The dual process theory proposes that evaluative conditioning is a form of learning distinct from Pavlovian conditioning and that it displays different functional characteristics such as not being subject to modulation. However, when assessed online as opposed to post-experimentally, modulation of evaluative conditioning by context change has been found in a contingency reversal procedure. Reversal of evaluative learning was found to be faster when trained in a different context rather than in the original training context. The present study addressed the question whether context change or instructions would affect the rate of reversal of evaluative learning and whether reversal learning would accelerate across repetitions. A picture-picture paradigm was used to expose participants to CS-US pairs and contingency was reversed three times during the experiment. Participants were required to provide online causal judgements and valence ratings after each set of 10 training trials. Context change, but not instructions, displayed a trend in affecting reversal of evaluative learning with participants displaying faster learning on trials immediately subsequent to contingency reversal. Instructions affected the reversal of contingency judgements. There was no evidence of acceleration across repetitions for either measure or manipulation.

The dual process theory proposes that evaluative conditioning is a form of learning distinct from Pavlovian conditioning and that it displays different functional characteristics such as not being subject to modulation. However, when assessed online as opposed to post-experimentally, modulation of evaluative conditioning by context change has been found in a contingency reversal procedure. Reversal of evaluative learning was found to be faster when trained in a different context rather than in the original training context. The present study addressed the question whether context change or instructions would affect the rate of reversal of evaluative learning and whether reversal learning would accelerate across repetitions. A picture-picture paradigm was used to expose participants to CS-US pairs and contingency was reversed three times during the experiment. Participants were required to provide online causal judgements and valence ratings after each set of 10 training trials. Context change, but not instructions, displayed a trend in affecting reversal of evaluative learning with participants displaying faster learning on trials immediately subsequent to contingency reversal. Instructions affected the reversal of contingency judgements. There was no evidence of acceleration across repetitions for either measure or manipulation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:37:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CleantoRRF_DISSERT.pdf: 2516767 bytes, checksum: 61225edcfbca1f2e0d1e4f5701b940f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The episodic memory system allows us to retrieve information about events, including its contextual aspects. It has been suggested that episodic memory is composed by two independent components: recollection and familiarity. Recollection is related to the vivid e detailed retrieval of item and contextual information, while familiarity is the capability to recognize items previously seen as familiars. Despite the fact that emotion is one of the most influent process on memory, only a few studies have investigated its effect on recollection and familiarity. Another limitation of studies about the effect of emotion on memory is that the majority of them have not adequately considered the differential effects of arousal and positive/negative valence. The main purpose of the current work is to investigate the independent effect of emotional valence and arousal on recollection and familiarity, as well as to test some hypothesis that have been suggested about the effect of emotion on episodic memory. The participants of the research performed a recognition task for three lists of emotional pictures: high arousal negative, high arousal positive and low arousal positive. At the test session, participants also rated the confidence level of their responses. The confidence ratings were used to plot ROC curves and estimate the contributions of recollection and familiarity of recognition performance. As the main results, we found that negative valence enhanced the component of recollection without any effect on familiarity or recognition accuracy. Arousal did not affect recognition performance or their components, but high arousal was associated with a higher proportion of false memories. This work highlight the importance of to consider both the emotional dimensions and episodic memory components in the study of emotion effect on episodic memory, since they interact in complex and independent way / O sistema de mem?ria epis?dica nos permite recuperar informa??es sobre eventos, incluindo os seus aspectos contextuais. Tem sido sugerido que a mem?ria epis?dica ? composta por dois componentes independentes: lembran?a e familiaridade. A lembran?a est? relacionada com a recupera??o v?vida e detalhada dos itens e sua informa??o contextual, enquanto a familiaridade ? a capacidade de reconhecer os itens previamente vistos como familiares. Apesar do fato de que a emo??o ? um dos processos mais influentes na mem?ria, poucos estudos t?m investigado o seu efeito sobre a lembran?a a familiaridade. Outra limita??o dos estudos sobre o efeito da emo??o na mem?ria ? que a maioria deles n?o considerou adequadamente os efeitos diferenciais do alerta e val?ncia positiva / negativa. O principal objetivo do presente trabalho ? investigar o efeito independente do alerta e val?ncia emocional na lembran?a e familiaridade, bem como testar algumas hip?teses que t?m sido sugeridas sobre o efeito da emo??o na mem?ria epis?dica. Os participantes da pesquisa realizaram uma tarefa de reconhecimento de tr?s listas de fotos emocionais: negativa de alto alerta, positiva de alto alerta e positiva de baixo alerta. Na sess?o de teste, os participantes tamb?m avaliaram o n?vel de confian?a de suas respostas. As avalia??es de confian?a foram utilizados para tra?ar curvas ROC e estimar as contribui??es da lembran?a e familiaridade no desempenho do reconhecimento. Como principais resultados, verificou-se que a val?ncia negativa aumentou o componente de lembran?a, sem qualquer efeito sobre a familiaridade ou acur?cia do reconhecimento. O alerta n?o afetou o desempenho de reconhecimento ou de seus componentes, mas o maior alerta foi associado com uma maior propor??o de falsas mem?rias. Este trabalho destaca a import?ncia de considerar as dimens?es emocionais e componentes de mem?ria epis?dica no estudo do efeito da emo??o sobre a mem?ria epis?dica, uma vez que eles interagem de forma complexa e independente

