Lesbian and gay college students face heterosexist and homophobic attitudes and behaviors from their heterosexual peers (Burn, 2000; Fine, 2011; Franklin, 2000; Rankin, 2003; Silverschanz, Cortina, Konik, & Magley, 2008; Woodford, Howell, Silverschanz, & Yu, 2012; & Yost & Gilmore, 2011). Greek fraternity and sorority organizations can contribute to and influence the heterosexist and homophobic climate on college campuses. Greek organizations offer leadership opportunities, community engagement, and a sense of belonging, but these organizations can also perpetuate a climate of hostility and rejection of lesbian and gay peers (Case, 1996; Case, Hesp, & Eberly, 2005; DeSantis, 2007; Rankin et al., 2007; Windmeyer, 2005; Windmeyer & Freeman, 1998, 2001). As a result of the prejudice seen on college campuses, prejudice reduction interventions have been conducted with college students to reduce prejudiced attitudes toward lesbian and gay individuals. Recent research indicates that reducing prejudice does not necessarily cultivate ally behaviors toward stigmatized outgroups (Pittinsky, 2012). Some research suggests that, compared to lower levels of prejudice, positive feelings (allophilia) toward minority groups better predict supportive behaviors toward those outgroups. Using an expanded positive-focused conceptual framework, the current study tested the impact of one empathic joy focused intervention and one values affirmation focused intervention on reducing prejudiced attitudes toward lesbians and gay men, cultivating positive feelings and attitudes toward lesbians and gay men, fostering lesbian and gay affirming social justice competency, and cultivating attitudes toward social justice in a sample of fraternity and sorority college student leaders (N = 106). The current study also compared the effectiveness of these two positive focused interventions to a traditional anti-heterosexism prejudice reduction intervention (e.g., Blumenfeld, 1992). Findings from this study illustrated significant pre-intervention to post-intervention changes within the empathic joy and the anti-heterosexism intervention groups on positive attitudes toward lesbians and gay men, positive behavioral intentions toward lesbians and gay men, and positive attitudes toward social justice. Implications of the research findings for future research on effective diversity training and social justice leadership development on college campuses, and particularly within Greek life, are discussed.

Trauma victimization has deleterious effects on both physical and mental health. In a non-pathologizing manner, betrayal trauma theory offers one paradigm that contextualizes abuse within the relationship it occurs. It is possible that trauma outcomes can be further explained through incorporating aspects of the larger sociocultural context. For instance, some members of minority populations may develop (intra)cultural trust with other perceived minority members; through functioning as a buffer against inequality, (intra)cultural trust may be similar to interpersonal trust within relationships insofar that it creates a vulnerability for betrayal that affects trauma sequelae. Given the incorporation of interpersonal and societal contexts of inequality, predicted outcomes of cultural betrayal trauma are diverse, including abuse outcomes, such as PTSD, and cultural outcomes, such as internalized prejudice. This framework for examining within-group violence in minority populations is called cultural betrayal trauma theory. In the dissertation, I first provide a review of psychological theories of trauma: the fear paradigm, the shattered assumptions paradigm, betrayal trauma theory, and institutional betrayal. I then briefly detail the trauma literature on ethnic minorities, with an emphasis on the importance of contextual factors. Based on this literature, I introduce cultural betrayal trauma theory, defining the theory and its constructs: societal trauma, (intra)cultural trust, cultural betrayal, cultural betrayal trauma, (intra)cultural pressure, cultural betrayal unawareness, abuse outcomes, and cultural outcomes. After addressing societal trauma’s potential role in both within-group and between-group violence victimization in minority populations, I detail the purpose of the empirical study: to test cultural betrayal trauma theory in a sample of ethnic minority students attending a predominantly White university. I report the online survey results based on 296 ethnic minority undergraduates at a predominantly White university. Over half of the sample reported trauma victimization, with 43% of participants reporting within-group violence victimization specifically. This ethno-cultural betrayal trauma was associated with abuse outcomes— dissociation, hallucinations, PTSD, cultural betrayal unawareness, and hypervigilance—and cultural outcomes—trauma-related ethnic identity change, diverse identity changes, internalized prejudice, and (intra)cultural pressure. The dissertation suggests that cultural betrayal trauma theory is a useful framework in examining and understanding trauma sequelae in minority populations.

