SUPERFICIES SOLO CEDIT English Abstract Andrea Gabrielová The topic of my master thesis is represented by an ancient roman principle called superficies solo cedit. This principle is gowerning the ownership of the land and is closely linked to the legal institutes as component parts, immovables, the right of superficies.. According to this principle, buldings and plants form part of the main legal object, which is land the superficies solo cedit principle leads us to the ancient Rome, which has been giving complex legal base to the current continental system of law untill nowadays. Therefore I dedicate my first chapter to the origin of the principle in roman law. Second chapter is dedicated to the ABGB Code, which is basicly inspired by roman law and as itself is the main source of the new Civil Code Nr. 89/2012 Sb. New civil code is the core of this thesis. Above all because it reestablished the superficies solo cedit principle and after many years brought it to life. Reestablishment of the principle has uncountable consequences not only in the area of private law. The most important consequence brought to the frame of private law is the unification of the legal régime of constructions and land.

Die vorgelegte Arbeit behandelt die Haftungsbelastung des Arbeitnehmers, wenn dieser im Rahmen seiner Arbeitstätigkeit einen Dritten schädigt. Es handelt sich um eine rechtsvergleichende Betrachtung, die sich die Erstellung eines europäischen Regelungsentwurfes zum Ziel gemacht hat. Rechtsvergleichend konnte festgestellt werden, dass im europäischen Rechtsraum teils gravierende Unterschiede bei der Haftungsinanspruchnahme des Arbeitnehmers zu verzeichnen sind. Diese Unterschiede beruhen auf divergierenden Wertungen der Frage ob eine Haftungsaufteilung zwischen Arbeitgeber und Arbeitnehmer geboten ist. Von den untersuchten Argumenten für und wider einer Haftungsentlastung des Arbeitnehmers haben sich die Fürsorgepflicht des Arbeitgebers und das Betriebsrisiko als tragende Argumente für eine Haftungsverlagerung erwiesen. Es wird daher die Haftung des Arbeitnehmers nur für vorsätzliches Verhalten vorgeschlagen. Im übrigen wird das Haftungsrisiko dem Arbeitgeber zugewiesen. Für den europäischen Rechtsraum wird eine Versicherungspflicht empfohlen. Die Pflichtversicherung tritt hierbei für den entstehenden Schaden ein. Nur im Falle der Vorsatzhandlung durch den Arbeitnehmer kann diesem gegenüber Regress genommen werden. Die Versicherung wird nach diesem Modell durch den Arbeitgeber abgeschlossen. Eine Mindestversicherungssumme soll festgelegt werden. Im Einzelfall wird bei hinreichend nachgewiesener Liquidität eine Befreiung von der Versicherungspflicht ermöglicht. Die Beitragsgestaltung richtet sich nach der Gefahrgeneigtheit der im Betrieb durchgeführten Arbeiten sowie nach der Häufigkeit von Haftungsfällen, so dass das individuelle Schadensrisiko des Unternehmens berücksichtigt wird. Eine zuverlässige Kontrolle des Versicherungsabschlusses soll von staatlicher Seite aus gewährleistet werden. Eine Vereinheitlichung dieser Haftungsfrage im europäischen Rechtsraum sollte nur im Rahmen eines europäischen Zivilrechtsbuches erfolgen. Es wurden die bestehenden Harmonisierungsmöglichkeiten untersucht. Eine Privatrechtsvereinheitlichung kann nach Autorenauffassung am besten über den Weg eines Modellgesetzes umgesetzt werden. / The present dissertation deals with the liability an employee bears in case he injures a third person in course of employment. It’s a comparative study which aims to draft an outline for a unified European rule. There were apparent differences between the compared European laws regarding the topic of vicarious liability. The variations in how liability is shared between employee and employer are created by dissimilar morals and values. Of the studied arguments for or against the principle of vicarious liability have two persuaded in favour of a shared liability between the parties of employment. The first is the employers obligation to care for the welfare of his employees and the second the inherent risk of the business itself which puts an obligation on the employer to share the liability for damage done to third parties in course of employment. In detail this study suggests to keep the employee liable for intended acts only. Apart the liability is to be carried by the employer. The concept proposes further a compulsory insurance which is to be paid for by the employer. The insurance however is obliged to step in for all the damage done in course of the employment by the employee. Only in case of intention there is the right of the insurance to take regress at the employee. Part of the concept is a minimum sum to be insured. State enterprises and comparable solvent companies shall have the opportunity to apply for an exception of the requirement to insure. Insurance rate should connect to the individual risk of the business, considering the risk-level in course of the operation of the particular business and the quantity of actual damages done. A reliable control by officials is necessary to ensure that the employer cared for the insurance. A unification of the matter should only take place in a European context of a unified civil law. A study of the existing possibilities to harmonise private law in Europe led to the conclusion that the subject of vicarious liability within a new European civil code should be drawn in the shape of a model law.

