Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-11-22T16:54:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Raisa Melo Lima - 2016.pdf: 5394977 bytes, checksum: 7066675bd31ee0e72d9ecd420ea0d1e7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-11-30T15:46:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Raisa Melo Lima - 2016.pdf: 5394977 bytes, checksum: 7066675bd31ee0e72d9ecd420ea0d1e7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-30T15:46:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Raisa Melo Lima - 2016.pdf: 5394977 bytes, checksum: 7066675bd31ee0e72d9ecd420ea0d1e7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis endemic in Brazil, where are recorded about 80% of cases worldwide, and has Paracoccidioides sp. as the etiologic agent. Malate synthase (MLS) is an important enzyme related to the fungal metabolism, once it is essential in the glyoxylate cycle, a secondary metabolic pathway of the citric acid cycle exclusive to microorganisms and plants. Its absence in humans makes this enzyme an interesting subject to study, mainly in rational drug design. From recent in vitro studies, several interacting proteins of MLS (receiver) were classified, but the modes of interaction and key regions involved in protein-protein interfaces (PPIs) have not yet been described. In this work, six (6) binding proteins (BPs) were selected to describe the IP's of MLS. Their tridimensonal structures, as well as MLS, were predicted by homology modeling using I-TASSER server, and subsequent molecular dynamics simulations (MD). The most common conformational modes of each protein were obtained by cluster analysis of the trajectories generated by MD. Molecular docking simulations using Gramm-X were then performed for the conformational modes of MLS against the BP's, resulting in a total of 36 complexes. Based on the higher frequency of some small fragments of proteins observed in the IPP's, 57 peptides with sizes between 5 and 20 residues, were initially selected from 5 regions of MLS which are considered more frequent in protein-protein interaction. FlexPepDock simulations were performed to optimize the atomic coordinates of the peptide complexed with MLS, and concomitantly, PepFOLD simulations were performed to evaluate the stability of each peptide in solution. Based on the lower energy score of peptides linked to MLS, and the stability of their structures in solution (MLS-free), 6 peptides were selected as promising ligands to MLS mode 1. The stability and patterns of interactions of these peptides were evaluated in detail. / A paracoccidioidomicose (PCM) é uma micose sistêmica endêmica no Brasil, onde são registrados cerca de 80% dos casos mundiais, e possui como agente etiológico o fungo Paracoccidioides spp. A Malato sintase (MLS) é uma importante enzima relacionada ao metabolismo fúngico, uma vez que é essencial no ciclo do glioxilato, uma via metabólica importante de produção de glicose para parede celular, sendo exclusiva de micro-organismos e plantas. Sua ausência em humanos a torna um alvo interessante de estudo, principalmente, no desenho racional de fármacos. A partir de recentes estudos in vitro, várias proteínas que interagem com a PbMLS (receptor) foram classificadas, porém os modos de interação e as regiões chaves envolvidas nas interfaces proteína-proteína (IPP’s), não foram ainda descritas. Neste trabalho, 6 (seis) proteínas ligantes (PL) foram selecionadas para verificar suas interações com PbMLS. As estruturas tridimensionais dessas proteínas, bem como de PbMLS, foram preditas por homologia, usando o servidor I-TASSER. Simulações de dinâmica molecular (DM) foram realizadas pelo programa GROMACS, e os modos das conformações mais representativas de cada proteína foram determinados baseando-se nas análises de agrupamentos a partir das trajetórias geradas por DM. Simulações de ancoragem molecular com GRAMM-X foram então realizadas entre os modos conformacionais de PbMLS contra os obtidos de PL’s, resultando num total de 36 complexos. Baseado na frequência maior de alguns pequenos fragmentos de proteínas, observados nas IPP’s, 57 peptídeos de tamanhos entre 5 e 20 resíduos de aminoácidos, foram inicialmente selecionados a partir de 5 regiões da PbMLS consideradas mais frequentes na interação proteína-proteína. Simulações com FlexPepDock foram realizadas para otimizar as coordenadas atômicas dos peptídeos complexados com MLS e, concomitantemente, simulações com PepFOLD foram realizadas para avaliar a estabilidade de cada peptídeo em solução. Com base nos mais baixos scores de energia dos peptídeos ligados a MLS bem como na estabilidade de suas estruturas não ligadas em solução , 5 peptídeos foram selecionados como promissores ligantes ao modo 1 de MLS. A estabilidade e os padrões de interações destes peptídeos são avaliados em detalhes.

