La motion adoptée dès 1963, à l’issue du colloque d’Uriage-les-Bains, appelle à une unification des réglementations sportives en matière de lutte contre le dopage. Pourtant, à partir des années 1990, des cas et des affaires se multiplient soulignant les dysfonctionnements de réglementations internationales éparses élaborées par des représentants des pouvoirs publics, d’une part, du mouvement olympique, d’autre part. En 1999, près de quarante ans après le premier colloque sur le dopage, l’Agence Mondiale Antidopage (AMA) est créée avec comme mission principale d’harmoniser les règlementations de cette pluralité d’acteurs. Ce travail vise précisément à décrire et analyser ce que font les différents protagonistes dans cette tâche d’harmonisation et, dans une perspective sociologique, à saisir cette figure sociale particulière. Celle-ci met en tension une nécessité de stabiliser des matériaux, des dispositifs et des formes de collaboration avec un minimum de réversibilité et de proposer un travail démocratique qui permette de remettre en question les choix précédents. La création de l’AMA, l’élaboration et la révision du Code mondial antidopage, la mise en conformité des partenaires de l’Agence et la construction d’outils de contrôle et de prévention rendent compte de la façon dont les acteurs tentent de s’accorder en articulant des principes axiologiques, des dispositifs et des pratiques. En cela, une entrée par les critiques et les arguments au fil du temps montre que l’harmonisation consiste en des jeux d’ajustements sur la base de jugements fondés sur l’indépendance de chacun dans ses activités quotidiennes et les degrés de contraintes posés par le processus lui-même. / The motion carried from 1963, as the result of the Uriage-les-Bains conference, calls for some rules standardization concerning the fight against doping in sports. But starting in the 1990’s, situations and scandals have tended to increase, emphasizing the dysfunction of scattered international standards elaborated by representatives from local authorities on one side and from the olympic authorities on the other side. In 1999, almost forty years after the first conference on doping in sports, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is created, meaning to harmonize anti-doping policies and regulations among the great number of protagonists. This particular thesis aims precisely to describe and analyse who does what in this very task of harmonization and, from a sociologic perspective, to understand this particular social figure. It shows the necessity of stabilizing materials, devices and forms of partnerships with a minimum of reversibility and of offering some democratic approach which would allow to question previous choices and orientations. The creation of WADA, processing and updating of the World Anti-Doping Code, compliance of the partners of WADA and building of control and prevention instruments tend to show how the participants are trying to find an agreement combining axiological principles, devices and practices. Thus, entering through critics and arguments in history shows that harmonization is based on adjustment processes which rely on each and every one’s independence in its daily activities and on degrees of constraints inherent in the process of harmonization itself.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:50:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1898.pdf: 17457025 bytes, checksum: ecd8e11cf05ed00ce5c09f28516dcf16 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-10 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / This research searched to identify and to analyze the main factors that influence the expression and development of the ethics in an organization of the state public sector Secretaria da Fazenda do Estado de São Paulo - SEFAZ, addressing the space occupied by Agentes Fiscais de Rendas - AFRs. The concern with the issue of ethical values is increasingly present in the public sector. Several fronts seems to announce the return of ethical philosophy: the development of new schools of thought, the renaissance of the ethical debate and the multiplication of the discussions. The structuring of the work stems from the history and unique position of the author, Production Engineer and AFR in the organization studied. Based on the multidisciplinary profile that characterizes Production Engineering, we sought to undertake an exchange to enable a fruitful discussion between the two fields. The first part of the work consisted of pointing out the problem of research against a broader background and theoretical reference chosen for it. Then the studied organization was presented and described their history together with the morphology of its population, composed of inspectors and other categories of servers. We show how the concepts relevant in this field: inspectors, taxes,internal mechanisms of control, ethics are constructed objects, resulting in a continuous process of evolution of the organization. The instruments for the control of conduct relating to the inspectors were identified and presented following a time sequence trying to define the rationale, motivation and support that had created the conditions for the formation