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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
91

Caracterização da região promotora do cístron de RNA ribossômico em duas linhagens filogenéticas de Trypanosoma cruzi / Characterization of the ribosomal promoter of two phylogenetic lineages of Trypanosoma cruzi

Beatriz Simonsen Stolf 07 May 1999 (has links)
Duas linhagens filogenéticas principais (LI e L2) foram definidas em Trypanosoma cruzi, com base em sequências de genes de rDNA e mini-exon e análise por RAPD (Souto et al. 1996). Neste trabalho investigamos a estrutura e atividade dos promotores do cistron ribossômico das duas linhagens de T. cruzi. O promotor da cepa Dm28 (L2) foi clonado e sua seqüência foi comparada com seqüências publicadas da região homóloga de CL (L1) e La Cruz (L2). A identidade entre os dois promotores de L2 foi de 98%, e entre estes e o de L1 foi de 82%. O ponto de início de transcrição foi mapeado, apresentando a mesma localização nas duas linhagens. A atividade dos promotores de L1 e L2 foi determinada em construções plasmidiais contendo o gene reporter da cloranfenicol acetil transferase (CAT). Experimentos de expressão transitória mostraram que o promotor de L1 foi funcional apenas em isolados de L1, enquanto que o promotor de L2 foi funcional em ambas as linhagens. A expressão do promotor de L2 em isolados de L1 foi maior do que a do promotor homólogo. Analisamos ainda a atividade dos dois promotores em um grupo de isolados que apresentam dois tipos de cistrons ribossômicos (grupo 1/2). Neste grupo de cepas observamos que ambos os promotores presentes nas construções são funcionais, embora o promotor de L2 induza maior expressão de CAT. Por outro lado, demonstramos que nestes isolados apenas o cistron ribossômico de tipo 2 é expresso in vivo. Neste trabalho analisamos ainda a eficiência de entrada das construções plasmidiais nas cepas de T. cruzi; caracterizamos a atividade de regiões do promotor de L2 e a eficiência do processo de \"trans-splicing\" para gerar mRNA de CAT contendo a seqüência de mini-exon na extremidade 5\'. / Two major phylogenetic lineages (L1 and L2) have been defined in Trypanosoma cruzi based on rDNA and mini-exon sequences and RAPD analysis (Souto et al., 1996). In the present work we have investigated the structure and activity of ribosomal RNA promoters from the two T. cruzi lineages. The promoter region of Dm28 strain (L2) was cloned and its sequence was compared with the homologous regions from the CL (L1) and La Cruz (L2) strains, whose sequences were previously published. The identity found between promoters of the two L2 strains was 98%, while the identity between L2 and L1 promoters was 82%. The transcription start point mapped in the two Lineages showed the same localization. The activity of L1 and L2 promoters was investigated through the use of plasmid constructs bearing bacterial chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) as reporter gene. Experiments of transient expression showed that the L1 promoter drove high CAT activity in L1 isolates, but essentially no activity in L2 strains. On the other hand, L2 promoter was functional in both Lineages. The expression driven by L2 promoter in L1 isolates was higher than that driven by the homologous promoter. We have also analysed the activity of both L1 and L2 promoters in a particular group of T. cruzi isolates (group 1/2) which contains two types of rRNA cistrons. It was observed that both promoters were functional in this group of strains, although L2 promoter drove higher CAT activity. This is an interesting result since we have shown that in group 1/2 isolates only the type 2 rRNA cistron is expressed in vivo. In the present study, we have also analysed the transfection efficiency of the plasmid constructs in T. cruzi strains; the activity of segments of the L2 promoter; and the efficiency of the \"trans-splicing\" process involved in the generation of mature CAT mRNA containing the mini-exon sequence at the 5\' end.
92

\"Estudo de mecanismos regulatórios e mapeamento de genes associados a malformações craniofaciais\" / Mapping and regulatory mechanisms study of genes associated with caraniofacial malformations