Neste trabalho, utilizamos a técnica de espalhamento de raios-X a baixos Ângulos (SAXS) para estudar a influência de dois derivados fenotiazínicos na estrutura de sistemas micelares, assim como suas propriedades de auto-associação, além de investigar a influência da variação de pH e de concentração nas interações entre proteínas em solução. Para tanto, utilizamos dois fármacos fenotiazínicos, (Trifluoperazina, TFP e a Clorpromazina, CPZ), em presença de L--fosfatidilcolina (LPC), um surfactante zwiteriônico (30 mM), a pH 4.0 e 7.0. Os resultados de SAXS indicam que a micela de LPC, em ausência de fenotiazina, pode ser representada por uma micela com forma elipsoidal (com razão axial 1.6 0.1). No entanto, em presença de TFP e de CPZ a forma da micela se altera, passando para um cilindro (com razão axial 2.5 0.1). Este efeito é acompanhado por uma diminuição do raio parafínico da micela (22.5 0.3 Å), em ausência de fármaco, para 20.0 0.5 em presença de 10 mM de fármaco. Em paralelo, realizamos medidas de EPR (Ressonância Paramagnética eletrônica) destes sistemas. Combinando os resultados de SAXS e de EPR, propusemos um sítio para a localização destes compostos nas micelas de LPC, que seria na interface polar/apolar da mesma. Em um segundo momento, utilizamos as técnicas de SAXS e de EPR para investigar as características estruturais dos agregados formados por TFP e CPZ (a 20 e 60 mM, a pH 4.0 e 7.0). As curvas de SAXS são compatíveis com o espalhamento de agregados pequenos com diferentes geometrias: elipsoidal, cilíndrico e tipo-paralelepípedo. Devido à resolução da técnica, dentro do intervalo de vetores de espalhamento utilizada (até cerca de 0.3 Å-1), não é possível determinar, de forma absoluta, a correta geometria dos agregados, ou seja, todas as geometrias citadas acima ajustam de forma satisfatória as curvas de SAXS. As análises dessas curvas também não excluem a possibilidade de que estes fármacos mantenham-se como nano-cristais em solução (compostos por cerca de 10 celas unitárias, empilhadas na direção-z), seguindo sua estrutura cristalográfica. Medidas de EPR indicam que os auto-agregados a pH 4.0 possuem características semelhantes às micelas, mas a pH 6.5 este efeito não foi evidenciado, uma vez que ocorre uma forte interação entre a sonda e os agregados. Este fato indica que os agregados, a pH 6.5, têm um maior empacotamento, em comparação aos sistemas a pH 4.0. Por fim, utilizamos a Albumina de Soro Bovina (BSA, a 10 50 mg/ml), em diferentes pHs (2.0 9.0), para investigar os efeitos de concentração e de pH nos potenciais de interação das macromoléculas em solução. O fator de forma da proteína foi obtido através da estrutura cristalográfica da HSA (Human Serum Albumine, proteína humana homóloga a BSA), enquanto que as interações proteína-proteína foram calculadas através da relação de fechamento RPA (Random Phase Approximation). Nossos dados indicam que a BSA mantém sua estrutura terciária inalterada de pH 4.0 a 9.0, independente de sua concentração. No entanto, a pH 2.0 a proteína sofre um processo de desenovelamento, indicado pelo aumento da dimensão máxima da mesma. Nossos dados dão suporte para concluir que as interações entre as proteínas, a 10 mg/ml, são praticamente desprezíveis, exceto para os sistemas compostos a pH 2.0 (onde a proteína está desenovelada) e a pH 4.0 (onde evidenciamos a presença de interferência atrativa entre as proteínas). Entretanto, a medida em que aumentamos a concentração proteica, uma função de interferência do tipo repulsiva aparece na curvas de SAXS (para os sistemas de pH 4.0 a 9.0). Além disso, no sistema composto por BSA, pH 5.4 e 50 mg/ml, evidenciamos a existência de monômeros e dímeros em solução, provavelmente devido a proximidade do ponto isoelétrico da proteína (entre 4.8 5.6). Este efeito não foi evidenciado para os outros pHs, nesta mesma concentração. A pH 2.0 (25 e 50 mg/ml) evidenciamos uma compactação da proteína, sendo que sua forma é diferente da forma nativa da BSA. Nestas condições, é possível que a proteína tenha alcançado um estado molten globule, como evidenciado em outros trabalhos. Acreditamos que os efeitos de volume excluído são de grande importância para a estabilidade da proteína in vivo. / In this work we study, mainly by means of small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), the influence of two phenothiazine derivatives on biomimetic systems as well as the self-assembly features. At the same time, the conformational stability of proteins in the presence of denaturant agents (pH and concentration) was evaluated. First of all, the phenothiazine compounds trifluoperazine (TFP) and chlorpromazine (CPZ) with micelles of the zwitterionic surfactant L--lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), at pHs 4.0 and 7.0, are reported. The SAXS results demonstrate that, upon addition of both phenothiazines, the LPC micelle of prolate ellipsoidal shape changes into a cylindrically