本論文「民國十三年中國國民黨改組之研究」，看重於探討民國十三年前後的 中國局勢，以及何以在那時故組召開全國代表大會；改組後，中國國民黨的一些成 就及特點，並對世所爭論的「聯俄容共」問題做一簡明的敘述。 內容共分十章，分別討論：改組的原因，改組的推進，改組的實現，以及改組 的重要成就；每章內分三節至十節不等，分別討論各章主題，總共字數共約十五萬 字，一冊。

The first chapter provides some basic definitions and results from the theory of convex analysis and nonlinear mappings related to our work. Some sufficient conditions for the existence of a solution of problem (GVIP) are also recalled. In the second chapter, we first illustrate the scope of the auxiliary problem procedure designed to solve problems like (GVIP) by examining some well-known methods included in that framework. Then, we review the most representative convergence results for that class of methods that can be found in the literature in the case where F is singlevalued as well as in the multivalued case. Finally, we somewhat discuss the particular case of projection methods to solve affine variational inequalities. The third chapter introduces the variational convergence notion of Mosco and combines it with the auxiliary problem principle. Then, we recall the convergence conditions existing for the resulting perturbed scheme before our own contribution and we comment them. Finally, we introduce and illustrate the rate of convergence condition that we impose on the perturbations to obtain better convergence results. Chapter 4 presents global and local convergence results for the family of perturbed methods in the case where F is singlevalued. We also discuss how our results extend or improve the previous ones. Chapter 5 studies the multivalued case. First, we present convergence results generalizing those obtained when there is no perturbations. Then, we relax the scheme by means of a notion of enlargement of an operator and we provide convergence conditions for this inexact scheme. In Chapter 6, we build a bundle algorithm to solve problem (GVIP) and we study its convergence.

<p><strong>Purpose:</strong> The overall purpose of this thesis is to provide an analysis of the effects of the documentation requirements on transfer pricing and provide a clearer picture of the documentation requirements in transfer pricing. Furthermore, the purpose is to analyze whether the chosen method of Superfos is adequate related to the new regulations.</p><p><strong>Background:</strong> In 2007, new regulations concerning the documentation of transfer pricing was enacted in Swedish law based on OECD guidelines. This change has led to new internal guidelines for companies regarding their transfer pricing work since the requirements apply to both Swedish owned companies and foreign owned companies. Furthermore, with this change, a great uncertainty about the requirements is shared by companies.</p><p><strong>Method:</strong> This thesis has been conducted as a qualitative case study with Superfos as the case company. A deductive approach has been used and the collection of data consists of both primary and secondary data. Primary in the form of an interview with the finance manager at Superfos and secondary through the use of the Swedish tax authority's stated guidelines concerning transfer pricing as well as books, journals and databases.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In the conclusion we present a clarifying model of the documentation in transfer pricing based on the data collected for this thesis. In six steps, a clarifying picture of the overview, company structure, transactions identification, functional analysis, comparability analysis and results is provided.</p>

In this thesis, we study the Hasse principle for curves and K3 surfaces. We give several sufficient conditions under which the Brauer-Manin obstruction is the only obstruction to the Hasse principle for curves and K3 surfaces. Using these sufficient conditions, we construct several infinite families of curves and K3 surfaces such that these families are counterexamples to the Hasse principle that are explained by the Brauer-Manin obstruction.