Cibele Masotti 26 June 2007 (has links)
Neste trabalho, estudamos duas malformações craniofaciais mendelianas, decorrentes de um distúrbio do desenvolvimento dos primeiro e segundo arcos faríngeos: a síndrome de Treacher Collins (STC) e a síndrome Aurículo-condilar (SAC). A identificação de genes e de mecanismos moleculares associados a essas condições, além de contribuir para a compreensão do desenvolvimento das estruturas derivadas desses arcos faríngeos, é fundamental para o desenvolvimento do diagnóstico molecular, uma ferramenta importante para diagnóstico diferencial e aconselhamento genético. Contribuímos para uma melhor caracterização clínica da SAC com a descrição de uma nova família com 11 afetados. Após excluirmos quatro genes/regiões candidatas para síndromes de 1º e 2º arcos faríngeos, realizamos estudos de ligação usando marcadores polimórficos ao longo do genoma. Mapeamos o primeiro lócus associado à SAC, 1p21.1-q23.3 (lod score=3.0), e nossos dados sugerem que há heterogeneidade genética para essa patologia. Com relação ao estudo da STC, realizamos uma extensa revisão da nomenclatura das mutações patogênicas descritas na literatura, além de investigar mecanismos mutacionais atípicos na STC, corroborando a hipótese de que mutações nos exons que sofrem splicing alternativo são capazes de gerar o fenótipo da síndrome. Demos continuidade à caracterização do espectro de mutações no gene TCOF1 e investigamos a correlação genótipo-fenótipo numa amostra de 58 pacientes com STC. A análise dos dados de polimorfismos da região codificadora do gene permitiu que fizéssemos inferências sobre o regime de seleção ao qual o TCOF1 está submetido, e os resultados sugeriram que o gene TCOF1 está sob seleção purificadora, que atua sobre mutações fracamente deletérias. Também inferimos a fase para um conjunto de polimorfismos da região codificadora, verificando se havia associação de algum haplótipo à gravidade do quadro clínico ou à predisposição para a doença. Dada a observação de ausência de correlação haplótipo/genótipo-fenótipo, testamos a hipótese de que variações nos níveis de expressão do alelo normal poderiam ser responsáveis pela variabilidade clínica observada nos pacientes portadores da STC. Para tanto, iniciamos o estudo funcional das regiões regulatórias do gene TCOF1 , inclusive, de regiões distantes do promotor mínimo, preditas como enhancers. Identificamos polimorfismos em sua região promotora, sendo um deles capaz de diminuir os níveis de transcrição e de afetar a ligação do fator de transcrição YY1 ao promotor do TCOF1 . Caracterizamos a ação de YY1 como repressora in vitro. Testamos também a hipótese de haploinsuficiência como mecanismo associado à STC. Quantificamos os níveis de transcritos do TCOF1 em indivíduos afetados e normais e observamos uma diferença significativa. Nosso trabalho corrobora a hipótese de haploinsuficiência e mostra pela primeira vez que pacientes têm degradação de transcritos. Também investigamos a possibilidade de os níveis de transcritos estarem correlacionados à variabilidade fenotípica. Comparamos os dados de expressão de cada paciente à freqüência de nove sinais clínicos principais da STC, mas nenhuma correlação foi observada. Investigamos o padrão de metilação da ilha CpG do gene TCOF1 em pacientes e em controles, com o intuito de verificar se diferentes níveis de metilação inter-individual estariam associados à grande variação na expressão gênica. Demonstramos que a metilação da ilha CpG não é o mecanismo regulatório por trás dessa ampla variação de expressão do TCOF1 / In the present study, we investigate two craniofacial mendelian disorders, resulting from abnormalities in the development of the first and second pharyngeal arches: the Treacher Collins Syndrome (TCS ) and the auriculo condylar syndrome (ACS). The identification of genes and molecular mechanisms associated to these conditions, in addition to contributing to the understanding of the development of structures derived from these pharyngeal arches, is fundamental for the development of molecular diagnostics, an important tool for differential diagnosis and genetic counseling. We contributed to a better clinical characterization of ACS with a description of a new family with 11 affected individuals. After excluding four candidate genes/regions for syndromes of the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arches, we carried out linkage studies using polymorphic markers throughout the genome. We mapped the first locus associated to ACS, 1p21.1-q23.3 (lod score=3.0), and our data suggest genetic heterogeneity exists for this pathology. With respect to the study of TCS , we carried out an extensive review of the nomenclature for the pathogenic mutations described in the literature, in addition to investigating atypical mutation mechanisms in TCS , corroborating the hypothesis that mutations in the exons that undergo alternative splicing can result in the TCS phenotype. We continued the characterization of the mutation spectrum for TCOF1 and we investigated the genotype-phenotype correlation in a sample of 58 patients with TCS . The analysis of polymorphisms in the coding region allowed us to make inferences about the selective regime experienced by TCOF1 , and our results suggested that TCOF1 is under purifying selection, which acts upon weakly deleterious mutations. We also inferred the phase for a set of polymorphisms in the coding region, testing whether there was association between any haplotype and the severity of the phenotype or the susceptibility to the disease. Given the observation of no correlation between haplotype/genotype and phenotype, we tested the hypothesis that variation in the levels of expression of the normal allele could be responsible for the clinical variability observed in TCS patients. To do this, we started a functional study of the TCOF1 regulatory regions, including regions distant from the minimal promoter, predicted to be enhancers. We identified polymorphisms in the promoter region, one of which reduced the levels of transcription and affected the binding of the YY1 transcription factor to the TCOF1 promoter. Using an in vitro assay we characterized YY1 as a repressor. We also tested the hypothesis of haploinsufficiency as a mechanism associated to TCS . We quantified the levels of TCOF1 transcripts in normal and affected individuals and found a significant difference. Our study corroborates the haploinsufficiency hypothesis and for the first time shows that patients have transcript degradation. We also investigated the possibility that transcripts levels are correlated to phenotypic variability. We compared the expression data for each patient with the frequency of nine clinical signs of TCS , but no correlation was found. We investigated the pattern of methylation on the CpG island of TCOF1 in patients and controls, in order to test whether different levels of methylation among individuals were associated to the great variation in gene expression. We demonstrated that methylation of the CpG island is not the regulatory mechanisms underlying the broad variation in TCOF1 expression.
93