A doutrina costuma apontar como efeitos dos fatos jurídicos a criação, a modificação ou a extinção de relações jurídicas. Os textos doutrinários normalmente desenvolvem o estudo dos fatos jurídicos que criam relações jurídicas; o presente trabalho, porém, se dedica aos fatos jurídicos tendentes a modificar relações jurídicas anteriormente criadas, restringindo-se ao campo das obrigações. Primeiramente, deve-se buscar um critério: modificação do direito isolado ou da relação jurídica? Como nas relações jurídicas complexas há diversos direitos e deveres recíprocos, a extinção de um direito pode levar apenas à modificação da relação jurídica integralmente considerada. Se Savigny já entendia que um juízo acerca do direito só pode ser verdadeiro quando fundado na compreensão completa da relação jurídica, hoje há renovadas razões para que se adote um critério relacional: a relação obrigacional tem sido vista como um processo, o que leva a um reforço de sua identidade com a inclusão de um elemento finalístico. As ideias de modificação e identidade estão vinculadas, pois, se a \"modificação\" leva à perda da identidade, a relação jurídica na verdade foi extinta. Quanto ao tema das modificações, a maior parte da doutrina parece tratar apenas da \"transmissão das obrigações\". Outros, ao lado dessas modificações subjetivas, tratam de modificações objetivas, normalmente restringindo-se às efetuadas por negócio jurídico. A classificação de Pontes de Miranda, porém, parece servir de referencial para o presente trabalho: quanto às modificações \"sem quebra da identidade da relação jurídica\", o autor aponta modificações negociais, alterações por dolo e culpa, por força maior e caso fortuito, por impossibilidade de adimplemento e, por fim, por mora do devedor e do credor. / Current legal theory generally considers the effects of legal facts (those resulting from the correlation between facts and norms) on the creation, modification or termination of legal relationships. While most authors addresses how legal facts create these relationships, the present study is devoted to legal facts tending to modify the legal relationship, particularly in the field of the Law of Obligations (duty to perform). At first, a criterion must be determined: modification of the isolated right or modification of the Obligation? In \"complex\" obligational relationships, there are many mutual rights and duties, such that the extinction of a right can result only in the modification of the relationship fully considered. Long ago, Savigny asserted that a reasonable analysis of a right must be based on a thorough understanding of the legal relationship at issue. There are now renewed reasons to adopt these relational criteria when analyzing legal relationships. The obligational relationship may be seen as a process, which leads to the reinforcement of its identity with the inclusion of a finalistic element. The ideas of modification and identity are linked, because if a \"change\" leads to the loss of identity, the legal relationship may, in fact, have been terminated. Most of the authors on the subject of modifications addresses the \"transfer of obligations\". Some other studies, beside these subjective modifications, addresses objective modifications, usually restricted to those made by agreement. The \"Pontes de Miranda\" classification, may serve as a useful reference when analyzing the issue of modifications. The author points to modifications by agreement, changes by dolus and culpa (fault, tort law and breach of contract), by force majeure or unforeseeable circumstances, impossibility of performance, and, ultimately, by the mora debitoris and mora creditoris/accipiendi (default, delay of performance) as modifications \"without breaking the identity of the legal relationship\".