shaped micelle, increasing its axial ratio from 1.6 0.1 (in the absence of drug) to 2.5 0.1 (for 5 and 10 mM of phenothiazine). Such an effect is accompanied by a shrinking of the paraffinic shortest semiaxis from 22.5 0.3 to 20.0 0.5 Å. Besides, EPR (Electronic Paramagnetic Resonance) evidenced a bigger motion immobilization of the nitroxe probe, in the presence of phenothiazines. Our results provide evidence that the positively charged phenothiazine molecule must be accommodated near the hydrophobic/hydrophilic inner micellar interface. Furthermore, SAXS and EPR experiments were carried out to investigate the structure of the self-aggregates of CPZ and TFP, in aqueous solution. SAXS studies (drug solutions of 20 and 60 mM, at pH 4.0 and 7.0) evidenced that several different particle form factors with a homogeneous electron density distribution, in respect to the water environment, could reproduce the scattering curves. Due to the limitation of scattering intensity in the q range above 0.15 Å-1, precise determination of the aggregate shape was not possible and all of the tested models for ellipsoids, cylinders, or parallelepipeds fitted the experimental data equally well. The SAXS data allows inferring, however, that CPZ molecules might self-assemble in a basis set of an orthorhombic cell, remaining as nanocrystallites in solution. Such nanocrystals are composed of a small number of unit cells (up to 10, in c-direction), with CPZ aggregation numbers of 60-80. EPR spectra of 5- and 16-doxyl stearic acids bound to the aggregates were also performed, indicating a micelle-like aggregate at pH 4.0, and a significant motional restriction of the nitroxide was observed at pH 6.5. This implies that the aggregate is densely packed at this pH and that the nitroxide is tightly bound to it producing a strongly immobilized EPR spectrum. Finally, the effect of concentration and pH on the protein-protein interactions of BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin, from 10 up to 50 mg/ml) was evaluated by SAXS. Our results give support to infer that BSA keeps its native shape (similar to the Human Serum Albumin, HSA, crystallographic structure) unaltered at middle-acid (pH 4.0) up to basic pHs (9.0). At pH 2.0, however, BSA undergoes an unfolding process, indicated by a non globular shape. The protein-protein interactions were analysed into the Random Phase Approximation. The results show that at smaller amounts of BSA (10 mg/ml) the interference effects are not significative over the SAXS curve for pH 5.4 up to 9.0. At pH 4.0 and 10 mg/ml, however, an attractive potential takes place over the SAXS curves, that becomes repulsive with increasing BSA concentration. Besides, at pH 5.4 and 50 mg/ml, we evidenced a dimer-monomer co-existence in the solution. At pH 2.0 and 25 and 50 mg/ml, BSA undergoes to a compact conformation. Probably, BSA is in a molten globule state. Our results give also support to infer that probably, the exclude volume effect plays an important role on the protein stability in vivo.

Orientador: Kleber Gomes Franchini / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T03:49:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KosckyPaier_CarlosRoberto_D.pdf: 7798282 bytes, checksum: 043e551d51c3a8309982d9ff59835b10 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A via de sinalização da Calcineurina (Cn), uma fosfatase dependente de cálcio, desempenha papel chave no desenvolvimento, na hipertrofia e no remodelamento patológico do coração. A Calcineurina é negativamente regulada pelas Calsarcinas (CS), uma família de proteínas específicas do músculo estriado, que interagem diretamente com Cn. No entanto, os mecanismos moleculares de inibição de Cn por CS permanecem obscuros. Compreender a estrutura do complexo Cn:CS é fundamental para desvendar esse mecanismo de regulação. Neste trabalho foram combinados ensaios bioquímicos, crosslinking químico acoplado à Espectrometria de Massas (experimentos de MS / MS), análise mutacional e uma estratégia de modelagem computacional para a caracterização estrutural do complexo CnA:CS1 (isto é, constituído pela subunidade A de Cn e a isoforma 1 de CS, ambas murinas). O complexo recombinante foi submetido a crosslinking químico, tripsinizado e analisado por LC-MS/MS. Os dados obtidos foram utilizados em um docking in silico dos modelos de ambos os polipeptídeos, gerando várias poses para o complexo. As poses de menor energia de ligação foram agrupadas de acordo com semelhança estrutural e submetidas à simulação de dinâmica molecular. A superfície de interação identificada em CnA abrangeu as ?-hélices 1, 3 e loops vizinhos, enquanto a superfície correspondente de CS1 compreendeu os loops carboxiterminais das regiões Leu179-Phe185, Phe195-Ser199 e Thr250-Leu264. Notavelmente, a superfície de interação de CnA situa-se muito próxima à folha-? 