The dissertation analyzes the subsidiarity principle as one of the key methods of social performance of modern jurisprudence, protection of human rights, social harmony, state governance and self-government. The dissertation presents the evolution of the concept of subsidiarity, analysis of the meanings of its use to enable the understanding of subsidiarity as an ethical and social value, which is important in shaping the value orientations, in further development of the social state, improving the efficiency of institutional system management, protection of individual rights and their effective implementation in the state organization. The dissertation analyzed the European Union legislation and documents of institutions important for the understanding of the concept of subsidiarity and its practical application, by demonstrating how through the application of this principle the competences of the institutions of the European Union and national authorities are identified and, based on the principle of decision making in the lowest link of the management chain (closest to the citizens) the state distributes authorisations for the institutions of the different management level (national, regional or local). The dissertation presents the analysis of national legislation which imposes the principle of subsidiarity, discussed the impact of the principle on the system of legal institutes, its use in the state governance and local self-government, characterizes the subsidiarity... [to full text] / Disertacijoje yra analizuojamas subsidiarumo principas kaip vienas pagrindinių šiuolaikinės jurisprudencijos, žmogaus teisių apsaugos, socialinio sugyvenimo, valstybės valdymo ir savivaldos socialinio veiksmingumo metodų. Disertacijoje pateikiama subsidiarumo sampratos raida, jo vartojimo reikšmių analizė, leidžianti subsidiarumą suvokti kaip etinę ir socialinę vertybę, kuri yra svarbi formuojant vertybines nuostatas, toliau plėtojant socialinę teisinę valstybę, didinant institucinių sistemų valdymo efektyvumą, asmens teisių saugos ir jų įgyvendinimo veiksmingumą valstybės organizacijoje. Disertacijoje aptariami teoriniam subsidiarumo principo sampratos suvokimui ir jo praktiniam taikymui svarbūs Europos Sąjungos teisės aktai ir institucijų dokumentai, parodoma kaip jį taikant identifikuojamos Europos Sąjungos ir valstybių narių institucijų kompetencijos bei, vadovaujantis sprendimų priėmimo žemiausioje valdymo grandyje (arčiausiai piliečių) principu, valstybėje paskirstomi įgaliojimai skirtingo (valstybinio, regioninio ar vietos) valdymo lygmens institucijoms. Disertacijoje pateikiama nacionalinės teisės aktų, įtvirtinančių subsidiarumo principą, analizė, aptariamas šio principo poveikis teisinių institutų sistemai, jo panaudojimas valstybės valdymui ir vietos savivaldai, apibūdinama subsidiarumo principo paskirtis valdžios institucijų sąrangoje, nustatant ir atribojant institucines galias, parlamentinės ir administracinės kontrolės objektą, nagrinėjamos šio principo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Magistro baigiamajame darbe yra nagrinėjamas konstitucinio laisvės pasirinkti darbą principo turinys ir įgyvendinimo problemos. Kaip ne kartą savo nutarimuose yra pažymėjęs Konstitucinis Teismas, konstitucinė asmens laisvė pasirinkti darbą bei verslą yra būtina asmens gyvybinių poreikių tenkinimo, deramos padėties visuomenėje užtikrinimo sąlyga ir suponuoja įstatymų leidėjo pareigą sudaryti teisines prielaidas įgyvendinti minėtąją laisvę. Laisvės pasirinkti darbą principas užima svarbią vietą tiek tarptautinėje, tiek nacionalinėje teisėje. Laisvės pasirinkti darbą principo turinį sudaro teisė laisvai pasirinkti darbą ir verslą ir teisė laisva valia sutikti jį dirbti. Laisvė pasirinkti darbą ir verslą reiškia, kad kiekvienas asmuo turi teisę rinktis darbą pagal savo sugebėjimus ir norą, bei tokiu laisvai pasirinktu būdu užsidirbti pragyvenimui. Minėtoji teisė taip pat reiškia tai, kad asmuo yra tiek laisvas dirbti, tiek ir laisvas nedirbti, o, tarkime, turėti savo verslą ar gyventi iš santaupų. Teisės laisvai pasirinkti darbą principo taikymas nėra absoliutus ir negarantuoja asmeniui, kad jis gaus pageidaujamą darbą. Įstatymai, kolektyvinės sutartys, darbo tvarkos taisyklės ir darbo santykių šalių susitarimai gali nustatyti minėtos laisvės įgyvendinimo ribojimus. Nustatant teisės laisvai pasirinkti darbą įgyvendinimo ribojimus svarbu, kad tai būtų daroma įstatymu; taip pat tai, kad tie ribojimai demokratinėje visuomenėje būtų būtini siekiant apsaugoti kitų asmenų teises bei... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / There are analysed content and implementation problems of constitutional principle of freedom to choose a job in final master work. Constitutional Court of Lithuania noted that constitutional freedom to choose a job or a business is essential condition to supply vital demands of person and to secure position in society and suppose a duty for legislator to make legal presumption to implement mentioned freedom. Principle of freedom to choose a job takes important place both in international and national law. Content of principle of freedom to choose a job is made of right to choose a job or a business freely and right to agree to work freely. Freedom to choose a job or a business means every person has a right to choose a job by his capabilities and intentions and in that freely choose way to earn for living. Right to choose a job also means that person is free both to work and not to work or for example to have his own business or to live from his savings. Practise of right to choose a job is not absolute and not guarantee that a person will get a job which he wants. Law acts, collective agreements, rules of legal procedure and contracts of parts of employer and employee can determine restrictions of right to choose a job or a business. Estimating restrictions of right to choose a job or a business important is to make sure that it was made by law act, also that it was made on purpose to protect other persons rights and liberties and values consolidated in Constitution; also... [to full text]