Análise do promotor quimérico regulado por zinco para a expressão de proteínas recombinantes em Saccharomyces cerevisiae. / Analysis of chimeric promoter regulated by zinc for the expression of recombinant proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Flávia Garcia Borges 05 October 2015 (has links)
O desenvolvimento de sistemas de expressão através da modificação de fortes promotores conhecidos vem sendo amplamente utilizado para a produção de proteínas com potencial utilização biotecnológica em diversos hospedeiros como S. cerevisiae. O objetivo do trabalho foi construir um promotor quimérico através de modificações do promotor cbh1 de T. reesei e inserção de elementos de resposta a metais provenientes do promotor ZRT1 de S. cerevisiae. O promotor desenhado foi utilizado na construção de um sistema de expressão, que foi inserido na levedura e teve sua atividade analisada pelo teste de ONPG. Foi possível observar que, conforme a concentração de zinco aumenta, a atividade do promotor diminui. O promotor teve maior atividade no meio sem zinco e menor no meio com 1000 μM de zinco. Esses resultados confirmam que o sistema funciona de forma eficiente em S. cerevisiae. Também foi possível observar que os mutantes crescidos em meio com limitação de zinco e, consequentemente com maior atividade do promotor, tiveram sua taxa de crescimento alterada. O que é esperado devido ao fenômeno conhecido como estresse metabólico, comum durante a produção de proteínas recombinantes em leveduras, na qual a cultura apresenta uma diminuição significativa do crescimento. / The development the expression systems by modifying strong promoters has been widely used for the production of proteins with potential biotechnological use in various hosts such as S. cerevisiae. This study aimed to construct an expression system constituted of the chimeric promoter built with cbh1 promoter modified by inserting metal responsive elements from the promoter of ZRT1 gene of S. cerevisiae. The S. cerevisiae was transformed and the system was induced with different concentrations of zinc and was tested using ONPG as substrate. It was observed that under high zinc concentrations promoter activity is low. At low zinc concentrations the opposite effect is observed, and the promoter reaches its highest activities. These results confirm that the system functions efficiently in S. cerevisiae. It was also observed that the mutant grown in environment with zinc limitation, hence with higher activity of the promoter, showed reduced growth rate. Indeed, this is expected due to the phenomenon known as metabolic burden, characterized by a joint stress during the production of recombinant proteins in yeast, under conditions which the culture has a significant growth reduction.
94