Oral health promotion interventions (OHPI) seek to achieve sustainable oral health improvements through actions directed at the underlying determinants of oral health. Clinical trials often promise levels of effectiveness which are not actually achieved in general use, indicating problems with implementation. This study set out to identify an OHPI for which there was strong evidence of effectiveness and then aimed to explore issues that arose in the implementation of that intervention. Research methods A sequential portfolio design was utilised. The first phase involved systematic reviews of literature to identify existing community based OHPI and interventions shown to be effective in reducing dental caries. These were also examined to determine whether the existing evidence base was informative about the process of implementing best evidence. Systematic reviews were undertaken on effectiveness of: supervised toothbrushing with fluoridated toothpastes, supervised fluoridated mouthrinsing and promotion of dietary behaviours, all, in school children. MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE and BNI electronic databases were searched for articles published between 1990 and 2013. In total, 47 studies were included in the reviews: 21 studies on supervised toothbrushing with fluoridated toothpastes, 12 on fluoridated mouthrinsing and 14 studies on healthy dietary behaviours towards caries prevention. The second phase was a qualitative research study, which was undertaken to explore the experiences, and perceptions of participants involved in decision-making, planning and delivery of one specific community based OHPI (supervised toothbrushing) in the North East of England. Nineteen participants (NHS and school staff) participated in the qualitative study. Knowledge translation in oral health promotion One-to-one interviews and focus groups interviews were conducted with the participants. Normalisation Process Theory constructs informed the development of the interview guides and was also used in data analysis. In the third phase of the study, an integration of the findings of the first and second phases of the study was conducted. Results In the systematic reviews of literature conducted, the various levels of clinical effectiveness identified were influenced by appropriate and regular fluoride use, involvement of OHP specialists, supervision by parents and the free provision and availability of materials. There was however a general lack of comprehensive information on all aspects of implementation of OHPI. In the second phase of the study, an exploration of barriers to implementation of an OHPI revealed the following: -inadequate utilisation of research evidence -gaps in leadership and management structures -non- investment in engagement and ownership of the intervention -challenges with partnership working and evaluation of implementation of OHPI. Conclusions Availability of evidence of effectiveness of an intervention does not imply that the intervention will be successful when rolled out. Published articles on evidence-based interventions do not have comprehensive information on the mechanisms and workability of the processes required for effective implementation of OHPI. Normalisation Process Theory (NPT) enabled the exploration of factors that could facilitate knowledge translation and successful implementation of OHPI. In previous studies, NPT was used to evaluate effectiveness of interventions; in this study it was used to explore the implementation process of an OHPI and has highlighted the need for Knowledge translation in oral health promotion oral health promotion strategy makers and commissioners to revisit the “sense-making” aspect of evidence implementation, to reflect on the need for investing in all members of the team, to encourage the ‘ownership’ of interventions being implemented. In addition, there is a need to review existing leadership and management structures and to re-examine and amend the processes by which OHPI are monitored and reported. These measures would enable maximised effectiveness and sustainability of clinically effective OHPI.