This thesis makes contributions to the solution of Hadamard's problem through an examination of the question of the validity of Huygens'principle for the non-self-adjoint scalar wave equation on a Petrov type D spacetime. The problem is split into five further sub-cases based on the alignment of the Maxwell and Weyl principal spinors of the underlying spacetime. Two of these sub-cases are considered, one of which is proved to be incompatible with Huygens' principle, while for the other, it is shown that Huygens' principle implies that the two principal null congruences of the Weyl tensor are geodesic and shear-free. Furthermore, an unpublished result of McLenaghan regarding symmetric spacetimes of Petrov type D is independently verified. This result suggests the possible existence of counter-examples of the Carminati-McLenaghan conjecture.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

The central concern of this thesis is to discuss interpretations of learning in educational research. A point of departure is taken in core epistemological and ontological assumptions informing three major approaches to learning: behaviourism, cognitive constructivism and socioculturalism. It is argued that all three perspectives provide important insights into research on learning, but each alone runs the risk of reducing learning and interpretations of learning to single aspects. Specific attention is therefore given to Intentional Analysis, as it has been developed to account for sociocultural aspects that influence learning and individual cognition. It is argued that interpretations of learning processes face challenges, different kinds of holism, underdetermination and the complexity of intentionality, that need to be accounted for in order to make valid interpretations. Interpretation is therefore also discussed in light of philosopher Donald Davidson’s theories of knowledge and interpretation. It is suggested that his theories may provide aspects of an ontological and epistemological stance that can form the basis for interpretations of learning in educational research. A first brief sketch, referred to as ‘epistemic holism’, is thus drawn. The thesis also exemplifies how such a stance can inform empirical research. It provides a first formulation of research strategies – a so-called ‘interpretative holism’. The thesis discusses what such a stance may imply with regard to the nature and location of knowledge and the status of the learning situation. Ascribing meaning to observed behaviour, as it is described in this thesis, implies that an action is always an action under a specific description. Different descriptions may not be contradictory, but if we do not know the learner’s language use, we cannot know whether there is a difference in language or in beliefs. It is argued that the principle of charity and reference to saliency, that is, what appears as the figure for the learner, may help us decide. However, saliency does not only appear as a phenomenon in relation to physical objects and events, but also in the symbolic world, thus requires that the analysis extend beyond the mere transcription of an interview or the description of an observation. Hence, a conclusion to be drawn from this thesis is that the very question of what counts as data in the interpretation of complex learning processes is up for discussion. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

Research on underdogs has suggested that consumers feel sympathy for and a desire to support the underdog. However, it is unclear how their evaluations of the underdog will change if they receive negative information about it. The current research aims to explore the role of negative word-of-mouth of the underdog, compared to the top dog, in consumers’ brand attitude, brand value, and purchase intention. Specifically, drawing on two streams of research, two competing hypotheses are proposed and tested. An experiment was conducted with online consumer panel members. Consistent with confirmation bias and familiarity principle, the results supported a hypothesis that an underdog brand suffers more than a top dog brand from negative online word-of-mouth. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings along with future research directions are discussed.