<p>Bakgrund: Psykiska sjukdomar beräknas drabba var fjärde person i världen. Patienter med psykisk sjukdom drabbas i högre grad av somatiska sjukdomar och vårdas då inom somatisk vård. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva faktorer som påverkar attityder till patienter med psykisk sjukdom hos vårdpersonal inom somatisk vård. Metod: Allmän litteraturstudie med kvalitativ ansats bestående av systematisk granskning av fjorton kvalitativa och kvantitativa artiklar. Resultat: Resultatet visade på att vårdpersonalens attityder påverkades av deras upplevelse av brist på kunskap om att vårda psykiskt sjuka. Attityderna påverkades även av brist på stöd från organisationen, negativa känslor inför patienterna som exempelvis rädsla och upplevelser och föreställningar om hur patienterna var. Diskussion: De centrala fynden som framkom var: vårdpersonalens negativa attityder till patienternas tillfrisknande och framtidsutsikter, vårdpersonalens upplevelse av brist på kunskap som gjorde att de undvek patienterna och vårdpersonalens rädsla för att de psykiskt sjuka patienterna skulle bli aggressiva och våldsamma. Dessa fynd diskuterades utifrån Watsons teori om transpersonell omsorg. Slutsatser: Sjuksköterskor måste bli bättre på att tillfredsställa psykologiska, sociala och andliga behov samt uppmuntra och stödja hopp om framtiden hos patienten.</p> / <p>Background: Approximately one out of four people in the world are afflicted by mental illness. These patients suffer from somatic diseases to a higher degree and will then require non-psychiatric specialized care. Aim: The aim was to describe factors that affect health professionals' attitudes to patients with mental illness within somatic care. Method: Literature review with a qualitative approach consisting of systematic review of fourteen qualitative and quantitative articles. Results: The results showed that the health professionals experience of lack of knowledge in caring for mentally ill patients which affected their attitudes towards them. Their attitudes were also affected by the lack of support from the organisation, their negative feelings towards the patients as fear and experiences and preconceptions of how the patients are. Discussion: The main findings were: the health professionals' negative attitudes towards the patients' recovery and future, the health professionals' experience of lack of knowledge which made them avoid their patients and the health professionals' fear of aggression and violence from the patients. These findings were discussed against Watson’s theory of transpersonal caring. Conclusions: Nurses needs to improve their ability to satisfy psychological, social and spiritual needs as well as encourage and support hope for the future within the patient.</p>

Tax planning is a core service provided by tax practices of public accounting firms. Performing this service well is important to the firms, their clients and the tax professionals involved. This study experimentally examines the effects of supervisory advice on the judgment of tax professionals performing tax planning tasks of different complexity, in the presence of the tax contextual features of accountability and time pressure, and finds that such advice is not necessarily helpful to performance. The advice, task complexity and accountability literatures are used in framing arguments and developing hypotheses, which propose that the timing of advice and the complexity of the task interact, so that advice is not necessarily beneficial. The study also draws on the behavioral tax, audit and accounting literatures. Discussions with senior tax practitioners indicate that supervisory advice is usually given to tax professionals before they commence tax planning tasks. The results of this study support the hypotheses and demonstrate that this practice of giving advice may not improve performance in a tax planning task and may even be detrimental. First, the results indicate that the giving of advice by a supervisor should be conditional on task complexity. Supervisory advice is beneficial for a higher-complexity task but detrimental to a lower-complexity task. Second, the timing of when any advice is provided is important. Although advice is beneficial for the higher-complexity task, the results indicate that when advice is given before the tax professional commences the task it interferes with the processing of information and insightful judgments. The giving of advice after the tax professional has thought through the task and prepared a tentative solution results in better performance for this more complex task. / Accounting

No description available.