14, o principal sítio de ligação do motivo PxIxIT do fator de transcrição NFAT, importante efetor da Calcineurina. Experimentos realizados com vários mutantes de CnA (FLAG- CnA) e CS1 (myc -CS1 ) foram utilizados para validar o modelo estrutural do complexo CnA:CS1. Os resíduos Lys40 (CnA) e Glu254 (CS1) foram identificados como críticos para a estabilidade do complexo. O modelo gerado neste estudo apoia a hipótese de que CS1 interage com um sítio alostérico para inibir a atividade de CnA / Abstract: Signaling by the calcium-dependent phosphatase calcineurin (Cn) plays key roles in regulating cardiac development, hypertrophy, and pathological remodeling. Cn binds to and is negatively regulated by calsarcins (CS), a family of muscle-specific proteins. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the inhibition of Cn by CS remain unclear. Understanding the architecture and structure of Cn-CS complex is critical to unravel the regulation of Cn by CS. Here we combined biochemical assays, chemical crosslinking coupled to mass spectrometry experiments (MS/MS), mutational analysis and a modeling strategy for structural characterization of CnA-CS1 assembly. The MS/MS data obtained from the cross-linked peptides of both proteins were used to guide an in silico docking of their polypeptide models. The protein complex models with the smallest estimated binding energy were clustered according to structural similarity and submitted to molecular dynamics simulation. The interacting surface of CnA was mapped in a pocket between the 1st and 3rd ?-helixes and surrounding loops, while the corresponding surface of CS1 was mapped to the carboxyterminal loops within the Leu179-Phe185, Phe195-Ser199 and Thr250-Leu264 regions. Notably, the region of CnA that interacts with CS1 was found to be located in close proximity, but not coincident, to the ?-sheet 14, the main binding site for the PVIVIT sequence of NFAT. Experiments performed with several CnA (FLAG-CnA) and CS1 (myc-CS1) mutants were used to validate the structural model of the CnA-CS1 assembly. The Lys40 (CnA) and Glu254 (CS1) residues were identified as critical for the complex stability. The model that emerges from this study supports the notion that CS1 interacts with an allosteric site to inhibit the activity of CnA / Doutorado / Bioquimica / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Les peptides pénétrants sont de petits peptides capables de se rentrer dans les cellules sans endommager la membrane, présentant un grand potentiel dans la délivrance de diverses cargaisons, y compris des peptides, pour le traitement du cancer ainsi que d'autres maladies. Les peptides comme médicaments, bénéficient d'être spécifiques, relativement sûrs, faciles à produire et faciles à modifier. Cependant, des défis significatifs demeurent concernant l'application de peptides en tant qu'agents thérapeutiques. L'identification des motifs de liaison des peptides est difficile et les peptides se comportent généralement avec une perméabilité cellulaire faible et une sensibilité à l'hydrolyse des proteases. Dans le présent travail, nous avons caractérisé deux interactions protéine-protéine Ras/Raf et PP2A/SET qui sont impliqués dans la régulation de la transformation tumorale et de l'apoptose. Nous avons identifié le site de liaison parmi ces protéines (peptides interférents). Ces peptides interférents ont été associés à une navette optimisée pour générer des peptides chimériques capables de dissocier ces interactions protéine/protéine. Les peptides chimeriques ont été testés in vitro et in vivo, montrant un effet anti-tumor. Ces peptides pourraient être considérés comme des candidats prometteurs pour des applications futures en tant que vecteurs pour la délivrance de médicaments intracellulaires. / Cell penetrating peptides are small peptides which are able to translocate into cells without causing membrane damage, presenting a great potential in the delivery of various cargos including peptides, for the treatment of cancer as well as other diseases. Peptides as drugs, benefit from being specific, relative safe, easy to produce and easy to modify. However, significant challenges remain regarding the application of peptides as therapeutic agents. Identification of the binding motifs of the peptides is difficult, and peptides generally behave low-cellular permeability and sensitivity to proteases hydrolysis. In the present work, we characterized two protein-protein interactions Ras/Raf and PP2A/SET that are involved in the regulation of tumor transformation and apoptosis. We have identified the binding site among these proteins (interfering peptides). These interfering peptides were associated to an optimized shuttle to generate chimeric peptides able to dissociate these protein/protein interactions. The chimeric peptides were tested in vitro an in vivo, showing an anti-tumor effect. These peptides could be considered as promising candidates for future applications as vectors for intracellular drugs delivery.