Klonierung und Charakterisierung des murinen CD97 Promotors

Schubert-Hartmann, geb. Schubert, Andreas 10 June 2014 (has links)
CD97, ein Mitglied der Adhäsions-G-Protein-gekoppelten Rezeptoren (adhesion-GPCR), wird auf hämatopoetischen, muskulären und epithelialen Zellen exprimiert. Humanes und murines CD97 zeigen ein vergleichbares Expressionsmuster. Funktionell ist CD97 an Zell-Zell- und Zell-Matrix-Interaktionen, der Kanzerogenese und der Migration von Tumorzellen beteiligt. Um die molekulare Regulation von CD97 zu untersuchen, wurde der murine (m)CD97 Promotor charakterisiert. Unter verschiedenen murinen Zelllinien zeigten RAW264.7 (Makrophage), C2C12 (Myoblast) und C3H10T1/2 (Fibroblast) eine starke CD97 Expression. Der Transkriptionsstartpunkt des murinen (m)Cd97 Gens wurde -46bp upstream des ATG Startcodons lokalisiert. Es wurden Promotorplasmide hergestellt, welche aus verschieden langen Fragmenten der 5’ untranslatierten Region (5‘ UTR) von mCd97 und dem Reportervektor pGL3-Basic (pGL3) bestehen. Nach transienter Transfektion in die Zelllinien wurde mit einem Luziferasereportergenassay die Luziferaseaktivität bestimmt und damit der Nukleotidbereich -78 bis +29 bp der 5‘ UTR als minimaler Promotor definiert. Die evolutionär konservierten Nukleotide CACTT (-93/-89) konnten mittels Mutationsanalyse in den Zelllinien RAW264.7, C2C12 und C3H10T1/2 als aktivierende Sequenz im mCD97 Promotor identifiziert werden. Mit Hilfe vergleichender Bioinformatik und electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) gelang es nicht, den hier bindenden Transkriptionsfaktor zu bestimmen. In C2C12 zeigte die Differenzierung vom Myoblasten zum Myozyten eine Regulation von mCD97. Durch EMSA wurde in vitro die Bindung des serum response factor (SRF) an ein CArG-Element innerhalb der 5‘ UTR nachgewiesen. Zusammengefasst wurde der mCD97 Promotor erstmalig beschrieben und der Einfluss von SRF auf die mCD97 Expression in C2C12 nachgewiesen.
95

Einfluss von Östrogen auf die Plasminogen Promotor Aktivität

Kobelt, Louise 19 October 2016 (has links)
Der Typ I Plasminogenmangel ist eine seltene Multisystemerkrankung mit einer gestörten extravaskulären Fibrinolyse, die zur Ausbildung fibrinreicher Pseudomembranen auf Schleimhäuten führt. Kausale Therapien existieren bisher nicht, Fallberichte beschreiben jedoch eine Besserung der Symptomatik bei Patientinnen bei Einnahme oraler Kontrazeptiva. Östrogen wirkt im Körper über Rezeptoren durch Beeinflussung der Genexpression an bestimmten regulatorischen Elementen im Bereich der Promotoren (Estrogen responsive Elements (EREs)). Dies führte zu der Fragestellung, ob und durch welche Promotorelemente der Plasminogen Promotor durch Östrogen regulierbar und die Genexpression hierdurch modulierbar ist. Hierfür wurden verschiedene Promotorkonstrukte mit und ohne regulatorische Elemente kloniert und mittels Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay analysiert. In silico wurden 2 EREs (-11,5 kb und +4,2 kb relativ zur Transkriptionsstartstelle) identifiziert und anschließend ebenfalls in den Konstrukten getestet. Der kleinste „Plasminogenminimalpromotor“ war nicht durch Östrogen beeinflussbar. Proximale Promotorelemente wie die DNAse hypersensitive Region II mit einer beschriebenen Estrogen Responsive Unit sowie ein -2,4kb umfassendes Promotorkonstrukt wirkten unter Östrogenstimulation hemmend auf die Promotoraktivität. Ursächlich dafür sind wahrscheinlich weitere Interaktionen des Östrogen Rezeptors mit transkriptionsmodulierenden Proteinen, z.B. sind Interaktionen vermittelt über eine AP-3 Bindungsstelle denkbar. Die hemmenden Effekte konnten als Plasminogen-Gen-spezifisch und Leberzell-spezifisch demonstriert werden. Im Gegensatz dazu lösten beide vor die Minimalpromotoren klonierten EREs eine starke Stimulation aus, die sich auch in nichthepatischen Zelllinien - dort jedoch in geringerem Ausmaß ¬- zeigte. Somit sind diese EREs starke Enhancer, die eine Leberspezifität aufweisen. Die in der Summe komplexe Regulation der Östrogen-vermittelten Plasminogen Transkriptionskontrolle lässt auf eine Mitwirkung zusätzlicher Faktoren schließen. Um den in vitro Effekt der scheinbar widersprüchlichen Ergebnisse zu untersuchen, wurden humane Leberzellen einer Primärzellkultur mit Östrogen stimuliert und anschließend hinsichtlich der Plasminogen Expression untersucht. Diese Methode ließ sich jedoch aufgrund der Limitierung des Probenmaterials auf Leberbiopsien von Patienten mit gastrointestinalen Karzinomen mit Lebermetastasierung, damit einhergehend fehlender Östrogenrezeptorexpression, sowie fehlender Plasminogenexpression nicht etablieren, sodass hier der Nachweis des wirklichen Effektes des Östrogeneinflusses nicht gelang. In dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich der Plasminogen Promotor durch Östrogen regulieren lässt. Der genaue Mechanismus und der in vitro Effekt ließ sich jedoch nicht abschließend klären und bedarf weiterer Forschung. Eine vielversprechende Fortführung der Arbeit, besonders im Hinblick auf adäquate Therapieoptionen des Typ I-Plasminogenmangels, wäre die Etablierung eines geeigneten Zellmodells und die Erprobung weiterer Plasminogen modifizierender Substanzen.:I Bibliografische Beschreibung und Referat…………………………………………………………………………………………II II Abkürzungsverzeichnis……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………III 1. Einleitung und Hintergrund…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….1 1.1. Plasminogen und Typ I Plasminogenmangel……………………………………………………………………1 1.2. Organisation des Plasminogen Gens und des Plasminogen Promotors……………………..…….2 1.3. Östrogen und dessen Signaltransduktion…………………………………………………………………………3 2. Überleitung zur Originalpublikation – Fragestellung……………………………………………………………………….5 3. Originalpublikation………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……..7 4. Diskussion und Ausblick………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..15 5. Zusammenfassung………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..17 6. Literaturverzeichnis……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...19 III Eigenständigkeitserklärung..………………………………………………………………………………………………………….IV IV Curriculum vitae…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….V V Liste der Publikationen…….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….VI VI Danksagung………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….VII
96