The purpose of this paper was to examine how young parenthood is represented by the professionals and their thoughts and experiences from meetings with the young parents, and how the professionals work with this group of parents. As professionals we refer to those who work with young parents, and the definition of young parents are parents in the ages 15-24. The paper also discusses what needs these parents have, and what kind of support the society offers, according to the professionals. The method we worked with was interviews and we interviewed six professionals to find out how the professionals looked upon the young parents and their situation. Earlier research has stated that young parenthood is associated with many risks and disadvantages for both the parents and their children. What we discovered was that young parenthood not necessarily has to be only about disadvantages. Many benefits were brought up during our interviews. Among others the professionals saw the young parents as more spontaneous and more to easy with their children, compared to older parents. The young parents also seemed less concerned than the older parents and their young age made them more biologically suited to have children. Some of the disadvantages we found were that many lacked higher education and trouble finding suitable accommodation because of lack of income. As a conclusion the professionals stated that a social network was of most importance for the young parents.

Bakgrund: Psykiska sjukdomar beräknas drabba var fjärde person i världen. Patienter med psykisk sjukdom drabbas i högre grad av somatiska sjukdomar och vårdas då inom somatisk vård. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva faktorer som påverkar attityder till patienter med psykisk sjukdom hos vårdpersonal inom somatisk vård. Metod: Allmän litteraturstudie med kvalitativ ansats bestående av systematisk granskning av fjorton kvalitativa och kvantitativa artiklar. Resultat: Resultatet visade på att vårdpersonalens attityder påverkades av deras upplevelse av brist på kunskap om att vårda psykiskt sjuka. Attityderna påverkades även av brist på stöd från organisationen, negativa känslor inför patienterna som exempelvis rädsla och upplevelser och föreställningar om hur patienterna var. Diskussion: De centrala fynden som framkom var: vårdpersonalens negativa attityder till patienternas tillfrisknande och framtidsutsikter, vårdpersonalens upplevelse av brist på kunskap som gjorde att de undvek patienterna och vårdpersonalens rädsla för att de psykiskt sjuka patienterna skulle bli aggressiva och våldsamma. Dessa fynd diskuterades utifrån Watsons teori om transpersonell omsorg. Slutsatser: Sjuksköterskor måste bli bättre på att tillfredsställa psykologiska, sociala och andliga behov samt uppmuntra och stödja hopp om framtiden hos patienten. / Background: Approximately one out of four people in the world are afflicted by mental illness. These patients suffer from somatic diseases to a higher degree and will then require non-psychiatric specialized care. Aim: The aim was to describe factors that affect health professionals' attitudes to patients with mental illness within somatic care. Method: Literature review with a qualitative approach consisting of systematic review of fourteen qualitative and quantitative articles. Results: The results showed that the health professionals experience of lack of knowledge in caring for mentally ill patients which affected their attitudes towards them. Their attitudes were also affected by the lack of support from the organisation, their negative feelings towards the patients as fear and experiences and preconceptions of how the patients are. Discussion: The main findings were: the health professionals' negative attitudes towards the patients' recovery and future, the health professionals' experience of lack of knowledge which made them avoid their patients and the health professionals' fear of aggression and violence from the patients. These findings were discussed against Watson’s theory of transpersonal caring. Conclusions: Nurses needs to improve their ability to satisfy psychological, social and spiritual needs as well as encourage and support hope for the future within the patient.