of the instruments of the organization. We note that the process of building mechanisms of control surpasses the limits of the organization, coming to receive the influence of players as far away as: national and international civil organizations, media, academia, business and other public agencies. There is a dynamic process of export-import of theoretical models in the process of deploying the mechanisms of control. The rationality that these models praise, as the increase of emphasis in efficiency or visibility of the organization, dispute space with the civic ideal underlying the relationship between the public service and citizens. The existence of multiple rationalities in the mechanisms of control can be a factor of uncertainty in the form of public officials to give accounts. On the other hand, it also indicates that the public service and its servers are not indifferent to the yearnings of the society in the fight against the corruption, meeting agents worried in interpreting and taking care of the yearnings of ethics emanated by the society. / Esta pesquisa buscou identificar e analisar os principais fatores que influenciam a expressão e desenvolvimento da ética em uma organização do setor público estadual - Secretaria da Fazenda do Estado de São Paulo SEFAZ, focando o espaço ocupado pelos Agentes Fiscais de Rendas -AFRs. A preocupação com a questão de valores éticos está cada vez mais presente no setor público. Em diversas frentes parece se anunciar o retorno da filosofia ética seja no desenvolvimento de novas correntes de pensamento, no renascimento do debate ético ou na multiplicação das discussões. A estruturação do trabalho decorre da trajetória e posição únicas do autor, Engenheiro de Produção e AFR na organização estudada. Alicerçado no perfil multidisciplinar que caracteriza a Engenharia de Produção, procurou-se empreender uma troca que possibilite um debate fecundo entre os dois campos. A primeira parte do trabalho consistiu em situar o problema de pesquisa frente a um cenário mais amplo e o referencial teórico escolhido para abordá-lo. Em seguida foi apresentada a organização estudada e descrevemos sua história juntamente com a morfologia da sua população, composta de fiscais e outras categorias de servidores. Mostramos como os conceitos relevantes nesse campo: fiscal, impostos, mecanismos de controle internos, ética são objetos construídos, resultantes de um processo contínuo de evolução da organização. Os instrumentos para o controle da conduta relacionados aos fiscais foram identificados e apresentados seguindo uma seqüência temporal e buscou-se definir as lógicas, motivações e apoios que criaram as condições para a formação dos instrumentos da organização. Constatamos que o processo de construção dos mecanismos de controle extrapola os limites da organização, chegando a receber a influência de atores tão distantes quanto: organizações civis nacionais e internacionais, meios de comunicação, academia, empresas e outros órgãos públicos. Existe um dinâmico processo de exportação-importação de modelos teóricos no processo de implantação dos mecanismos de controle. A racionalidade que esses modelos preconizam, como o aumento da ênfase na eficiência ou na visibilidade da organização, disputa espaço com o ideal cívico subjacente às relações entre o serviço público e os cidadãos. A existência de múltiplas racionalidades nos mecanismos de controle pode representar um fator de incerteza na forma dos servidores públicos prestarem contas. Por outro lado, também indica que o serviço público e seus servidores não são indiferentes aos anseios da sociedade na luta contra a corrupção, encontrando-se agentes preocupados em interpretar e atender os anseios de ética emanados pela sociedade.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-20T18:13:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_Aloizio_Lima_Barbosa.pdf: 2759664 bytes, checksum: 2179e40de3f0e27779937389b34bb0fa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-20T18:13:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_Aloizio_Lima_Barbosa.pdf: 2759664 bytes, checksum: 2179e40de3f0e27779937389b34bb0fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / CNPQ / O principal objetivo desse trabalho foi o de mapear quais são os sentidos dados ao empreendedorismo, em termos morais, pelas pessoas que o praticam ou que tem alguma relação com ele. A ideia de sentido, aqui, basicamente diz respeito ao modo como determinado valor mobiliza uma ação e, ao mesmo tempo, justifica-a quando essa mesma ação é objeto de reflexão. Assim, o trabalho se inscreve no plano de uma sociologia da moral. Para que essa investigação fosse possível, foi adotado o referencial teórico da sociologia pragmática francesa, mais especificamente o trabalho Luc Boltanski e Éve Chiapello O novo espírito do capitalismo. O ponto central da abordagem é mostrar como as justificativas para a ação percorrem um campo moral mais amplo e, como produção de sentido, passam pela reflexão das pessoas. Com isso, a ideia de empreendedorismo foi dividida em espírito empreendedor – aspecto moral mais amplo – e modelo de ação empreendedora – o modo como as pessoas produzem sentido para suas ações em alguma atividade empreendedora. Para