Résumé confidentiel / Résumé confidentiel

Les récepteurs nucléaires sont membres d'une famille de protéines activées par des ligands et qui régulent la transcription de nombreux gènes. Le récepteur nucléaire RevErbα est constitutivement inhibiteur de la transcription de gènes cibles via le recrutement du complexe corépresseur NCor-HDAC3 (Nuclear CoRepressor et Histone DeAcetylase 3). Ce complexe joue un rôle important dans le contrôle de l'horloge circadienne et de la glucogenèse via la régulation de la transcription des gènes codant pour les enzymes G6Pase (Glucose-6-Phosphatase) et PEPCK (PhosphoEnol Pyruvate Carboxy Kinase). Ces deux enzymes sont impliquées dans la glucogénèse qui est dérégulée en cas de diabète de type 2. Ce travail est basé sur l'investigation de l'interaction du récepteur nucléaire RevErbα avec deux corépresseurs: son partenaire établit NCor et SMRT (Silencing Mediator for Retinoid and Thyroid Receptors). Malgré ce qui est rapporté dans la littérature, c'est à dire que SMRT et RevErbα n'interagissent pas fonctionnellement in vivo, nous avons choisis d'étudier cette interaction à cause de la similarité de séquence entre les deux corépresseurs, mais également parce que les peptides des deux corépresseurs ont été rapportés comme interagissant avec d'autre récepteurs nucléaire. Afin d'étudier ces interactions, nous avons utilisé deux techniques complémentaires basées sur l'émission de fluorescence: Une technique in vitro qui est l'anisotropie de fluorescence et une technique de microscopie de fluorescence in cellulo appelée Number & Brightness. En plus de cette étude de l'interaction entre le récepteur nucléaire et les corépresseurs, nous nous sommes intéressé à déterminer l'effet de plusieurs ligands sur cette interaction. Trois ligands ont été testés: l'hème qui est rapporté comme étant le ligand naturel de RevErbα et deux ligands synthétiques et non naturels de RevErbα (SGN et SD7). Grâce à l'anisotropie de fluorescence (in vitro), nous avons confirmé et quantifié l'interaction entre le domaine de liaison au ligand (LBD) de RevErbα et un peptide NCor contenant le domaine d'interaction majeur (ID1 pour RevErbα et nous avons déterminé l'effet des trois ligands sur cette interaction. Nous avons également quantifié l'interaction entre RevErbα et d'autres peptides provenant de NCor et correspondant aux autres domaines d'interaction (ID2 et ID3) pour sa liaison à RevErbα. Nous avons déterminé que l'hème et le SD7 ont un effet déstabilisateur de la liaison de RevErbα à NCor in vitro, alors que le ligand SGN améliore la stabilité de complexe. Nous avons également confirmé une interaction entre RevErbα et un peptide corépresseur issu de SMRT. Afin d'étudier l'interactions des protéines pleine taille dans un contexte plus fonctionnel, nous avons utilisé le 2 photons-2 couleurs Number & Brightness. C'est une technique de microscopie à fluorescence basée sur la fluctuation de l'intensité de fluorescence pour étudier les interactions spécifiques de RevErbα avec NCor et SMRT pleine taille in cellulo ainsi que l'effet des ligands, précédemment mentionné, sur ces interactions. Dans les conditions choisies pour notre étude, nous avons déterminé que RevErbα interagit fortement avec NCor in cellulo et que cette interaction est améliorée par le ligand SGN. En revanche, l'hème et le SD7 n'ont pas d'effet observable sur ce complexe. Nous avons également montré pour la première fois que RevErbα forme des complexes avec le corépresseur SMRT pleine taille in cellulo. La continuité de ce travail pourrait être ciblée sur l'identification de ligands qui augmenterait le recrutement du complexe corépresseur NCor-HDAC3 sur RevErbα, menant ainsi à la diminution de l'expression des gènes cibles. En définitive, un ligand tel que celui-ci pourrait être d'un grand intérêt dans la recherche de la diminution de glucose dans le sang dans les cas de diabètes de type 2. / Nuclear receptors are members of ligand-inducible factors that regulate the transcription of many genes. Nuclear receptor RevErbα constitutively inhibits the transcription of target genes via the recruitment of the corepressor complex NCor-HDAC3 (Nuclear CoRepressor and Histone DeAcetylase 3). This complex plays an important role in controlling the circadian clock and glucogenesis via regulation of the transcription of the G6Pase (Glucose-6-Phosphatase) and PEPCK (PhosphoEnol Pyruvate Carboxy Kinase) genes, both coding for proteins involved in glucogenesis, which is central to type 2 diabetes. Here we have investigated the interaction of the nuclear receptor RevErbα with two corepressors: its establish partner, NCor and SMRT (Silencing Mediator for Retinoid and Thyroid Receptors). Despite literature reports that SMRT and RevErbα do not interact functionally in vivo, we choose to study this interaction because of sequence similarity between the two corepressors, because peptides of both corepressors were reported to interact with other nuclear receptors. To investigate these interactions, we used two complementary fluorescence techniques: In vitro assays based on fluorescence anisotropy and an in cellulo fluorescence microscopy technique called Number & Brightness. In addition to the interactions between the CoRs and the RN, we were interested in determining the effects of several ligands on these interaction. Three ligands were tested: heme, which is reported to be the natural ligand of RevErbα and two synthetic and non-naturals ligands of RevErbα (SGN and SD7). By fluorescence anisotropy (in vitro) we confirmed and quantitated the interaction between purified RevErbα Ligand Binding Domain (LBD) and an NCoR peptide containing the major interaction domains (ID1) for RevErbα and revealed the effect of the three ligands on this interaction. We quantitated as well, the interaction between RevErbα and other peptides from NCor corresponding to the other interaction domains (ID2 and ID3) for it binding to RevErbα. We found a destabilizing effect of heme and SD7 binding to RevErbα on it interaction with NCor in vitro, whereas the ligand SGN enhanced the complex stability. We also confirmed an interaction between RevErbα and a SMRT peptide corepressor in vitro. In order to examine these interactions in a more functionally relevant context using full length proteins, we used 2 photon 2 colors Cross Number and Brightness (N&B), an fluorescence microscopy technique based on fluorescence intensity fluctuations to study specific interactions of full length RevErbα with NCor and SMRT in cellulo as well as the effect of several ligands above mentioned. Under the conditions of our studies, we find that RevErbα and NCor interact strongly in cellulo, and we observed a slight enhancement of this interaction by the SGN ligand. No effect of heme or SD7 was observed on the complex. We show as well for the first time that RevErbα forms complexes with the full length SMRT corepressor in cellulo. Future extensions of these studies could be aimed at identifying ligands that enhance the recruitment of the corepressor complex NCor/HDAC3 by RevErbα, thus leading to a decrease expression of the target genes. Ultimately such a ligand could be of interest in the quest to decrease blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes.