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T17:19:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 28 / Nenhuma / O presente estudo perpassa a figura do sujeito de direito, desde sua formulação conceitual e do reconhecimento de sua identidade moderna como indivíduo, para construir, no caminho da repersonalização do Direito Privado, outro espaço de desenvolvimento do sujeito humano especificamente para as relações contratuais. Para tanto, a base filosófica do presente estudo está alicerçada na fenomenologia de Heidegger, como ponte para esta reconstrução da relação jurídica contratual, porque perspectiva promissora de ampliação do sentido do ser do direito. É através da conjugação da fenomenologia e do direito, na percepção deste novo sujeito de direito, vívido, existente e concreto, que se permite iluminar as cercanias do Direito Privado e situar as relações contratuais e suas possibilidade, na autêntica repersonalização / The present study crosses the figure of the subject of rights, since its conceptual formularization and of the recognition of its modern identity as individual, to construct, in the path of the repersonalization of Private Law, another space of development of the human citizen specifically for the contractual relations. For in such a way, the philosophical basis of the present study is based on HEIDEGGER’s hermeneutical phenomenology, as bridge for this reconstruction of the contractual legal relationship, for promising perspective for the magnifying of the existing of rights’ sense. It is through the conjugation of the phenomenology and the right, in the perception of this new subject of rights, vivid, existing, and concrete, that is allowed to illuminate the environs of the Private law and to point out the contractual relations and its possibilities, in the authentic repersonalization

Summary: Increase and reduction of the registered capital of a limited liability company This work deals with increase and reduction of registered capital of limited lability company. The introductory chapter includes a brief historical development of regulation of limited liability company. This chapter also comprises a basic features of a limited liability company as a type of corporation, including a description of the basic structure of company. It describes the basic differences between the regulation of limited liability and joint stock companies. The thesis deals with the concept of registered capital and its prospective changes with the amendment of memorandum of association. The following chapters are the key ones and comprises detailed analysis of current regulation of increase of the registered capital and its reduction contained in the Commercial Code. The thesis describes the distinction of effective and nominal increase of registered capital, the admissibility of the increase of registered capital, preferential right of shareholders to participate in the capital increase, general meetings, monetary and non-monetary contributions and other issues with an increase in capital related. The next chapter is the analysis of the regulation of reduction of registered capital, focusing primarily on the...

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-12-20T08:46:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jefferson Alexandre da Costa.pdf: 1180011 bytes, checksum: acf5cfa77eb5785a0f17b67bd636641c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-20T08:46:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jefferson Alexandre da Costa.pdf: 1180011 bytes, checksum: acf5cfa77eb5785a0f17b67bd636641c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / One of the great issues of capitalism and the globalized market is the incidence of workers' collective dismissal, whose effects reach, beyond the worker himself, his family and the society. Changes in the economic, technological or structural situation of companies are directly related to the reasons for collective dismissals, however, an adequate evaluation of the circumstances is not always verified, nor are alternatives sought to avoid the termination of the contracts, which violates several fundamental rights. Labor relations are established through labor contracts, which has been developed for a long time within the scope of the autonomy of the will and legal positivism. Modern social relations evolve rapidly, while legislative formalism renders legislation unable to keep pace with social dynamism, strengthening contract use. The classic concept of contract is linked to the pacta sunt servanda, which enforces compliance with the agreement, ignoring possible imbalances caused by external circumstances and which may hinder compliance with the contract. After the Second World War, the sense of positivist Law and distant from morality went through profound changes, reinforced by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, that began to consider the human person as the center of the legal system, also fostering the phenomenon of constitutionalisation and functionalization of Private Law. This set of modifications is contained in the paradigm of legal post-positivism, which advocates the application of constitutional principles in private relations, including labor relations, from pre-contractual to post-contractual phases. The autonomy of the will gives way to the private solidarity autonomy, making every contractual relation respect the dignity of the human person, as well as the objective good-faith and its associated duties, the information duty, solidarity, among other rights and principles. In this context, the present academic work approaches two