a caracterização do primeiro ponto, foi feita uma revisão de literatura em teses e dissertações que têm o empreendedorismo como valor demandado, ou seja, trabalhos que tomam o empreendedorismo como “modelo” e, como caracterização do segundo, foram feitas nove entrevistas com pessoas que exercem alguma atividade empreendedora ou lidam com ela de forma indireta. Esse material foi analisado a partir do modelo da cité por projetos, desenvolvida ainda no âmbito da sociologia pragmática. O procedimento de análise resultou em ensejos que podem dar alguma compreensão sobre o tipo de relação que existe entre moral e prática quando se pensa o empreendedorismo como um valor. Na conclusão, o aspecto central foi o de explorar os valores associados ao empreendedorismo mostrando que, direta ou indiretamente, a ação é pensada em termos individuais mas com algum nível de percepção sobre o bem comum. / The main propose of this master’s thesis is to identify which meanings (in moral terms) of entrepreneurship are taken by the people who either utilize it or have some relation to it. By “meanings”, the author refers to the process in which a value mobilizes a certain practice and, at the same time, justifies such practice when it is taken as object of reflexion. Thus, this thesis is allocated in the frame of a sociology of morality. In order to conduct such investigation, it has been utilized the French Pragmatic Sociology, in particular the work by Luc Boltanski and Éve Chiapello “The New Spirit of Capitalism”. The main point of such approach is to demonstrate how the justifications for action run across a broad moral field and, as a production of meaning, go through people’s reflections. Therefore, the idea of entrepreneurship is understood as entrepreneurship spirit - broad moral aspect - and model of entrepreneur action - the way in which people produce meaning for their actions in some sort of entrepreneur activity. In order to characterize the first point, it was conducted a review of literature on thesis in which entrepreneurship appears as a requested value, in other words, essays that take entrepreneurship as a “model”. Regarding the second aspect, nine interviews were conducted with people who either practice entrepreneur activities or handle such activities indirectly. These material was analyzed from a “cité” for projects model, developed in the Pragmatic Sociology framework. The procedure of analysis resulted in points that can enlighten the comprehension of the kind of relation existing between moral and practice - when entrepreneurship is understood as a value. In the final considerations, the main aspect is to explore the values associated to entrepreneurship showing that, directly or indirectly, an action is thought in individual terms, but also, at some degree, in terms of common good.

Cette thèse analyse la pluralité des principes de justice autour des pratiques éducatives auprès des jeunes dans les services et les hébergements du ministère de la Justice et les enjeux qui en résultent pour les éducateurs-fonctionnaires. Il a été également envisagé, à travers l’analyse des compromis et des arrangements en acte, la nature des « solutions » permettant de « tenir ». Ainsi, la thèse est composée de trois parties. La première partie se consacre à l’étude de « l’éducation judiciaire » du point de vue historique et juridique et expose la démarche de recherche engagée en sociologie pragmatique. La perspective boltanskienne examine les justifications et les critiques de ces justifications lorsque les acteurs (et les objets) tentent de sortir des situations de conflit. Méthodologiquement, l’enquête s’appuie sur l’analyse de textes juridiques (internationaux, nationaux et locaux) qui traitent de la « problématique éducative » des jeunes délinquants, d’une enquête ethnographique auprès d’acteurs dans un service régional, deux établissements et trois services éducatifs et d’entretiens avec les acteurs « périphériques ». La seconde partie de la thèse traduit ce cadre théorique à l’éducation judiciaire. Il s’agit de dégager un essai de modélisation permettant de concevoir « le monde qui là » et ses différentes influences sur la pratique éducative. Ces nombreuses disputes et critiques rendent l’épreuve de l’éducation et du judiciaire instable et, montrent que l’éducabilité de la jeunesse déviante est un problème de société et pas simplement de la Justice. Enfin, la troisième partie de la thèse expose les montages plus ou moins cohérents des individus lorsqu’ils organisent un minimum de règles et de prévisibilité sociale autour des pratiques éducatives auprès des jeunes dans deux dispositifs éducativo-judiciaires (hébergements, milieu ouvert). Ainsi, il apparaît que les acteurs, pris dans un processus de normalisation institutionnelle qui, dans le quotidien, doit être « bricolé » (Javeau, 2001) afin de s’ajuster au plus près des situations juvéniles et de leurs spécificités. / This PhD thesis analyzes the plurality of principles of justice regarding educational practices for Youth in Juvenile Justice and hosting services, with special focus on this specific study field, and the challenges resulting there from educators and justice officials. Our analysis of the prevailing compromise