Le système de sécrétion de type II (T2SS) est largement répandu chez les bactéries à Gram négatif. Il permet la sécrétion d’enzymes lytiques et de toxines. Chez la bactérie phytopathogène Erwinia chrysanthemi, les pectinases, sécrétées par ce système appelé Out, dégradent la pectine, provoquant les symptômes de pourriture molle. La sécrétion par le T2SS se passe en 2 étapes : les protéines traversent la membrane interne par le système Sec ou le système Tat. Une fois dans le périplasme, elles sont repliées et transloquées par le T2SS à travers la membrane externe. Le système Out est composé de 14 protéines intégrées ou associées à l’une des deux membranes. Son assemblage et son fonctionnement restent obscurs. Une plateforme serait formée dans la membrane interne par OutE, -F, -L, -M et –C. Ces trois derniers composants sont des protéines bitopiques dont la stœchiométrie et le rôle sont inconnus. Pour identifier des interactions entre ses composants, nous avons utilisé le double-hybride bactérien, basé sur la reconstitution de l’activité d’adénylate cyclase. Nous avons démontré que le domaine de type ferrédoxine, situé en C-terminus d’OutL et d’OutM, est directement impliqué dans l’homo- et l’hétérodimérisation de ces protéines. Une interaction entre les régions périplasmiques d’OutC et d’OutD a été aussi détectée (Login et al., 2010). Pour mieux analyser les multiples interactions au sein du T2SS, des expériences de triple-hybride ont été réalisées en co-exprimant différentes combinaisons des régions solubles de trois composants. Nos résultats suggèrent qu’OutL empêche l’interaction entre OutC et OutD. Par ailleurs, OutL est impliquée dans l’activation de l’ATPase OutE, le moteur du système (Camberg et al., 2007). OutL serait donc impliquée dans la transmission du signal entre le périplasme et le cytoplasme et pourrait intervenir dans la dissociation du complexe OutD/OutC. Afin d’analyser le rôle des segments transmembranaires (TMS) de composants du T2SS, nous avons adapté la technique du double-hybride. Le domaine de la protéine rapporteur Cya a été fusionné au N-terminus du TMS et BlaM au C-terminus. BlaM sert à contrôler la topologie correcte des fusions dans la membrane. Plusieurs interactions bi-partenaires entre les TMS d’OutC, OutL et OutM ont été ainsi détectées. Ce travail a été complété par une étude in vitro (pull-down) et par mutagenèse dirigée. Ces interactions TMS-TMS pourraient intervenir dans la transmission du signal du périplasme vers le cytoplasme à travers la membrane interne. / The type II secretion system (T2SS) is widely used to secrete toxins and lytic enzymes by animal and plant pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. The phytopathogen bacterium Erwinia chrysanthemi secretes several pectinases by the T2SS called Out and causes soft rot disease. The exoproteins cross the cytoplasmic membrane either by the Sec or Tat systems. Once in the periplasm, the folded exoproteins are translocated across the outer membrane by the T2S machinery. The Out system is composed of 14 proteins integrated in or associated with the two bacterial membranes. The molecular organization and the mode of action of the T2SS remain unclear. Several components of this T2SS, OutC, -L, -M, -F and -E, are thought to form a platform in the inner membrane OutC, -Land -M are bitopic inne membrane but their stoichiometry and role in secretion are unknown. We used a bacterial two-hybrid system to detect protein interactions We have shawn that the ferredoxin-like domain at the C-terminus of OutL and OutM allows homo- and - heterodimerization of these proteins. An interaction between OutC and OutD periplasmic regions has been detected (Login et al., 201 0). Three-hybrid has been performed and our results suggest that OutL would destabilize the interaction between OutC and OutD. Also, OutL is implicated in the activation of ATPase OutE, which is thought to be the motor of the system (Cam berg et al., 2007). Thus, OutL could be implicated in the signal transduction from periplasme to cytoplasm and could dissociate the OutC/ OutD complex. To analyse protein-protein interactions within bacterial membranes, we developed a system specially adapted from the bacterial two-hybrid. One of the sub-domain of Cya has been fused to the N-terminus of TMS and BlaM to the C-terminus. Correct topology of fusions can be controlled using BlaM properties. B using this assay znd site-directed mutagenesis, we detected multiple bi-partner interactions between the TMS of OutC, OutL and OutM.