abstract: Negative behaviors targeting gay men and lesbians range from violent physical assault to avoiding social or physical contact, with very different implications for those targeted. However, existing theoretical accounts of sexual prejudices are unable to differentially predict these various behaviors, leaving a large theoretical hole in the literature and hindering the design of effective interventions. I propose (a) that homosexuality and pro-gay ideology are conceptualized by many lay persons as contaminants analogous to infectious diseases and (b) that anti-gay behaviors can thus be viewed as strategic attempts to prevent, contain, treat, or eradicate the "pathogens" of homosexuality and pro-gay ideology. In three preliminary studies I demonstrate that sexually prejudiced individuals do view homosexuality and pro-gay ideology as contagious, and that sexually prejudiced people report being more likely to engage in aggressive (versus avoidant) anti-gay behavior in conditions that predict an aggressive pathogen-combating response – highly interconnected social networks. The current study explores the effect of a social network manipulation on actual behavioral responses to a gay (versus straight) interaction partner. In this study I show that sexually prejudiced participants engage in more aggression towards a gay partner compared to a straight partner under a highly interconnected network manipulation. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Psychology 2015

abstract: Current research on anti-gay attitudes has focused heavily on heterosexuals versus non-heterosexuals, with very little research delving into the differences within these “non-heterosexual” groups. The author conducted an exploratory analysis of how the intersectional effect of gender and sexual orientation affect perceptions of target groups’ gender and sexuality, which in turn might explain different levels of prejudice toward LGBT subgroups. Based on previous studies, the author hypothesized that participants would believe that a gay male has a more fixed sexuality than a lesbian, leading in turn to higher levels of moral outrage. This study further aims to extend the literature to perceptions of bisexual and transgender individuals by testing competing hypotheses. Participants might feel less moral outrage toward these groups than other LGBT subgroups because they believe their sexuality is even less fixed than lesbians’. Alternatively, participants might feel more moral outrage toward bisexual and transgender targets (versus other LGBT groups) because of the uncomfortable feeling of uncertainty about these groups’ sexuality and/or gender. Overall, participants demonstrated an interactive effect of gender and sexuality on factors including perceived sexual orientation, perceived biological sex, perceived gender identity, perceived sexual fixedness, and moral outrage rather than gender having a main effect on perceptions of gender and sexual orientation having a main effect on perceptions of sexuality. Furthermore, perceptions of sexual fixedness mediated the effect of gender on moral outrage for heterosexual target groups, but not gay targets. Gender certainty mediated the effect of gender on moral outrage for pre-op transgender target groups, but not heterosexuals. This work is important to inform future research on the topics of the intersection of sexuality and gender, especially to extend the limited literature on perceptions of bisexual and transgender individuals. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Psychology 2016

abstract: Existing work suggests that intergroup negativity is caused by dissimilarities of values between groups. In contrast, I propose that incompatible values--regardless of whether they are similar or dissimilar--cause intergroup negativities. Because values act as cues to tangible goals and interests, groups' values suggest desired outcomes that may conflict with our own (i.e., incompatible values). The current study conceptually and empirically disentangles value-dissimilarity and value-incompatibility, which were confounded in previous research. Results indicated that intergroup negativities were strongly predicted by value-incompatibility, and only weakly and inconsistently predicted by value-dissimilarity. I further predicted that groups' values cue specific threats and opportunities to perceivers and that, in reaction to these inferred affordances, people will experience threat-relevant, specific emotional reactions (e.g., anger, disgust); however, results did not support this prediction. I also predicted that, because the inferred threats that groups pose to one another are not always symmetric, the negativities between groups may sometimes be asymmetric (i.e., Group A feels negatively toward Group B, but Group B feels neutral or positively toward Group A). This prediction received strong support. In sum, reframing our understanding of values as cues to conflicts-of-interest between groups provides principles for understanding intergroup prejudices in more nuanced ways. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Psychology 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine whether adolescents’ self-identification with peer crowds at school was related to their attitudes towards immigrants. The study was based on a sample of Swedish adolescents (N = 905; Mage = 14.08, SD = .95). The findings revealed that affiliation with particular peer crowds at school was linked to tolerant attitudes towards immigrants. Specifically, it was found that when adolescents perceived themselves as a part of Radical or Mainstream peer crowds they tend to have higher tolerance towards immigrants. At the same time, no significant effects were found with regard to adolescents who perceived themselves to belong to peer crowds within Counterculture. Furthermore, no significant links were found between affiliation with peer crowds and prejudice towards immigrants. The results of the study suggest that tolerance and prejudice should be studied as separate constructs, and highlights the important role of peer crowds as potential determinants of attitudes towards immigrants. / Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka huruvida ungdomars subgrupperingar spelade roll när det kom till ungdomars attityder gentemot invandrare. Studien baserades på ett urval av svenska ungdomar (N = 905; Mage = 14.08, SD = .95).   I studien upptäcktes att ungdomars subgrupperingar i skolan var länkat till tolerans gentemot invandrare. Specifikt, så upptäcktes att ungdomar som såg sig själv inom subgrupperingarna Radical och Mainstream tenderade att ha högre tolerans. Samtidigt så fanns det inga signifikanta effekter att hitta när det kom till ungdomar som såg sig själv tillhöra subgrupperingen Counterculture. Vidare så upptäcktes inga signifikanta relationer mellan ungdomars subgrupperingar och fördomsfullhet gentemot invandrare. Resultatet av studien föreslår att tolerance och prejudice borde studeras som två separata termer, och lyfter fram vikten av ungdomars subgrupperingar som potentiella faktorer kring attityder gentemot invandrare.

Submitted by Matheus José Prestes (matheusp1@ig.com.br) on 2016-09-02T05:42:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Matheus José Prestes - Dissertação.pdf: 2133157 bytes, checksum: 01b6968d5d77b4cc1265b5276ce39af7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-09-05T18:21:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 prestes_mj_me_bauru.pdf: 2133157 bytes, checksum: 01b6968d5d77b4cc1265b5276ce39af7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-05T18:21:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 prestes_mj_me_bauru.pdf: 2133157 bytes, checksum: 01b6968d5d77b4cc1265b5276ce39af7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-08 / Ao traçar os rumos da presente dissertação, buscou-se proporcionar o diálogo entre a comunicação, em especial a comunicação organizacional, com as reivindicações do segmento LGBT. Verificando-se a escassez de publicações sobre o tema, esta pesquisa abarca sua fundamentação teórica no diálogo dos conceitos históricos, sociais, culturais, midiáticos e comunicacionais, juntamente com o rico material produzido em 2013 pelo Instituto Ethos de Empresas e Responsabilidade Social às organizações, com direcionamentos em relação à abordagem da temática da homossexualidade no ambiente de trabalho, como também, perante a sociedade nos quais estão inseridas. De forma a aprofundar os debates a partir das informações obtidas através das pesquisas teóricas e documentais, o presente estudo realizou entrevistas com homossexuais masculinos, atualmente inseridos em empresas públicas e privadas brasileiras, onde buscou-se a resposta para as seguintes indagações: se o homossexual pode desenvolver-se plenamente nas organizações ou se ainda enfrenta preconceitos e de que forma as organizações tratam este assunto em sua comunicação, a partir da perspectiva de seu público interno. A pesquisa realizada mostrou que embora exista um certo avanço no tratamento dos homossexuais nas empresas ainda permanece a discriminação, seja manifesta de forma explicita ou de forma velada. Estas conclusões vêm de encontro à proposta desta pesquisa, garantindo-lhe relevância, pois descrevem como as organizações ainda tratam as questões relacionadas ao público LGBT como um fator de impedimento para que este homossexual obtenha seu desenvolvimento pleno nas organizações em que está inserido. / This dissertation sought to provide a dialog between communication – especially organizational communication – and the claims from the LGBT segment. Given the scarcity of publications in the field, this research grounds its theoretical foundation on the dialog between historical, social, cultural, communicational and media concepts, along with the rich material produced by the Ethos Institute of Business and Social Responsibility in 2013, which provides guidelines regarding the treatment of homosexuality-related topics within both the workplace and towards the larger society in which organizations are immersed. In order to deepen the debate based on the information obtained through theoretical research and documental analysis, this study performed interviews with male homosexuals currently employed by Brazilian companies, oriented by the following quests: whether homosexuals can develop plainly within the organization or they face prejudices; and how organizations are dealing with this matter in their communication from the perspective of internal public. This research showed that despite a certain degree of advancement in the treatment of homosexuals in organizations, discrimination still remains, being manifested either explicitly or covertly. These conclusions are aligned with the research objective – therefore ensuring its relevance – because they describe how organizations still deal with issues related to the LGBT public as a barrier for homosexuals to achieve their full development within the organization they are part of.