and arrangement strategies enabled us to examine the sustainability of envisaged solutions for officials of justice. The thesis is composed of three parts. The first part is devoted to the study of « judicial education » from a historical as well as a legal point of view. It also focuses on and discusses the process of committed research in pragmatic sociology. The Boltanskian framework and perspective examine the justifications and provide a critical analysis of these justifications when actors (and objects) try to deal with a conflict situation. Methodologically, the survey relies on the analysis of legal texts (international laws and conventions, domestic/local laws), which tackle « Educational issues » related to juvenile delinquency. We also conducted an ethnographic survey among individuals of a Regional Judicial Police Service, two territorial establishments and three educational services. Moreover, we conducted interviews with « peripheral actors ». The second part of this thesis translates the above-mentioned theoretical framework into judicial education practices. The purpose is to identify a model design or a preliminary model which would allow us to conceive this « specific world » and its different influences on educational practice. These numerous disputes and criticisms increase the complexity as well as the instability of judicial education and show that the educability of deviant youth is a social matter and not merely a judicial establishments problem. Finally, the third part of this thesis discusses the more or less coherent legal arrangements individuals opt for when they propose to implement a minimum of rules/guidelines or social predictability related to educational practices for youth in two judicial education services (hosting, open system). Thus, it appears that actors get engaged in a process of institutional normalization which needs to be constantly « tinkered with » (Javeau, 2001) in order to adjust themselves as much as possible to juvenile situations and to their specificities.

La thèse porte sur l’étude d’un dispositif d’accompagnement à la mobilité professionnelle au sein d’une ancienne administration d’État devenue société anonyme. Réalisée dans les centres financiers de la Banque Postale, l’enquête ethnographique combine entretiens et observations pour analyser conjointement la mobilité en cours de carrière comme l’agencement subjectif des séquences d’une vie, et la mobilité comme modalité de gestion du personnel d’une entreprise en transformation. Dans un contexte où l’individualisation des politiques de l’emploi se joint à celle des dispositifs de gestion des ressources humaines (Gazier, 2010), la thèse propose une analyse de la mobilité en contexte organisé, qui met en évidence le caractère normatif d’une injonction à la réalisation de soi par le travail. Elle met en avant le caractère multidimensionnel des transactions qui se jouent dans une épreuve de mobilité (sur le plan biographique, sur celui des usages – et détournements – des dispositifs de gestion, sur le rôle joué par les managers ou encore le cadre collectif négocié par les organisations syndicales). Ainsi, la thèse dissout les catégories dichotomiques utilisées pour décrire les parcours professionnels (mobilité subie ou choisie) en montrant que des mobilités dites subies peuvent être l’expression de véritables choix de carrière au service d’un projet de vie et que des mobilités dites choisies peuvent s’avérer foncièrement contraignantes. Au final, la thèse montre que le rapport entretenu par les individus avec leur carrière et l’usage qu’ils font de la mobilité comme outil au service de celle-ci, s’avère bien plus déterminant. / The focus of the thesis is the study of a support mechanism for employee mobility in a former state owned public administration that became a limited company. Carried out in the financial centres of La Banque Postale, the ethnographic inquiry combines qualitative interviews with workplace observations in order to analyse both career mobility as a subjective combination of life sequences, and professional mobility as a way of managing people in a firm in a state of transformation. In a context where both employment policies and human resources management systems tend towards individualized actions (Gazier, 2010), the thesis offers an analysis of professional mobility within an organized and structured context that highlights the normative nature of an injunction to self-realization through work. It emphasizes the multidimensional nature of bargainings involved in the course of mobility (on a biographical level, on the use - and misuse - of management tools, on the role played by managers or the collective framework negotiated by Trade Unions). Thus, the thesis dissolves the dichotomous categories used to describe professional careers (imposed or chosen mobility) by showing that so-called imposed mobility can be the expression of true career choices to serve a life project and that so-called chosen mobility may be fundamentally constraining. Finally, the thesis shows that the relationship maintained by individuals with their career and the use they make of professional mobility as a tool in order to achieve it, is far more decisive.