Orientador: Carlos Henrique Inácio Ramos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T13:20:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Murakami_LeticiaMariaZanphorlin_D.pdf: 5383539 bytes, checksum: 1a45d203e6e3c5a992791b8ce893aa36 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Chaperonas moleculares e proteínas de choque térmico (Heat shock protein, Hsp) atuam contra a agregação e o enovelamento incorreto de proteínas, que são os agentes causais de doenças neurodegenerativas, como por exemplo, Alzheimer e Parkinson. A Hsp90 é uma das mais importantes chaperonas moleculares, considerada essencial para a viabilidade celular em eucariotos, pois está associada com a maturação de proteínas atuantes na sinalização e ciclo celular. Além disso, foi demonstrado que a Hsp90 está envolvida na estabilização do fenótipo tumoral de diversos tipos de câncer, destacando a sua importância biomédica. A interação com co-chaperonas, proteínas auxiliares das chaperonas, permite que a Hsp90 atue como uma proteína "hub", ou seja, um ponto central de regulação de diversas proteínas. Muitas dessas co-chaperonas possuem um ou mais domínios do tipo TPR (do inglês, tetratricopeptide repeat) que interagem com o C-terminal da Hsp90. No presente projeto de doutorado, investigamos as características estruturais e termodinâmicas da interação entre o domínio C-terminal da Hsp90 (C-Hsp90) e a co-chaperona TPR Tom70 humana, utilizando técnicas de reação-cruzada acoplada à espectrometria de massas (LC-MS/MS), calorimetria de titulação isotérmica (ITC), espalhamento de raios-X à baixos ângulos (SAXS) e modelagem molecular. Os resultados de LC-MS/MS e ITC evidenciaram novas regiões na interação do complexo C-Hsp90/Tom70 que envolve a hélice A7 presente na Tom70 e experimentos de SAXS revelaram a estrutura em baixa resolução das proteínas C-Hsp90, Tom70 e do complexo C-Hsp90/Tom70. Além disso, investigamos o efeito do celastrol, um composto com potencial atividade anti-câncer, na conformação e na função da Hsp90. Na presença do composto, a Hsp90 sofre um processo de oligomerização e a natureza dos oligômeros foi determinada por ferramentas bioquímicas e biofísicas, tais como espalhamento dinâmico de luz (DLS), cromatografia de exclusão molecular analítica acoplada a espalhamento de luz em multiângulos (SEC-MALS) e eletroforese em gel nativo. Interessantemente, a oligomerização induzida pelo celastrol não afetou a atividade de proteção da Hsp90 contra a agregação protéica e a capacidade de ligação as co-chaperonas com enovelamento tipo TPR. Este é o primeiro trabalho a apontar um possível mecanismo para a ação do celastrol sobre a Hsp90. Coletivamente, nossos resultados e descobertas contribuem para uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos moleculares relacionados à interação entre chaperonas e co-chaperonas, bem como, chaperonas e potenciais ligantes. / Abstract: Molecular chaperones and heat shock proteins (Hsp) act against protein aggregation and misfolding, which are the causal agents of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer and Parkinson. Hsp90 is one of the most important molecular chaperones, considered essential for cell viability in eukaryotes, since it is associated with the maturation of proteins involved in cell cycle and signaling. In addition, it was demonstrated that Hsp90 is implicated in the stabilization of the tumor phenotype of various types of cancer, highlighting its biomedical importance. The interaction with co-chaperones, auxiliary proteins of chaperones, allows that Hsp90 acts as a hub, being a central point for regulation of several other proteins. Many of these co-chaperones have one or more TPR domains that interact with the C-terminus of Hsp90. In this PhD project, we investigated structural and thermodynamic characteristics of the interaction between the C-terminus domain of Hsp90 (C-Hsp90) and the TPR co-chaperone human Tom70, using techniques of cross-linking coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and molecular modeling. The results of LC-MS/MS and ITC revealed new regions involved in the interaction of the C-Hsp90 with Tom70, which encompasses the A7 helix from Tom70, and SAXS experiments unveiled the low resolution structure of the proteins C-Hsp90, Tom70 and the C-Hsp90/Tom70 complex. In addition, we investigated the effect of celastrol, a compound with a potential anti-cancer activity, on the conformation and function of Hsp90. In the presence of celastrol, Hsp90 undergoes oligomerization and the nature of the oligomers was determined by biochemical and biophysical tools such as dynamic light scattering (DLS), size-exclusion chromatography coupled to multi-angle light scattering (SEC-MALS) and native gel electrophoresis. Interestingly, the celastrol-induced oligomerization did not affect the protective activities of Hsp90 against protein aggregation or the capacity to bind TPR co-chaperones. This is the first study to point out a possible mechanism for the action of celastrol on Hsp90. Collectively, our findings contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated to the interaction between chaperones and co-chaperones, as well as chaperones and potential ligands / Doutorado / Quimica Organica / Doutora em Ciências

