the burnout syndrome vary according to the civilian or police nature of the workforce. Results of the multivariate analysis show the distinctive influence of explicative variables on the three dimensions of the burnout. Results also emphasize the distinction between the concept of skill utilization and decision authority as well as increase knowledge regarding the influence of abusive supervision, social support outside the workplace and the role of the profession as a moderator on the three dimensions of the burnout syndrom.

Ce mémoire a pour but d’étudier les facteurs professionnels et leur relation avec la détresse psychologique. L’objectif principal est d’évaluer l’effet modérateur du facteur professionnel de la latitude décisionnelle sur la relation entre la détresse psychologique et les facteurs professionnels étudiés. Pour ce faire, nous avons étudié la latitude décisionnelle de façon décomposée (utilisation des compétences et autorité décisionnelle). Les données sur lesquelles nous nous sommes basés proviennent de l’Équipe de Recherche sur le Travail et la Santé Mentale (ERTSM) et ont été recueillies au cours des mois de décembre 2008 et janvier 2009. L’échantillon utilisé se compose de 410 travailleurs, dont l’âge varie de 20 à 58 ans. Les analyses multivariées que nous avons réalisées nous ont permis d’identifier deux facteurs professionnels qui s’associent de manière significative à la détresse psychologique, soit les demandes psychologiques et la relation avec le supérieur immédiat. Les résultats de la régression logistique nous ont permis de déterminer que les travailleurs qui ont une bonne relation avec leur supérieur immédiat ont une probabilité inférieure (0.91) de développer de la détresse psychologique. Tandis que les travailleurs qui ont de fortes demandes psychologiques ont une probabilité 1.11 fois plus grande de développer de la détresse psychologique. Contrairement à l’hypothèse soutenue, le fait d’occuper l’emploi de policier par rapport au travail de bureau n’augmente pas la prévalence de détresse psychologique. De plus, les variables modératrices ne sont pas associées de façon significative avec la détresse psychologique. / This thesis aims to study some occupational factors and their relationship with psychological distress. The main objective of this master's thesis is to determine the moderator effect of decision latitude (decision authority and skill level) on the relationship between psychological distress and occupational factors. We use data from the Team for Research on Work and Mental Health (ERTSM). This research team collected the data during the month of December 2008 and January 2009. The sample consists of 410 workers whose ages range from 20 to 58 years. The multivariate analyses that we conducted allowed us to identify two occupational factors which are significantly associated to psychological distress. Those are psychological demands and the relationship with the supervisor. The results of logistic regression analyses show that workers who have a good relationship with their immediate superior have a lower probability (0.91) of developing psychological distress. On the other hand workers with high psychological demands have an odds ratio 1.11 times greater than those with low demands of developing psychological distress. Contrary to the hypothesis put forward, police officers do not have a higher probability of developing psychological distress than clerical workers. Furthermore, moderating variables are not significantly associated with psychological distress.

Cette thèse vise à étudier les rapports professionnels noués par les policiers et les gendarmes en matière de police judiciaire et de maintien de l'ordre durant la période 1870-1914, dans l’ensemble de la France, y compris le département de la Seine. Les relations envisagées concernent donc les policiers de la Sûreté générale – police spéciale des chemins de fer et brigades mobiles de police judiciaire, ainsi que les policiers municipaux – notamment ceux de la préfecture de police à Paris – avec les gendarmes des brigades départementales – dont ceux de la compagnie de la Seine – ainsi que les gardes républicains.La compréhension de ces relations, en termes de complémentarité ou de rivalité, passe par la mise en perspective des profils sociaux des gendarmes et des policiers observés pour tenter d’analyser les éléments individuels qui peuvent influencer leurs rapports professionnels. La description des pratiques entre policiers et gendarmes implique de remonter aux représentations mutuelles traversant leurs institutions respectives. Les images des gendarmes sur la police et les policiers, et réciproquement, doivent permettre d’apporter des éléments d’explication de la coopération réussie ou, au contraire, de l’échec des collaborations nouées sur le terrain en matière de police judiciaire ou de maintien de l'ordre. Ces représentations sont, notamment, tirées de la lecture des policiers mémorialistes ou des gendarmes pamphlétaires s’exprimant dans leurs presses corporatives respectives. / This doctoral thesis aims at studying the professional relationships established between the police forces and the gendarmes in terms of both judicial police and law enforcement during the 1870-1914 period in France, including the Paris area.The relationships at stake relate to the Sûreté Générale officers-special railway police and judicial police mobile squads as well as municipal police-officers especially those from the Paris Prefecture de Police (main areas police headquarters), with the Department brigade gendarmes, including those of the Seine company, and also the Republican Guard.Understanding this relationship, in terms of both complementing and opposing, may only result from putting in perspective the social profiles of the gendarmes and police-officers we have focused on, so as to try to single out the individual elements that may influence their professional relationships. Describing the different ways the police-officers and gendarmes worked impels us to go back to the ways those two institutions perceived each other during various periods. Taking into account the way gendarmes perceived police-officers, and vice versa, enables one to explain why the relationship established in the field either succeeded or failed, as far as judicial policing or law enforcement were concerned. The information relating to the way they pictured one another mainly comes from the reading of memoirs written by some police-officers as well as pamphlets written by some gendarmes as expressed in their respective presses.