Justifications and critique in the European Union: a study of legitimacy in practice Mgr. Ing. Olga Gheorghiev ABSTRACT Inspired by the pragmatic sociology of critique developed by Luc Boltanski and his collaborators, this thesis examines how legitimacy is produced in public debates at the EU level through the craft of justification and critique among competent actors. In doing so, this research takes aim at three specific episodes in the history of the European integration that share in common the qualities of uncertainty of outcome, controversy in public debate and the urgency to reach a form of consensus and thus to resolve the created uncertainty. The examined events are the following: the Eastern enlargement of the European Union, the ratification of the Lisbon Treaty, and the adoption of specific measures in reaction to the European sovereign debt crisis. The theoretical part of this thesis situates the potential of the sociology of critical capacities for the study of the EU among other theoretical traditions, pointing out directions in which this particular theoretical framework could cover some of the limitations of other approaches. This is followed by the empirical part, which is divided in three chapters for each of the examined historical episodes. While structured somewhat symmetrically, each...

En quarante ans, la Bretagne a subi en moyenne un naufrage de pétrolier tous les cinq ans. A chaque marée noire, le dommage écologique génère des mobilisations massives, des controverses sur la scène publique et la remise en cause des dispositifs de régulation. Malgré son évidence sensible, ni le régime international d'indemnisation (FIPOL) ni le Droit national n'intègrent l'atteinte environnementale comme motif supplémentaire de responsabilité financière pour les opérateurs. Les dommages de la pollution sont pris en compte à travers, d'un côté, les préjudices économiques et matériels et, de l'autre, les dommages purs à la biodiversité, sous la forme d'actions de restauration des milieux naturels. Les critiques pointent la faiblesse de la dissuasion : les coûts d'une marée noire pour les acteurs du transport maritime pétrolier sont considérés dérisoires au vu des profits et donc peu incitatifs à des comportements plus prudents. Elles réclament également la reconnaissance des dommages écologiques par le Droit, qui ouvrirait la possibilité de conséquences juridiques et économiques concrètes aux faits de pollutions et l'indemnisation des atteintes à l'environnement.Cette recherche s'intéresse aux processus de changement vers la reconnaissance des dommages écologiques des marées noires. Il ne s'agit pas de questionner l'efficacité de la prise en compte des dégradations environnementales par le dispositif de gestion ou les voies juridiques susceptibles de soutenir son intégration dans le Droit - déjà largement explorées - mais d'étudier les réalités du dommage écologique et d'analyser les actions de changement mises en oeuvre par des acteurs pour susciter leur reconnaissance. Cette analyse est conduite à partir de deux cas d'étude, la marée noire de l'Amoco Cadiz (1978) et celle de l'Erika (1999).Nous explorons une voie alternative et élargie de compréhension des atteintes de la marée noire, en considérant que la marée noire endommage aussi des relations plurielles entre hommes et environnement. Grâce à la sociologie pragmatique développée par Thévenot dans L'action au pluriel (2006) nous montrons les réalités plurielles du dommage écologique en termes d'attachements d’hommes à des non humains, que ni la description des écologues, ni celle des attachements de type marchand ne parviennent à saisir. Par ailleurs, à partir d'une analyse stratégique de la gestion de l'environnement (Mermet et al., 2005), nous étudions la manière dont les acteurs élaborent l'action de changement et comment celle-ci porte le dommage écologique. Nous nous intéressons tout particulièrement à la manière dont les enjeux de l'action induisent certains choix de qualification du dommage au tribunal.La recherche propose ainsi de nouvelles connaissances sur le dommage écologique, qui pourraient en renouveler la définition (intérêt théorique). Questionner les atteintes aux attachements pourrait également ouvrir une voie intéressante pour soutenir de nouvelles formes de justification sur la scène publique et favoriser la reconnaissance juridique des dommages écologiques (intérêt opérationnel). Enfin, elle articule deux cadres de pensée jusque-là disjoints en sciences humaines et qui se révèlent complémentaires. En donnant à voir les réalités plurielles, individuelles et collectives, des dynamiques environnementales, cette recherche propose d'enrichir la compréhension de la mise en oeuvre d'une action de changement au-delà des analyses de l'action collective (Cefaï, 2007). / Over the last forty years, an oil tanker has sunk off the Brittany coast of France every five years on average. Each time, the ecological damage from the oil slick has mobilised huge numbers of people to volunteer and demonstrate, and generated public controversy and criticism of regulatory procedures. Although oil spills provoke evident impacts, neither the International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds (IOPC Funds) nor French Law recognise environmental detriment as a motif for financial compensation by the operators. The damages and pollution are taken into account firstly as economic and material losses, and secondly in terms of damage to biodiversity requiring habitat restoration