Faktory interagující s bakteriální RNA polymerázou a jejich vliv na regulaci iniciace transkripce / Factors interacting with bacterial RNA polymerase and their effect on the regulation of transcription initiation

Ramaniuk, Volha January 2019 (has links)
(ENGLISH) The bacterial cell needs to regulate its gene expression in response to changing environmental conditions. RNA polymerase (RNAP) is the pivotal enzyme of this process and its activity is controlled by a number of auxiliary factors. Here I focus on RNAP-associating factors involved in regulation of transcription in G+ bacteria:  factors, initiating nucleoside triphosphates (iNTPs), HelD, δ and small RNA Ms1. The main emphasis is on σ factors from Bacillus subtilis. σ factors allow RNAP to specifically recognize promoter DNA. In my first project I set up in vitro transcription systems with purified alternative σ factors, σB , σD , σH , σI from B. subtilis. Using these systems, I studied the effect of initiating NTP concentration ([iNTP]) on transcription initiation. I showed that promoters of alternative  factors are often regulated by [iNTP]. In the next project I comprehensively characterized one of the least explored alternative  factors from B. subtilis, I . I identified ~130 genes affected by I , though only 16 of them were directly affected. Moreover, I discovered that I is involved in iron metabolism. Finally, I showed that I binding requires not only the conserved -35 and -10 hexamers, but also extended -35 and -10 elements located in the spacer region. In collaboration with...
97

Modelo de identificación de las necesidades del promotor en el proceso proyecto-construcción: INPro