The overall aim of this thesis was to provide knowledge on the one handSomalian-born immigrants´ experiences of living with diabetes mellitus (DM)in a new cultural environment, on the other hand their encounter with Swedishdiabetic care – this from both their own point of view and that of the health-care professionals. There was an endeavour to describe methodological aspectsof the interpreter´s role in respect of the trustworthiness of research performedin multicultural societies. A descriptive design was used, involving threequalitative interview studies with an interpreter (Studies II-IV) and onesystematic literature review (Study I). The latter served as a foundation forconducting the interviews with an interpreter and the Matrix Method was used.The same 19 patients with diabetes of Somalian origin participated in StudiesII-IV, joined by five health-care professionals in Study IV. The interviews weresubjected to qualitative content analysis in the case of Studies II and III, and to phenomenograpic analysis in the case of Study IV. In Study I, 13 empirical cross-cultural interview studies with aninterpreter involved were scrutinized. The findings showed that the interpreter’srole in the research process was given little attention. There was usually noaccount either of the style of interpreting, the interpreter’s previous experienceor the seating arrangements for the interviews. On the other hand most of thestudies offered direct or indirect information about the interpreter’s knowledgeof the aim of the research or participation in the transcription of the text or data analysis. The most frequent techniques used to established trustworthiness were prolonged engagement and member checks. A prominent problem for the participants in Study II was to give uptraditional eating habits. Difficulty in managing everyday life was mentionedespecially by women in connection with the need to keep to the diet regimebecause of a lack of understanding and support from family and friends. Tochanging lifestyle was considered as a hard work and a number of barriers wasmentioned especially when it comes to eating habits. The findings showed avariation how the participants managed the fasting month of Ramadan. Thosewho fasted did not see the diabetes as an obstacle, others did so and indicated that fasting was not compulsory for a sick person. In study III the findings showed that women used more supernaturalbeliefs than men when they described their experiences in connection with thediagnosis and their health beliefs. Most of the experiences of receiving thediagnosis consisted of ways of managing this information. Commonlymentioned by the participants, irrespective of gender, when they receiving thediagnosis was a attempt to find some advantages, or positive comparison. Other participants tried to repress the diagnosis and doubted it. Most of theparticipants, irrespective of gender, did not immediately respond with shock orother strong emotion when they received the diagnosis. In study IV the patients conceived the diabetes care as being of highquality but they also conceived limitation with the care. They conceived unmetneeds such as too long waiting times for appointments, not encountering thesame physician every time, lack of contact with specialists and failure toculturally adapt dietary advice. Health-care professionals conceived severalcultural challenges in the encounter such as managing language barriers,illiteracy and traditions such as fasting during Ramadan. In conclusion, this thesis generate knowledge which can serve as afoundation to securing the quality of diabetes care for this patient group andcontribute to working out local diabetic programmes for patients with anotherbackground than the Swedish. In addition the thesis can contribute to makingimprovements when it comes to working with an interpreter in qualitativeinterview studies as well as in clinical settings.

This study presents the investigation of the career transition experience of immigrant skilled workers with a focus on their experiences with career compromise and the coping strategies that they used. The grounded theory approach of qualitative analysis method was used to analyze 20 interview transcripts with participants who had received their education/training and had at least 1 year of work experience prior to immigrating to Canada. The interviews revealed that the career transition journeys of immigrant skilled workers were thwarted with acculturation and career-seeking barriers, which made their career transition experiences quite compromising. The findings support the notion of positive compromise whereby the participants utilized their human agency and open-mindedness to deal with their career compromise. An immigrant vocational theory and an immigrant career compromise theory are proposed. Practical implications and future research directions are discussed.

This study presents the investigation of the career transition experience of immigrant skilled workers with a focus on their experiences with career compromise and the coping strategies that they used. The grounded theory approach of qualitative analysis method was used to analyze 20 interview transcripts with participants who had received their education/training and had at least 1 year of work experience prior to immigrating to Canada. The interviews revealed that the career transition journeys of immigrant skilled workers were thwarted with acculturation and career-seeking barriers, which made their career transition experiences quite compromising. The findings support the notion of positive compromise whereby the participants utilized their human agency and open-mindedness to deal with their career compromise. An immigrant vocational theory and an immigrant career compromise theory are proposed. Practical implications and future research directions are discussed.