actions. Critics highlight the feeble deterrent and the lack of incentive for maritime oil transporters to reduce risks: in relation to their profits the costs of an oil slick to them is regarded as derisory. These critics also call for recognition of ecological damages by the law. This would allow environmental pollution to incur economic and juridical responsibilities, and for environmental harm to require compensation.This research project looks at change processes leading to the recognition of ecological damage from oil slicks. We do not add to the existing substantial debate over the efficiency or interest of integrating environmental concerns into conduct rules and the legal system, nor evaluate different methods for doing do. Instead we study the realities of ecological damage, and analyse actions for change implemented by different actors to provoke their recognition. This analysis is based on two case studies: the oil slicks from the Amoco Cadiz (1978) and the Erika (1999).We explore an alternative and wider approach to understanding the harm caused by an oil slick, by considering that it damages multiple relationships between man and the environment. Using the concept of pragmatic sociology (Thévenot, “L’action au pluriel”, 2006) we reveal the multiple realities of ecological damage in terms of the relations between humans and nonhumans. These relations cannot be described in purely commercial nor ecological terms. Using a strategic analysis of environmental management (Mermet et al., 2005), we study how actors elaborate an action for change and how the action represents environmental damage. We look particularly at how the challenge of the action leads to certain choices when qualifying the damage to the courts.Thus, the study proposes new information on ecological damage, allowing the definition to be renewed (theoretical interest). By examining ecological damage in terms of harm to human – nonhuman relations, it provides an interesting support for new forms of justification in the public arena, and promotes legal recognition of ecological damage (operational interest). Finally, the study brings together, and shows to be complementary, two conceptual frameworks hereto unarticulated in human sciences. The study reveals the multiple individual and collective realities of environmental dynamics, and thus allows a richer understanding of the implementation of an action for change than a standard analysis of collective action (Cefai, 2007).

L’essor du « web 2.0 », couramment qualifié de web participatif ou social, a réactivé le vocable de la « communauté » pour désigner le regroupement spontané d’internautes autour de sujets de discussion ou de projets communs. À mesure que se développent les plateformes informatisées d’échange d’information et de contenu, au premier rang desquelles Facebook et Twitter, les annonceurs les investissent massivement de leur présence, sous forme de pages et de comptes de marque, pour tirer profit de l’expressivité des internautes au prisme de la « communauté de marque ». La gestion de ces espaces promotionnels innovants est confiée à une nouvelle catégorie de prestataires de service – les community managers – chargés de promouvoir l’offre des organisations et de répondre à la demande ininterrompue d’informations des consommateurs. C’est ce double mécanisme de la relecture marchande des collectifs en ligne et de la visée stratégique de leur administration qui est questionné ici. Le community management est traité comme un accomplissement pratique, afin de saisir la manière dont une doctrine du marketing s’inscrit dans une activité professionnelle qui se reconfigure au fil de vagues successives de rationalisation de la communication numérique de marque. Ce faisant, cette recherche souhaite contribuer à une sociologie pragmatique qui refuse de réifier le processus de « transformation numérique » de nos sociétés, pour décrire la manière dont celui-ci est performé par une pluralité d’acteurs qui œuvrent à aligner l’expressivité des consommateurs connectés sur les besoins des entreprises. / The rise of “Web 2.0”, commonly referred to as social or participatory Web, has reactivated the terminology of “community” to characterize the spontaneous gathering of individuals around joint discussion topics or projects. As the computerized information and content sharing platforms – such as Facebook and Twitter – develop, companies are heavily investing them by creating brand pages and accounts permitting them to take advantage of the expressivity of Internet users through the prism of the “brand community”. The animation of these innovative promotional spaces is entrusted to a new category of service providers – the community managers – responsible for promoting organizations and responding to the consumers’ ongoing demands for information. This thesis questions the dual mechanism of online collectives’ commercial reinterpretation and of the strategic aim of their management.Considering community management as a practical achievement, the analysis describes how a marketing doctrine is being unfolded in a professional activity that is successively reconfigured through the rationalization of digital brand communication. By doing so, this research wishes to contribute to a pragmatic sociology that refuses to reify the process of “digital transformation” of our societies by describing how the latter is performed by a plurality of actors working to adjust the expressiveness of connected consumers to the companies’ needs.