Alshubbak, Ali M M 20 July 2011 (has links)
El sector de la construcción se caracteriza por tener una serie de rasgos que le convierten en un motor económico principal. El proceso proyecto-construcción (PPC) es una descripición del ciclo de vida de la infraestructura, con especial incidencia en su diseño y su construcción, aplicable tanto al caso de la edificación como de la obra civil. Este proceso consta de las fases de viabilidad, diseño, construcción, explotación y desmantelamiento. En cada una de las fases del promotor juego un papel crucial al ser quien inicia, financia y explota el producto final del proceso; además, el promotor es un agente que tiene una fuerte relación con muchas disciplinas y rasgos del PPC como la gestión de la calidad, el control de la ejecución, el seguimiento de los trabajos y la colaboración con los demás agentes. La figura del promotor en España no está profundamente introducida en la gestión de la construcción, al contrario de otros países como EE.UU., Canadá o Inglaterra. Dentro de este marco general, esta investigación pretende ofrecer a las empresas y a los técnicos que actúan enel subsector de la edificación una herramienta para realizar su trabajo de forma que se contempla, en todo momento, los requisitos e indicaciones del promotor. Todo ello con la finalidad de mejorar la gestión de la calidad, disminuir los conflictos entre los agentes y proporcionar datos de naturaleza técnica, administrativa, legal y económico-financiera. En esta tesis se plantea, diseña y desarrolla un modelo para la identificación de las necesidades del promotor en el PPC aplicado al subsector de la edificación residencial. La presente investigación se desarrolla en varios pasos: investigación teórica y bibliográfica para estudiar el sector de la construcción, el PPC y las tendencias evoutivas sobre la figura del promotor y sus necesidades: planteamiento, diseño y desarrollo del modelo; y validación del modelo mediante la aplicación del método Delphi. / Alshubbak, AMM. (2010). Modelo de identificación de las necesidades del promotor en el proceso proyecto-construcción: INPro [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/11227
98

Desarrollo de un Circuito Genético Sintético Conformado por el Gen de la Proteína Verde Fluorescente (GFP) y el Promotor psp de Escherichia coli

Tueros Farfán, Felipe Gonzalo January 2015 (has links)
El aumento de la actividad minera en el Perú hace necesario el desarrollo de tecnologías rápidas y económicas de detección de contaminantes para su monitoreo y control. Implementando conocimientos de biología molecular y de la regulación génica podemos construir un circuito genético sintético que posibilite el monitoreo de sustancia toxicas que generen estrés oxidativo como son los compuestos cianurados. El objetivo de esta investigación es desarrollar un circuito genético sintético conformado por el promotor de la proteína del shock por fagos (psp) de Escherichia coli y las secuencia codificante del gen de la proteína verde fluorescente (GFP). La construcción de dicho circuito se logró usando estrategias de clonamiento por topoisomerasas y clonamiento clásico con enzimas de restricción, se usó la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) para confirmar que todos los segmentos del circuito estén presentes en el vector. Los estudios preliminares de la actividad del nuevo circuito se realizaron transformando genéticamente células competentes de E. coli. La observación de dichas bacterias muestra una expresión de GFP continua, lo que indica que el circuito sintético está siendo activado sin estar en presencia de agentes de estrés oxidativo, lo que suponía una posible interacción con otros sistemas de regulación de estrés en la célula. Due to the increase of mining activity in Peru new technologies that can detect and monitor hazardous pollutants in a faster and cheaper way must be developed. Implementing molecular biology knowledge about genetic regulation we are able to construct a synthetic genetic circuit that can allow the monitoring of toxic substances that generate oxidative stress such us cyanide compounds. The objective of this research is to develop a synthetic genetic circuit from the promoter of the phage shock protein operon from E. coli and the complementary DNA of the green fluorescent gene (GFP). The construction of the circuit was achieved using classic cloning strategies with restriction enzymes and also more advanced strategies such us topoisomerase cloning, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to confirm the presence of all the desire segments in the vector. Preliminary studies of the circuit activity were carried out by genetically transforming competent E. coli cells. The observation of the bacteria shows a continuous expression of GFP without any inducer, this indicates that the synthetic circuit is being activated through a possible interaction with other stress response pathway.
99

Účast alternativních sigma faktorů RNA polymerasy při regulaci exprese genů Corynebacterium glutamicum / The role of alternative sigma factors of RNA polymerase in regulation of gene expression in Corynebacterium glutamicum