issues of salient importance for the treatment of contemporary labor relations: the direct and immediate application of fundamental rights and the private solidarity autonomy in labor relations. For that, the hypothetical-deductive method was adopted, associated with the technique of bibliographical research of national and foreign works. The justification is linked to the fact that the doctrine and the jurisprudence have not yet adopted the private solidarity autonomy as a paradigm of contractual relations in the scope of Labor Law. Although it has been the target of the Labor Reform, the regulation of collective dismissal in Brazil was not adequate to meet social needs and interests. The objective is to point out that the private solidarity autonomy is capable of ensuring the effectiveness of fundamental rights and foster the solidarity and cooperative attitude among workers and employers, suggesting the conclusion that the application of the private solidarity autonomy has sufficient conditions to avoid or minimize the impacts of collective dismissal, as well as to prevent abuses or violations of rights / Uma das grandes celeumas do capitalismo e do mercado globalizado é a incidência das despedidas coletivas de trabalhadores, cujos efeitos atingem, além da pessoa do trabalhador, sua família e a sociedade. Alterações na situação econômica, tecnológica ou estrutural das empresas estão diretamente ligadas aos motivos de despedidas coletivas, contudo, nem sempre se verifica uma avaliação adequada das circunstâncias, tampouco, buscam-se alternativas para evitar a terminação dos contratos, ato que afronta diversos direitos fundamentais. As relações trabalhistas são estabelecidas por meio de contratos de trabalho, que por muito tempo se desenvolve no âmbito da autonomia da vontade e do positivismo jurídico. As relações sociais modernas evoluem rapidamente, ao passo que formalismo legislativo torna a legislação incapaz de acompanhar o dinamismo social, fortalecendo o uso do contrato. O conceito clássico de contrato se vincula ao pacta sunt servanda, que obriga o cumprimento do acordo, ignorando eventuais desequilíbrios, provocados por circunstâncias externas e que podem dificultar o cumprimento do contrato. Após a Segunda Guerra Mundial a acepção do Direito positivista e distanciado da moral passou por profundas modificações, que reforçada pela Declaração Universal dos Direito do Homem, passou a considerar a pessoa humana como centro do sistema jurídico, propiciando também o fortalecimento do fenômeno da constitucionalização e funcionalização do Direito Privado. Esse conjunto de modificações está contido no paradigma do pós-positivismo jurídico, no qual se defende a aplicação dos princípios constitucionais nas relações privadas, inclusive as trabalhistas, abrangendo desde a fase pré-contratual até o pós-contratual. A autonomia da vontade cede lugar à autonomia privada solidária, fazendo com que toda relação contratual respeite a dignidade da pessoa humana, a boa-fé objetiva e seus deveres anexos, o dever de informação, a solidariedade, entre outros direitos e princípios. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho acadêmico aproxima dois temas de saliente importância para o trato das relações trabalhistas contemporâneas: a aplicação direta e imediata dos direitos fundamentais e a autonomia privada solidária nas relações trabalhistas. Para tanto, foi adotado o método hipotético-dedutivo, associado à técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica de obras nacionais e estrangeiras. A justificativa está ligada ao fato de que a doutrina e a jurisprudência ainda não adotaram a autonomia privada solidária como paradigma das relações contratuais no âmbito do Direito do Trabalho. Embora tenha sido alvo da Reforma Trabalhista, a regulamentação da despedida coletiva no Brasil não se mostrou adequada para atender as necessidades e os interesses sociais. O objetivo é apontar que a autonomia privada solidária é capaz de assegurar a efetividade dos direitos fundamentais e fomentar a postura solidária e cooperativa entre trabalhadores e empregadores, sugerindo a conclusão de que a aplicação da autonomia privada solidária possui condições suficientes para evitar ou minimizar os impactos das despedidas coletivas, assim como evitar abusos ou violações de direitos

A noção pátria de serviço público é concebida a partir dos conceitos de serviço público e de serviço de utilidade pública oriundos, respectivamente, da França e dos Estados Unidos da América. Esses conceitos foram introduzidos no Brasil por ação doutrinária à luz da Constituição de 1891. Parte do resultado dessas discussões foi positivada no texto constitucional de 1934. A partir daí o tema figurou em todas as Constituições subsequentes. A Constituição de 1988, assim como as que a precederam, não veicula um conceito material de serviço público expresso em uma fórmula. A estrutura constitucional do conceito de serviço público é bastante complexa. O atual texto constitucional trata de serviço público em variados sentidos, os quais são dimensionados de formas diversas de acordo com as atividades abarcadas. Esses sentidos e dimensionamentos foram construídos ao longo da história constitucional, razão pela qual sua compreensão exige a análise dos textos das Constituições precedentes. Em linhas gerais, serviço público aparece no texto constitucional em três sentidos, quais sejam: o material, o orgânico e o formal. O sentido material é dimensionado nas acepções ampla e restrita. É no interior desse sentido, no qual a expressão serviço público significa atividade, que estão situados os critérios