Les sciences de la performance sportive ont d’abord été sous tutelle de la sphère médicale et du monde de l’éducation physique. Elles se sont autonomisées et impliquent aujourd’hui une pluralité de chercheurs dans des institutions diverses, dont les finalités affichées vont de la production de connaissances théoriques à l’aide aux entraîneurs et aux sportifs. Ces institutions constituent des systèmes de contraintes et de ressources spécifiques, au regard de ces finalités, pour les scientifiques : ceux-ci doivent rendre visible, justifier ce qu’ils font et bénéficient en retour de ressources pour leur travail. L’activité scientifique implique également des acteurs non scientifiques : entraîneurs, sportifs, industriels, etc. Les sciences de la performance sportive sont ainsi à la croisée des intérêts d’acteurs scientifiques et non scientifiques. Elles se caractérisent par des formes de travail et des productions différenciés et typifiables, qui reflètent des modes d’engagement et de coordination particuliers entre les acteurs impliqués. Quatre « régimes scientifiques », structurant ce domaine, ont ainsi été mis en évidence. Chacun d’entre eux peut être caractérisé par des finalités, des modes de fonctionnement et des contraintes spécifiques liées au rapport entretenus entre les acteurs scientifiques et non scientifiques, notamment ceux de la sphère sportive. Par ailleurs, la performance sportive, de par sa complexité, ne se laisse pas toujours enfermer dans les taxonomies disciplinaires officielles et donne ainsi lieu à des modalités particulières de travail interdisciplinaire / Sports performance sciences where first under the control of medicine and scolar physical education. They have empowered themselves, and today they involve a plurality of researchers in several institutions of wich displayed purposes refer to the production of theoric knowledges as well as help for coaches and sportsmen. Institutions can be considered as systems of constraints and resources for the scientists : they must make visible and justify what they do, and they get resources for their work in return. Scientific activity involves non scientific actors to : coaches, athletes, industrial actors, etc. So sports performance sciences crosses interests of scientists and non scientists. They are characterized by various and typifiable forms of work and scientific productions, wich correlate with particular modes of commitment and coordination of implied actors. Four « scientific regimes », wich structure this field, have been brought to light. Each of them can be characterized by specific purposes, functioning modes and constraints that are linked to the connections between scientific and non scientific actors, especially those of the field of sport. Moreover, sports performance, by virtue of its complexity, can’t be contained in official disciplinary taxonomies, and gives rise to particular forms of interdisciplinary work

Cette thèse porte sur un art martial, l’aikibudo, « fondé » au début des années 1980 par le Français Alain Floquet. Âgé de presque 80 ans, celui-ci tente, depuis quelques années, de transmettre progressivement la responsabilité technique de son école. Cette transmission intensifie des tensions entre les successeurs potentiels – ceux que nous avons appelés les maîtres. Ainsi, l’organisation de la discipline doit-elle se moderniser ou garder un caractère « traditionnel » ? Avec une forme technique plus éthérée ou plus réaliste ? Et quelle devrait-elle la place de chacun dans la future organisation ? De leur point de vue, les maîtres considèrent le plus souvent ces tensions comme des luttes d’ego ou encore des luttes de pouvoir. Il semble pourtant qu’elles ne relèvent pas que de la seule rationalité instrumentale. Telle est l’hypothèse générale de cette recherche. Pour mener à bien cette recherche, deux cadres théoriques jusqu’ici peu articulés ont été croisés : la sociologie pragmatique de Boltanski et Thévenot (1991) qui permet d’appréhender les arrière-plans axiologiques de ces tensions ; le programme dispositionnaliste proposé par Lahire (2012) qui s’attache aux dispositions des individus observés et aux contextes (macro et micro sociaux) dans lesquels ils agissent. L’enquête menée repose sur un volet qualitatif (observation