In British Columbia (BC) foresters registered with the Association of BC Forest Professionals (ABCFP) have been given the exclusive right to practise professional forestry. As with all professions there is an expectation that Registered Professional Foresters (RPFs) conduct their activities in an ethical manner and are therefore obligated to act as an ethical agent on behalf of society regarding forest resources. If a certain level of ethical agency is desired of professionals we need to understand whether or not an RPF possesses the ability (defined as their discretion) to sufficiently fulfil this responsibility. Rule-based and principle-based standards of forest management, an RPF’s scope of practice, and the socio-political framework of public forest management in BC all come together to define an RPF’s discretionary context, which sets the limits to an RPF’s discretion. This context is highly idiosyncratic to a specific situation or decision and this makes the RPF’s discretion similarly idiosyncratic. This suggests that an RPF should not be accountable for a standard of ethical agency that does not reflect the context-dependent level of discretion they possess. Fifteen interviews of RPFs were conducted for this study to discuss their approach to ethical decision making. The analysis of the interviews revealed 12 major themes, several of which appear to be highly idiosyncratic to the situations described by the participants. The way these themes were perceived by the participants revealed the differences in the discretionary context of their situations. Several aspects of ethical deliberation emerged from the data that appear to be particular to broad employer categories, including delegated decision-making (government), economic and forest health considerations (industry), and the tension between personal and professional values (consultants).