Bakgrunden till den här studien har varit ett skolutvecklingsprojekt med syfte att tillsammans med lärare i svenska och lärare i modersmål undersöka vilka erfarenheter ett faktiskt samarbete mellan lärarkategorierna ger upphov till. Pragmatism har som teoretisk ansats influerat projektets utformning. Lärarnas samarbete har varit begränsat till ett temaarbete med utgångspunkt i läsning och bearbetning av ett skönlitterärt verk. Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka möjliga samarbetsformer för lärare i svenska och lärare i modersmål. Studien har genomförts i form av deltagande observation av planerings- och utvärderingsmöten med lärare kopplade till två olika skolor. För att kunna analysera lärarnas handlingar har inspiration hämtats från en aktionsteori som fokuserar hur deltagares handlingar möjliggör respektive hindrar implementeringen av nya praktiker – Normalization Process Theory (NPT). Lärarnas tal om samarbetet och det didaktiska innehåll som de planerar under mötena har spelats in och i efterhand analyserats med hjälp av ett växelspel mellan begrepp inspirerade av NPT och egna kategorier som har skapats med utgångspunkt i det empiriska materialet. Resultatet visar att lärarnas tal om syftet med samarbete mellan lärare i svenska och lärare i modersmål kretsar kring möjligheter att stärka modersmålslärarnas position, att utöka det kollegiala lärandet samt att stötta elevernas lärande och välmående. Vidare visar resultatet att lärarnas tal om den didaktiska planeringen synliggör tre huvudsakliga samarbetsformer som jag har valt att kalla: spegelundervisning, komplementär undervisning och stödämnesfunktion. Dessa olika samarbetsformer har fördelar och nackdelar som bland annat är kopplade till möjligheterna till gemensam planering, utjämnande av ämnenas olika förutsättningar gällande tid samt stöttning av elevernas lärande. Huvudsakliga hinder för ett språkutvecklande samarbete mellan lärare i svenska och lärare i modersmål är enligt resultatet tidsbrist som på olika plan ger upphov till svårigheter att formulera gemensamma mål för undervisningen i de två ämnena. / <p>Svenska</p>

Drawing on labour process theory and Bourdieu’s field theory, this study explores the challenges that newspapers face in maintaining their relevance to readers in an age where news has been de-commoditised and made readily available on the web. Empirically the study is based on four case studies of incidents where different newspapers were reported to the Press Ombudsman for inaccurate reporting in recent years. In-depth interviews were conducted with key informants from the selected cases. In addition to that, a key informant from the office of the Press Ombudsman was also interviewed to provide further insight into the effectiveness of the Press Code in regulating accuracy in news reporting as well as the challenges that newspapers are faced with in that regard. It is argued that the digitalisation of media increases the tension between the production of news as a public good vs. its delivery as a commodity that has to ensure profit. Media is an essential pillar of democratic South Africa as it provides news to ensure that citizens are informed about issues that concern them and have the ability to make decisions on matters of concern – i.e. a public good. It is therefore crucial that news be reported in an accurate and professional manner adhering to the standards set by the Press Code. Newspapers are faced with the challenge of ensuring a balance between producing news that is accurate and adheres to the set standards outlined in the Press Code while also ensuring that they remain profitable – i.e. news as a commodity. The findings from this study illustrate that all errors are not due to commercial pressure and that newspapers therefore still have room to manoeuvre, put differently, there is room for agency. This implies that newspapers have to come up with strategies to continue to produce news effectively and attempt to avoid errors in news reporting. As is shown, in some instances quality of news can be compromised in the long run, as in the case of sensationalising news stories and headlines. When news is sensationalised, it is reported in an exaggerated manner and this may result in the accuracy of the news story or headline being lost. Pressures existent in the process of news production in addition to inadequate training and inadequately verifying information from news sources were found as some of the challenges in journalists’ and/or editors failures to appropriately apply the Press Code in news reporting. Failure to adhere to and appropriately apply the Press Code results in inaccurate news reporting by newspapers. / Dissertation (MSocSci)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Sociology / unrestricted