orgânico, formal e material, oriundos da tradição francesa. No âmbito do sentido material situam-se as maiores dificuldades e divergências sobre o tema. No sentido orgânico, serviço público se refere aos órgãos e entidades do Estado. No sentido formal, serviço público é um regime jurídico atribuível às competências materiais de cunho prestacional e natureza econômica do Estado. É no âmbito desse sentido que se encontra a função do conceito de serviço público. Alternativamente ao regime jurídico dos serviços públicos, a Constituição de 1988 prevê o regime jurídico de direito privado. Nesse regime jurídico a potencialização da concorrência é o elemento central, o que exige o desenvolvimento de mecanismos que facilitem o acesso pelos particulares ao setor. Tal acesso é facilitado pelo uso da autorização. A competência pública exercida pelos particulares por meio de autorização configura-se como serviço de utilidade pública à brasileira. A partir dessa estrutura conceitual é possível melhor compreender a noção de serviço público no âmbito dos Estados-membros e municípios e os modos de ação desses entes federados no domínio econômico. / The Brazilian concept of public service is created from the French notion of public service and the American notion of public utility. These ideas were introduced into Brazilian Law by doctrine following the Constitution of 1891. Part of the results of the debates stirred by the use of the diverging concepts got incorporated to the text of the Constitution of 1934. From then on, every subsequent Constitution addressed the issue. The Constitution of 1988, like the ones that preceded it, does not present a substantive concept of public service. The constitutional structure of the concept of public service is thoroughly complex. The current constitutional text treats public services in different senses, which are managed according to the activities comprehended by it. These senses have been constructed throughout our constitutional history, and for that reason, their comprehension requires an analysis of the preceding Constitutions’ texts. In broad lines, public services appear in the Constitution in three senses, which are: the substantive, the organic and the formal. The substantive sense is measured in broad and strict meanings. It is in the core of the substantive sense, in which public service means activity, that the French-born organic, formal and substantive senses are situated. It is regarding the substantive sense that the greatest difficulties and divergences concerning the theme arise. In the organic sense, public service refers to the public organs and entities. In the formal sense, public service is a legal regime attributable to the positive substantive competencies and the economic nature of the State. It is in regards to the substantive sense that the function of the concept of public service takes place. Alternative to the public services’ legal regime, the Constitution of 1988 also includes a private law legal regime. In this alternative regime, the increase of competition figures as central element, which demands mechanisms to enable private access to the area. Such access is facilitated by use of authorization. The public competency exerted by private initiative through authorization is known as Brazilian public utility service. From that conceptual structure, it is possible to better understand the notion of public service in the scope of member-states and counties, as well as the courses of action adopted by these federate entities on economy.

Com a entrada em vigor do novo Código Civil, Lei n. 10.406, de 10 de janeiro de 2002, as cláusulas gerais passaram a ocupar papel de destaque no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, em especial no direito privado. Observamos, todavia, que pouca relação tiveram as referidas cláusulas com o direito tributário, restando imperiosa uma análise dogmática objetivando esclarecer os limites dos operadores do direito no manuseio de instrumentos que arejam o sistema jurídico. Dispositivos legais como os da função social dos contratos, do abuso do direito e da fraude à lei foram consagrados fazendo necessário um exame dos métodos mais adequados para a interpretação dessa espécie normativa e principais efeitos tributários. Tenta-se ainda demonstrar que o exame da causa no negócio jurídico é tema central para a interpretação dos negócios jurídicos de direito privado que exercem influência sobre o tema da tributação. / The following work has the prime aim to investigate and to formulate conclusions on the relation between the Brazilian tax system and the Brazilian Civil Code. For about a century, starting perhaps around 1870, changes in political thought, in social and economic conditions, and in the law, began to take place at an ever-increasing pace. After the age o freedom of contract (perhaps best placed in the century between 1770 and 1870) it is not hard to identify a period of gradual decline in belief of freedom of contract. These developments during this period represented to some degree a reversion to older traditions which pre-dated the age of individualism and freedom of contract, but has equally influenced the elaboration of the Brazilian Civil Code, which came into force on 2002. There we can clearly see the freedom of the contract limited by the principal of the social destination of contract, and other general clauses such as the abuse of rights and the civil fraud. The following work intends to investigate how these specific articles of the Brazilian Civil Code influences the legal obligation to pay taxes and the freedom to make tax planning\'s.