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:16:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 562206 bytes, checksum: 91150f13d555f60dbfc54819b17a24a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In modern societies, explicit acts of racial and ethnic discrimination are publicly condemned and prohibited by law. Racial prejudice can be compared to an iceberg whose visible part is the clear manifestations and submerged part corresponds to the prejudices not expressed, which is invisibly present in the subjects heads (Carone & Benedict, 2002). The classical psychological theories study prejudice as an universal attitude that exists naturally in individuals or groups and is expressed through derogatory feelings and behaviors. Recent theories (Billig, 1985; Wetherell, 1996; Camino & Ismael, 2004) place these psychological concepts in actual conflicts of social exclusion/inclusion. Accordingly, prejudice turns into the subjective aspect of real conflicts of power between groups and takes place mainly inside dominant groups and may be defined as an "intergroup form of relationship where, in the specific context of asymmetric power relations, derogatory attitudes and hostile and discriminatory behaviors are developed within the dominant groups against members of minority groups for being members of such groups "(Camino & Pereira, 1999). So racism is not a universal phenomenon, but a form of social consciousness that is developed in specific historical situations. Researches show that the respondents from Paraíba seem to have clear awareness of the racial discrimination that is happening in Brazil, but do not accept to take responsibility for this situation (Camino, Silva, Pereira & Machado, 2001; Camino, Silva & Machado, 2004). It was also observed that people praised black people more than white people, but think that Brazilians would do the opposite. This research involved 206 students from public and private universities, with ages ranging from 17 to 49 years, the majority of females (81%), where 52% identified themselves as white skinned, 44.3% of brown skin and 3 , 5% of black skin. Participants responded to the Value Systems Questionnaire as well as the Rejection to Intimacy scale, Perceived distances between different groups of color scale, Symbolic Racism scale and Belief in a Just World scale. Participants responded that 55.2% of Brazilians, 43.2% of students (the respondents themselves) and 60% of the same racial group indicated the system of economic values (profits, wealth and status) as being more important for the white population. As for the questionnaire on the thinking of the black population, 29% of Brazilians, 47% of the students (the respondents themselves) and 56% of black people replied that the social justice (equality, freedom, brotherhood) is the most important. The results show that there is a differentiation between the two populations according to the values that identify themselves, by themselves as by the Brazilians and the participants themselves, indicating a tendency of discrimination through a hierarchy of social values / Nas sociedades modernas, os atos explícitos de discriminação racial e étnica são publicamente condenados e proibidos por lei. O preconceito racial pode ser comparado a um iceberg, cuja parte visível corresponde às manifestações claras e a parte submersa corresponde aos preconceitos não manifestos, presentes invisivelmente na cabeça dos indivíduos (Carone & Bento, 2002). As teorias psicológicas clássicas estudam o preconceito como atitude universal, que existe naturalmente nos indivíduos ou grupos e que se expressa em sentimentos e comportamentos depreciativos. Teorias recentes (Billig, 1985; Wetherell, 1996; Camino & Ismael, 2004) situam estas noções psicológicas nos conflitos reais de exclusão/inclusão social. Neste sentido, o preconceito constitui-se na vertente subjetiva dos conflitos reais de poder entre grupos e desenvolve-se como forma de relação intergrupal onde, no quadro específico de relações assimétricas de poder, se desenvolvem no seio dos grupos dominantes, atitudes depreciativas e comportamentos hostis e discriminatórios em relação aos membros de grupos minoritários por serem membros desses grupos (Camino & Pereira, 1999). Portanto, o racismo não é um fenômeno universal, mas uma forma de consciência social que se desenvolve em situações históricas concretas. Pesquisas realizadas mostram que os entrevistados paraibanos parecem ter