This paper is a by-product of a minor field study conducted in Zanzibar, Tanzaniaduring eight consecutive weeks in early 2019. The purpose of the study was to examinehow colorism affects women’s identity and ethnicity construction through the researchquestions; how do women in Zanzibar experience colorism in their daily lives and; howdoes colorism affect their self-perception? The data was collected through seven semi-structured interviews with women in Zanzibar and observations. The concepts of identity and ethnicity saturated the study and the identity process theory (IPT) was used as a theoretical framework to analyze the inquiry. The findings suggest that colorist ideals were dominant in society as light and medium colors were more valued than dark. This was demonstrated by associating light and medium skin color, as well as relaxed and straight hair to “good” and “beautiful”. However, colorism proved to impact women in their daily lives to various degrees. Informants who grew up on the mainland admitted to being more affected and expressed feelings of unworthiness or praise, depending on skin color. Whereas women born and raised on Zanzibar, felt colorism affected their lives minimally, but nevertheless acknowledged the existing problems for many women of e.g. skin bleaching. According to the IPT, a strong sense of distinctiveness from mainlanders, a continuity in past and present identity and a highself-efficacy seemed to guard self-esteem against existing colorist ideals. Furthermore, inclusion to the Zanzibari ethnic identity proved not to be affected by colorism, as colorwas not a prerequisite factor to ethnicity but rather, shared land, religion, and history.

The purpose of this essay is to, with help of content analysis, analyze three posts on the website Chabad.org to regarding how married orthodox Jewish women within the group Chabad express their choice of wearing a sheitel. The analysis is based on social identity theory as well as identity process theory. Chabad is a jewish orthodox group who follow the Chabad-Lubavitch philosophy and are known to follow the progress of technology to spread God’s word. The result of the essay is that married women within the group express different opinions about wearing the sheitel, but both seem to wear them because of the ingroup norm. They way the women express themselves it seems from an identity process theory standpoint that their hair is as big of a part of their identity as their religion.

Date:   2023-05-31 Level:   Bachelor Thesis in Business Administration, 15 cr Institution:  School of Business, Society and Engineering, Mälardalen University Authors:  Erica Kim Stenström   Isabelle Örnbratt                            (96/11/06)    (01/03/31) Title:   The Evolution of Technology and its Effect on Consumption Supervisor:  Edward Gillmore Keywords:  Consumer behavior, consumption, technology, media, marketing, source credibility theory, dual-process theory Research Question: How has the evolution of technology and media affected consumption within the fashion industry? Purpose: Due to the great shift in both online and physical consumption, the purpose of this research is to provide significant insights to already existing scientific literature on how the development of technology and media has affected consumers’ purchasing behavior. Method: A qualitative research paper with two semi-structured interviews and a random sample survey containing eleven open-ended questions. For secondary data, scientific articles and non-scientific, informational articles and websites were used.  Conclusion: The evolution of technology and media has heavily affected marketing strategies and consumer behavior. Along with this, there is a greater incentive to engage in consumerism, despite the world’s growing awareness regarding the consequences of overconsumption. Due to this, it is of great importance for businesses to assess how their decisions will make an impact on the world.

This thesis aims at examining processes in capitalist food production through a case study of Vion’s Halls factory in Broxburn, Scotland, which closed in 2012. The researcher uses his position as a former employee to receive interviews with former workers at the factory to gain knowledge about what happened in the factory and how that relates to bigger developments in the economy. Concepts such as buyers-driven supply chains, absolute and relative value production and flexible accumulation are guiding the interviews, using parts of the extended case method. Through this theoretical approach, the intention is to reach a better understanding of the local process and its interplay with broader developments and at the same time hopes to contribute to the theoretical field. No solid conclusion about the relationship of power in the supply chain could be gained from the interviews even if, in line with other studies, it indicates a move toward a buyers-driven supply chain with production for the retailers’ labels instead of its own brand. This was not followed by changes in the form of production with more flexibility and adaptations to rapidly changing markets, as was the case in the clothing industry. Instead, the Fordist method of standardized mass production appears to be utilized. A picture emerges of how Vion tries to counteract falling profits by intensifying the work process and extending the hours of production. This was made partly through aggressive management and the employment of skilled agency workers, getting more produced with fewer workers and without any substantial investments in new machines or technology.