Ce travail est une recherche consacrée à l'érosion entre le droit public et le droit privé ainsi qu'à son impact sur le fonctionnement de la dualité juridictionnelle. La première partie s'attache à la description de cette manifestation ainsi qu'à son principal effet : la multiplication des interconnexions entre les juges administratifs et judiciaires. Le rapprochement entre les deux ordres juridictionnels se caractérise par l'harmonisation des procès et par l'existence d'une cohérence jurisprudentielle concernant les contentieux communs. Pourtant, la seconde partie nous révèle l'existence d'une minorité de divergences ainsi qu’une complexité progressive des règles de répartition des compétences. Si aujourd'hui, la pertinence globale de la dualité juridictionnelle n'est pas menacée, elle nécessite toutefois d'être renouvelée pour résister, par la suite, à l'érosion toujours plus importante entre le droit public et le droit privé / This research deals about the confusion between the public and the private law as well as the impact on the mechanics of two different courts. The first part describes the erosion of both entities and its main effect : the growth of interconnections between the distinct judges. The development of relations between the judges is distinguished by the trial harmonisation and the coherence of court rulings. However the second part demonstrates the reality of points of contention between judges and the complexity of rules of competence. If today the preservation of two kinds of courts is not threatened it is required to renew it to better resist to the erosion development between the public and the private law

<p>Mäklarbranschen har varit omskriven i media de senaste åren och förra året presenterades det nya lagförslaget på en ny fastighetsmäklarlag. I dag finns det ingen lag som reglerar mäklarens skyldighet att uppvisa budgivningslista efter avslutad budgivning. Dock säger det nya lagförslaget: ”En fastighetsmäklare ska vara skyldig att dokumentera budgivningsprocessen och att överlämna dokumentationen till köparen och säljaren när överlåtelseavtalet är slutet, den ska också syfta till att hindra mäklaren att presentera luftbud och därigenom pressa upp priset.” Syftet med uppsatsen är att ta reda på om lagförslaget kommer att resultera i tryggare budgivningar. Vi vill även ta reda på hur mäklarna ställer sig till budgivningsförfarandet i den nya lagen samt om deras förtroende kommer att stiga hos presumtiva köpare. Avslutningsvis vill vi även ta reda på om köparnas syn på budgivningar kommer att förändras med den nya lagen. Vi har arbetet med artiklar, studerat lagtext, utredningar, remissvar, mailkontakter samt genomfört djupintervjuer med fastighetsmäklare, köpare och en jurist. Mottagandet av den nya mäklarlagen är positivt från nästan alla håll. Man tror på ökat förtroende och en tryggare budgivning i samband med denna lagändring. Vår åsikt är att köparnas syn på budgivningar i framtiden kommer att förändras när de känner en ökad säkerhet med kommande lagstiftning.</p> / <p>The real estate industry have been well publicized in the media the recent years and last year a new draft law of the new real estate agent law were presented. Today there is now law governing the broker’s obligation to present the bidding list upon completion of bidding. However, the new draft law says: ”The broker should be obligated to document the bidding process and when the agreement is met, give the information to the seller and buyer, it should also aim to prevent the broker to present fake bids and thereby push up the price.” The purpose with this essay is to find out if the new law will result in safer auctions. We also want to find out how the real estate agents’ attitude to the bidding procedure in the new and if their trust will rise in potential buyers. Finally, we also want to find out whether the new law will change the buyers’ view on the bidding process. We have been working with articles, studied the text, inquiries, responses, email contacts, and conducted interviews with real estate agents, buyers and a lawyer. The reception of the new law is positive from almost all quarters. Due to the legislative change the, belief is that the trust will rise. The buyers’ view of the bidding process in the future will change when they feel greater safety in future legislation.</p>