Aquest estudi te com a principal objectiu conèixer i desvetllar les Competències Professionals (CP) del Nutricionista Esportiu, un professional que té un mercat laboral en ple creixement i que, conseqüentment, necessita que els plans d'estudi de la carrera de Nutrició i Dietètica acompanyin aquesta evolució, tot formant Nutricionistesaptes per a actuar en aquesta recent branca. A partir d'una investigació sistematitzadade caràcter exploratori i descriptiu, es va poder conèixer les opinions de 14 experts sobre les CP del Nutricionista Esportiu. Per a dur a terme aquesta tasca, es va utilitzar el mètode Delphi composat per tres rondes de qüestionaris. Els experts investigats són professionals que treballen amb Nutrició Esportiva, originaris de quatre països on aquesta professió presenta diferents graus de desenvolupament: Austràlia (1), Brasil(1), Espanya (3) i Estats Units (3). A la primera ronda, es va distribuir un qüestionari depreguntes obertes (fase exploratòria) on els subjectes van descriure les activitats desenvolupades en la seva atenció als esportistes i persones físicament actives. La segona ronda consistia en un llistat de CP, originades a partir de l'anàlisi del contingut de les respostes obtingudes a la primera ronda, i es va demanar als experts que valoressin les CP seleccionades mitjançant una escala amb quatre graus de valoració:totalment d'acord (4), d'acord (3), poc d'acord (3), gens d'acord (1). Per a la tercera i darrera ronda, es va aplicar el mateix llistat, llevat d'algunes modificacions suggerides pels experts en la segona ronda, a més, en aquest punt, es va permetre que els experts coneguessin la tendència del consens assolit en la valoració anterior i se'ls va permetre realitzar comentaris sobre les mateixes si ho consideraven necessari. Com aresultat, es va obtenir un total de 147 CP, que varen classificar-se en quatre macrocategoriesde Competències: les competències tècniques (38), les metodològiques(62), les participatives (24) i les personals (23). Les CP que van obtenir un menor grau de valoració i de consens van ser contrastades amb la literatura i algunes van poderser reconsiderades. Aquest estudi demostra que l'estudi científic (sistemàtic i rigorós)de les CP del Nutricionista Esportiu podrà servir per a establir i planificar els contingutsque hauran de configurar la disciplina de Nutrició Esportiva que comença a introduir-se en els plans d'estudi de les carreres de Nutrició i Dietètica. / El Nutricionista Deportivo es un profesional que posee un mercado laboral en constante crecimiento, evolución que debe ir acompañada de una adecuación de los planes de estudio de la carrera de Nutrición y Dietética que permita formar Nutricionistas aptos para actuar en esta reciente área. En este escenario, el estudio que aquí se presenta tiene como principal objetivo conocer y desvelar las Competencias Profesionales (CP) del Nutricionista Deportivo. A partir de una investigación sistematizada, de carácter exploratorio y descriptivo, se obtuvieron yanalizaron las opiniones de 14 expertos acerca de las CP del Nutricionista Deportivo.Los expertos que participaron en el estudio son profesionales que trabajan en la Nutrición Deportiva en cuatro países donde esta profesión presenta diferentes grados de desarrollo: Australia (1), Brasil (7), España (3) y Estados Unidos (3). Para esta investigación se utilizo el método Delphi compuesto de tres rondas. En la primera ronda se aplicó un cuestionario de preguntas abiertas (fase exploratoria), donde lossujetos describieron las actividades desarrolladas en su atención a deportistas y personas físicamente activas. La segunda ronda estuvo compuesta de un listado de CP elaborado a partir del análisis de contenido de las respuestas obtenidas en la primera ronda, y se solicitó a los expertos que valorasen las CP de este listado pormedio de una escala compuesta por cuatro grados de valoración: totalmente de acuerdo (4), de acuerdo (3), poco de acuerdo (2), nada de acuerdo (1). Para la tercera y última ronda se aplicó el mismo listado de CP, salvo algunas modificacionessugeridas por los expertos en la segunda ronda. En esta ocasión se permitió a los expertos conocer la tendencia del consenso logrado en la valoración anterior y se les permitió realizar comentarios sobre las CP si lo consideraban necesario. Comoresultado se obtuvo un total de 147 CP, que fueron clasificadas en cuatro macrocategorías de Competencias: las competencias técnicas (38), las metodológicas (62), las participativas (24) y las personales (23). Las CP que resultaron tener un menor grado de valoración y/o de consenso fueron contrastadas con la bibliografía, y algunasde ellas fueron reconsideradas. Este estudio demuestra que el estudio científico (sistemático y riguroso) de las CP del Nutricionista Deportivo posibilita un adecuado establecimiento y planificación de los contenidos que deberán componer la disciplina de Nutrición Deportiva, que empieza a ser incorporada en los planes de estudio de las carreras de Nutrición y Dietética. / This research has the main goal to meet and reveal the Professional Competencies (PC) of the Sports Dietitian, a professional who ins now facing aconsiderate growth on its labor market, and as a consequence, the Dietetics undergrade education, need to be constantly updated to better instruct their students. A systemized and exploratory study has been developed in order to know the opinion of14 experts about the PC of the Sports Dietitian. A Delphi methodology composed by three rounds has been applied. The experts approached are professional that work in the Sports Nutrition area originated from four countries where this profession presents different degrees of development: Australia (1), Brazil (7), Spain (3) and United States (3). At the first round an opened answer questionnaire has been applied (exploratory phase) where the subjects were able to describe the activities developed when dealingwith both high level athletes and physical active people. The second round were composed of a list of PC originated from the content analysis of the answers given on the first round, the experts were asked to evaluate the PC of this list by signing a scale of four different degree of agreement: in full agreement (4), in agreement (3), in partialagreement (2) and in full disagreement (1). For the third and last round, the same PC list were applied but this time with some modification considering the suggestion of some experts given on the second round, at this time the expert were able to know the consensus tendencies achieved on the previous round and they were also permitted tocomment anything they found interesting about the Competencies. As results, 147 PC were established and classified in four macro categories of Competencies: Technical Competencies (38), Methodological Competencies (62), Participative Competencies(24) and Personal Competencies (23). The PC that presents less degree of agreementand less consensus were contrasted by the literature and some of them were reconsidered. The present research could demonstrated that the scientific study (systematic and rigorous) of the PC of the Sports Dietitian can serve as a tool to the establishment and planning of the contents to be taught at a Sports Nutrition subject that are now being incorporated by the curriculum of the Dietetics undergraduate university programs.