Les procédures orales (juicios verbales) et les conciliations qui firent irruption sur la scène judiciaire, après la promulgation de la Constitution espagnole de 1812, ont constitué, pendant de longues décennies, le dernier échelon du système judiciaire mexicain. Soumises à des adaptations diverses après l'indépendance du pays, leurs caractéristiques essentielles ont toutefois été conservées par la suite : l’ensemble de ces procédures fut fondamentalement attribué à des juges locaux qui n'étaient pas tenus d'avoir une formation juridique et qui ne recevaient aucune rémunération, exerçant un service obligatoire au bénéfice de la collectivité (carga concejil). Cette justice municipale avec ses juges «profanes» représente l'un des nombreux éléments qui autorise à qualifier le XIXe siècle mexicain de période de transition juridique. À Guadalajara, deux types de juges sont intervenus dans l’administration de justice par des procès verbaux au cours de la première moitié du XIXe siècle : les alcaldes constitucionales et les commissaires de police. Leurs tribunaux étaient les institutions judiciaires ordinaires les plus proches des justiciables où étaient résolus divers conflits du quotidien, principalement de caractère civil, mais aussi criminels. Bien que chacun eût incarné une justice paternelle, peu répressive et caractérisée par sa simplicité procédurale, les tribunaux des commissaires de police étaient des espaces moins coercitifs encore, plus souples et ouverts à la négociation. S’il est vrai que ces derniers avaient certes moins d’attributions en matière de sanctions, il n’en demeure pas moins qu’ils gardaient une plus grande proximité avec les justiciables. / The oral trials (juicios verbales) and conciliation which emerged in the judicial domain following the declaration of the 1812 Spanish Constitution, represented for many decades the lowest level of the Mexican judicial system. Although subjected to a number of modifications after the country’s independence, their essential characteristics were preserved: both processes were primarily attributed to local judges who required no legal training and received no remuneration. These judges performed an obligatory service for the benefit of the community (carga concejil). Such municipal justice, embodying judges from among the laypeople, is one of a number of elements that supports the description of the Mexican nineteenth century as a period of legal transition. In Guadalajara, two types of judge exist in oral trial judicial administration during the first half of the nineteenth century: alcaldes constitucionales and police officers (comisarios de policía). Their courts were the ordinary judicial institutions closest to the litigants in which various everyday conflicts were resolved, chiefly civil ones, but also criminal. While both categories of judge represented a paternal type of justice, minimally repressive and simple in its process, the police officers’ courts were less coercive and more open to negotiation. While these latter courts certainly possessed fewer powers than the alcaldes constitucionales regarding sanctions, in certain respects they nevertheless were more accessible to the litigants.

In this article post-shooting trauma is utilized as an arbitrary punctuation to indicate how police officers communicate their distress during this period of rapid transition in South Africa. It is argued that the medical model (with its attendant lineal causal explanations and descriptions) is inhibitively limited in describing what police officers are presently experiencing. The author motivates the advantages of perceiving and describing events from an ecosystemic perspective (which provides a contextual understanding and emphasizes relationships} . "Stress" is described as an aspect of the system as a whole and not singularly attributable to individuals alone. Among others new policing rules and roles, the turnover in personnel, and the rate of's'ocio-political changes are shown to contribute. It is argued that the Police, as society's guardians of "power" have become the "symptom bearers" for a society in the painful process of adapting to change. Recommendations regarding possible interventions are made. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)