participante, entretiens semi-directifs) et un volet quantitatif (analyse sociodémographique des pratiquants et questionnaire en ligne). Elle conduit à deux résultats principaux. Il en ressort d’abord que derrière l’apparente unité du discours des maîtres sur l’aikibudo, on peut distinguer trois modes d’engagement dans la discipline : l’engagement militaire, l’engagement artistique et l’engagement sportif. Chacun de ces modes d’engagement se traduit par des forme spécifiques de pratique, un attachement plus ou moins fort à la tradition, et un type de rapport de l’individu au groupe. De la sorte, on met en évidence la dimension morale des tensions dont l’enjeu est une reconfiguration et une redéfinition de la discipline au moment où le fondateur délègue progressivement la direction de son école. Par ailleurs, l’aikibudo n’est pas, pour ceux qui s’y engagent fortement, qu’un espace trivial de loisir. Il constitue le lieu central et symbolique d’une quête soi d’autant plus dense que l’individu a subi, préalablement, des expériences douloureuses, des formes d’humiliation ou de violence. Ainsi, les tensions apparaissent sous un autre jour. Leur virulence s’explique par le sens que les individus trouvent dans leur engagement dans l’aikibudo : une parabole de leur lutte pour la verticalité entendue comme un redressement et une élévation de soi. L’accès au statut de maître marque la reconnaissance de cette lutte que les haut-gradés mènent depuis plusieurs décennies. Mettre en doute leur qualité ou leur compétence de maître, c’est comme affecter ce qui fonde l’identité qu’ils ont pu construire, dans et au-delà de l’espace clos du dojo / This PhD thesis deals with a martial art – aikibudo – "founded" in the early 1980’s by the Frenchman Alain Floquet. Today, he is indeed 80 years old and has been passing on the technical charge of his "school" for a few years. But some tensions have grown between his successors – called "the masters" – who disagree on the future of aikibudo: should it become a traditional or a modern school? With an artistic or a realistic form? And what should the place of each one be in the future organization of the group? From their own point of view, the masters consider these tensions are caused by warring egos or power struggles. The general hypothesis of this work consists in showing that these tensions are not due to instrumental rationality alone. It is based on the crossing of two theoretical frameworks, namely the pragmatic sociology of Boltanski and Thevenot (1991) which enables to understand the axiological backgrounds of these tensions and the dispositionalist program of Lahire (2012) which focuses on the dispositions of some observed individuals and on the macro and micro-social contexts in which they interact. The study contains a qualitative part (participant observation and semi-leading interviews) and a quantitative one (practitioners’ sociodemographic analysis and an online questionnaire). There are two main results. Firstly, behind the visible unity of the Masters’ speeches on aikibudo, we can notice three types of commitment: a military commitment, an artistic commitment and an individualist (or athletic) commitment. Each of them implies specific practices, more or less powerful links to traditions and different forms of attachment of the individual to the group. This way, the moral dimension of the tensions becomes obvious. Their major issue is the redefinition and reconfiguration of the martial art as its founder is little by little delegating the running of his school. Secondly, aikibudo is not only a trivial space of leisure for those who are strongly engaged in it. It is also a central and symbolic quest of one’s self, all the more important that the individual has previously lived painful, humiliating or even violent experiences. Thus the tensions appear in a different way. Their virulence can be explained by the sense the individuals give to their commitment to aikibudo: a parable of their struggle for verticality in the sense of a recovery, an elevation of their selves. Accessing the rank of Master is like a gratitude for those at the top who have been struggling for decades. Doubting their skills as Masters affects the identity they have been building inside and outside the confined space of the dojo