clara consciência da discriminação racial que se vive no Brasil, mas não aceitam a responsabilidade por esta situação (Camino, Silva, Machado & Pereira, 2001; Camino, Silva & Machado, 2004). Constatou-se também que as pessoas avaliam muito melhor as pessoas de cor negra que as pessoas brancas, mas pensam que os brasileiros fariam o contrário. Nesta pesquisa participaram 206 estudantes universitários da rede pública e privada, com idades entre 17 e 49 anos, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (81%), onde 52% identificaram ser de pele branca, 44,3% de pele morena e 3,5% de pele negra. Os participantes responderam ao Questionário de Sistema de Valores, bem como a Escala de Rejeição à Intimidade, Escala de Distâncias percebidas entre os diversos grupos de cor, a Escala de Racismo simbólico e a escala de crença no mundo justo. Os participantes avaliam que 54% dos brasileiros, 40% dos estudantes (os próprios respondentes) e 62% do mesmo grupo racial consideram o sistema de valores econômicos (lucro, riqueza e status) como sendo o mais importante para a população branca. Já para o questionário sobre o que pensam da população negra, 29% dos brasileiros, 47% dos estudantes (os próprios respondentes) e 56% da população negra, responderam que a justiça social (igualdade, liberdade, fraternidade) é o valor mais importante. Os resultados mostram que existe uma diferenciação das duas populações em relação a escolha dos valores que as identificam, tanto por elas mesmo quanto pelos brasileiros e os próprios participantes, indicando uma tendência a discriminação através de uma hierarquia de valores sociais.

Epilepsy, a paroxysmal brain illness, is not a disease that would prevent patients from living their lives fully and from achieving aims they set themselves. Even these days there is a great deal of prejudice and negative feeling when it comes to epilepsy. The present diploma thesis deals with the problem of prejudice and general public opinions towards people suffering from epilepsy in the region of České Budějovice (Budweis), Czechia. The thesis also handles the problem of respondents{\crq} awareness of epilepsy in that region. In the theoretical part of the thesis the author summed up all important knowledge about epilepsy from the medical point of view, focusing on the impact of the illness on each person{\crq}s social life. The objective of the present diploma thesis was to ascertain general public opinions on epileptics in the region of České Budějovice. A sub-goal was to ascertain general public awareness of epilepsy in the aforementioned region. In accordance with the set goals, the following hypotheses were formulated: ``The general public feel negative prejudice against epileptics.{\crq}q ``The general public does not have correct information on epilepsy.{\crq}q Both hypotheses have been confirmed. The research was a quantitative one. The author used the method of questioning, the questionnaire and semantic deferential techniques. Respondents were chosen from general population, aged 18 and older, living in the region of České Budějovice. The research has shown that ordinary people feel negative prejudice and have negative opinions in terms of epileptics. They often assume that epileptics are mentally ill, and not capable of working on a regular basis. Furthermore, the research has proved that the general public do not have correct information on epilepsy, particularly in the field of epileptic fits, first aid and the treatment. Public education ought to be oriented to primary and secondary school pupils and students because only thus young people can adopt positive thinking and opinions on epilepsy, and this may well survive when they grow older and be passed down to other generations.

abstract: National surveys indicate that Americans hold greater prejudice toward atheists than many other historically stigmatized groups. The religious prosociality perspective posits that people will demonstrate prejudice toward anyone who does not believe in a monitoring and punishing god, including atheists, because of the perception that those who lack belief in a monitoring and punishing god cannot be trusted to act in a prosocial manner. The sociofunctional perspective posits that people will demonstrate distinct forms of prejudice toward individuals who present certain types of threats to the group, and previous research suggests that atheists are perceived as posing a threat to group values. In the current study, participants rated targets whose values largely matched their own values more favorably than targets whose values did not largely match their own values. Also, participants rated both targets who believed in a monitoring and punishing god and targets who believed in a god who does not monitor nor punish more favorably than atheist targets. These judgments spanned a variety of measures, including emotional reactions to the target, judgments of target traits, and preferred social distance from the target. Results were consistent with the sociofunctional perspective but did not support the religious prosociality perspective. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Psychology 2013