Šilar, Radoslav January 2016 (has links)
Abstract Regulation of transcription by extracytoplasmic-function (ECF) sigma factors of RNA polymerase is an efficient way of cell adaptation to diverse environmental stresses. Amino acid-producing gram-positive bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum codes for seven sigma factors: the primary sigma factor SigA, the primary-like sigma factor SigB and five ECF stress- responsive sigma factors (SigC, SigD, SigE, SigH and SigM). The sigH gene encoding SigH sigma factor is located in a gene cluster together with the rshA gene, encoding the anti-sigma factor of SigH. Anti-sigma factors bind to their cognate sigma factors and inhibit their transcriptional activity. Under the stress conditions the binding is released allowing the sigma factors to bind to the RNAP core enzyme. In this thesis, regulation of expression of genes encoding the most important ECF sigma factor SigH and its anti-sigma factor RshA as well as genes belonging to the SigH-regulon were mainly studied. The transcriptional analysis of the sigH-rshA operon revealed four housekeeping promoters of the sigH gene and one SigH-dependent promoter of the rshA gene. For testing the role of the complex SigH-RshA in gene expression, the C. glutamicum ΔrshA strain was used for genome-wide transcription profiling with DNA Microarrays technique under...
100

Efeito dos ácidos lático e butírico, isolados e associados, sobre o desempenho, imunidade humoral e morfometria intestinal em frangos de corte / Effect of latic and butiric acids, isolated and associated, on performance, humoral immunity and intestinal morfometric in broilers

Salazar, Paulo Cesar Riquelme 21 July 2006 (has links)
Durante os últimos anos a avicultura nacional tem sofrido constantes desafios, tendo como objetivo ampliar o mercado consumidor do frango de corte ao redor do mundo. Entretanto, cada mercado apresenta exigências diferentes, como no caso do mercado europeu que estabelece a exclusão dos antibióticos como promotores de crescimento na alimentação dos frangos de corte. Visando esta problemática, realizou-se este estudo, com o objetivo de analisar os resultados da utilização dos ácidos lático e butírico, isolados e associados, como aditivos em dietas de frangos de corte, em relação ao promotor de crescimento usualmente utilizado nas dietas dos mesmos. Foram avaliados: o desempenho, a imunidade humoral e a morfometria intestinal das aves. Utilizaram-se 1400 pintainhos machos da linhagem comercial Ross, divididos em cinco tratamentos (controle - sem aditivo -; ácido butírico; ácido lático; ácido butírico + ácido lático e avilamicina - antibiótico, promotor de crescimento tradicionalmente utilizado na produção de frangos de corte). Os resultados de desempenho indicaram que a interação dos ácidos foi significativa na fase inicial, entretanto não ocorreu um efeito aditivo dos ácidos, sendo o uso do ácido butírico isoladamente mais recomendável durante essa fase. Já na fase de crescimento, a interação foi significativa com um efeito aditivo, recomendando seu uso nas rações de crescimento. De acordo com os títulos médios de anticorpos obtidos no estudo, a interação foi significativa aos 35 dias de idade e mostrou um efeito sinérgico, sendo a combinação dos ácidos em questão um potente modulador da imunidade humoral. Os resultados obtidos nas análises de morfometria intestinal não foram conclusivos. Em termos gerais, requerem-se mais estudos quanto ao uso dos ácidos orgânicos como promotores de crescimento. / During the last years, the national poultry keeping has suffered constant challenges, having as objective to diversify the consuming market of the broiler to around of the world. However, each market presents different requirements, as in the case of the European market that establishes the exclusion of antibiotics as promotional of growth in the feeding of the broilers. Aiming at this problematic one, this study was become fullfilled, with the objective to analyze the results of the association of the butyric and lactic acids as additives in the ration of broilers, in comparison to the results gotten for the usually used promoters of growth in the diets of broilers. They had been evaluated: the animal performance, humoral immunology and intestinal morfometric of the birds. 1400 male chickens of the commercial ancestry Ross had been used, dividing them in five groups with different treatments to that if it relates to the additive use. Being a group it has controlled absent of additive, a group with butyric acid, a group with lactic acid, the fourth group with the association of butyric and lactic acids, and the fifth group with avilamicina (antibiotic) as promotional of traditionally used growth in the production of broilers. The performance results had indicated that the interaction of acid ones was significant in the initial phase, mean while did not occur an additive effect of acid ones, being the use of the butyric acid separately more recommendable during this phase. Already in the growth phase, the interaction was significant with an additive effect, recommending its use in the rations of growth. In accordance with the average headings of antibodies gotten in the study, the interaction was significant in the third sampling and showed a synergic effect of acid ones, being the combination of acids in question a powerful modulator of the humoral immunity. Meanwhile, the results gotten in the analyses of intestinal morfometric had not been conclusive. In general terms, one requires more organic acid studies that confirm the use of as the promotional ones of growth.

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