Doenças complexas são caracterizadas por serem poligênicas e multifatoriais, o que representa um desafio em relação à busca de genes relacionados a elas. Com o advento das tecnologias de sequenciamento em larga escala do genoma e das medições de expressão gênica (transcritoma), bem como o conhecimento de interações proteína-proteína, doenças complexas têm sido sistematicamente investigadas. Particularmente, baseando-se no paradigma Network Medicine, as redes de interação proteína-proteína (PPI -- Protein-Protein Interaction) têm sido utilizadas para priorizar genes relacionados às doenças complexas segundo suas características topológicas. Entretanto, as redes PPI são afetadas pelo viés da literatura, em que as proteínas mais estudadas tendem a ter mais conexões, degradando a qualidade dos resultados. Adicionalmente, métodos que utilizam somente redes PPI fornecem apenas resultados estáticos e não-específicos, uma vez que as topologias destas redes não são específicas de uma determinada doença. Neste trabalho, desenvolvemos uma metodologia para priorizar genes e vias biológicas relacionados à uma dada doença complexa, através de uma abordagem integrativa de dados de redes PPI, transcritômica e genômica, visando aumentar a replicabilidade dos diferentes estudos e a descoberta de novos genes associados à doença. Após a integração das redes PPI com dados de expressão gênica, aplicamos as hipóteses da Network Medicine à rede resultante para conectar genes sementes (relacionados à doença, definidos a partir de estudos de associação) através de caminhos mínimos que possuam maior co-expressão entre seus genes. Dados de expressão em duas condições (controle e doença) são usados separadamente para obter duas redes, em que cada nó (gene) dessas redes é pontuado segundo fatores topológicos e de co-expressão. Baseado nesta pontuação, desenvolvemos dois escores de ranqueamento: um que prioriza genes com maior alteração entre suas pontuações em cada condição, e outro que privilegia genes com a maior soma destas pontuações. A aplicação do método a três estudos envolvendo dados de expressão de esquizofrenia recuperou com sucesso genes diferencialmente co-expressos em duas condições, e ao mesmo tempo evitou o viés da literatura. Além disso, houve uma melhoria substancial na replicação dos resultados pelo método aplicado aos três estudos, que por métodos convencionais não alcançavam replicabilidade satisfatória. / Complex diseases are characterized as being poligenic and multifactorial, so this poses a challenge regarding the search for genes related to them. With the advent of high-throughput technologies for genome sequencing and gene expression measurements (transcriptome), as well as the knowledge of protein-protein interactions, complex diseases have been sistematically investigated. Particularly, Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) networks have been used to prioritize genes related to complex diseases according to its topological features. However, PPI networks are affected by ascertainment bias, in which the most studied proteins tend to have more connections, degrading the quality of the results. Additionally, methods using only PPI networks can provide just static and non-specific results, since the topologies of these networks are not specific of a given disease. In this work, we developed a methodology to prioritize genes and biological pathways related to a given complex disease, through an approach that integrates data from PPI networks, transcriptomics and genomics, aiming to increase replicability of different studies and to discover new genes associated to the disease. The methodology integrates PPI network and gene expression data, and then applies the Network Medicine Hypotheses to the resulting network in order to connect seed genes (obtained from association studies) through shortest paths possessing larger coexpression among their genes. Gene expression data in two conditions (control and disease) are used to obtain two networks, where each node (gene) in these networks is rated according to topological and coexpression aspects. Based on this rating, we developed two ranking scores: one that prioritizes genes with the largest alteration between their ratings in each condition, and another that favors genes with the greatest sum of these scores. The application of this method to three studies involving schizophrenia expression data successfully recovered differentially co-expressed gene in two conditions, while avoiding the ascertainment bias. Furthermore, when applied to the three studies, the method achieved a substantial improvement in replication of results, while other conventional methods did not reach a satisfactory replicability.

Background: Foamy viruses (FVs) have developed a unique budding strategy within the retrovirus family. FV release requires co-expression and a highly specific interaction between capsid (Gag) and glycoprotein (Env), which cannot be complemented by heterologous Env proteins. The interaction domain in FV Env has been mapped in greater detail and resides mainly in the N-terminal tip of the cytoplasmic domain of the Env leader peptide subunit. In contrast, the corresponding domain within Gag is less well defined. Previous investigations suggest that it is located within the N-terminal part of the protein. Results: Here we characterized additional Gag interaction determinants of the prototype FV (PFV) isolate using a combination of particle release, GST pull-down and single cycle infectivity analysis assays. Our results demonstrate that a minimal PFV Gag protein comprising the N-terminal 129 aa was released into the supernatant, whereas proteins lacking this domain failed to do so. Fine mapping of domains within the N-terminus of PFV Gag revealed that the N-terminal 10 aa of PFV Gag were dispensable for viral replication. In contrast, larger deletions or structurally deleterious point mutations in C-terminally adjacent sequences predicted to harbor a helical region abolished particle egress and Gag – Env protein interaction. Pull-down assays, using proteins of mammalian and prokaryotic origin, support the previous hypothesis of a direct interaction of both PFV proteins without requirement for cellular cofactors and suggest a potential direct contact of Env through this N-terminal Gag domain. Furthermore, analysis of point mutants within this domain in context of PFV vector particles indicates additional particle release-independent functions for this structure in viral replication by directly affecting virion infectivity. Conclusions: Thus, our results demonstrate not only a critical function of an N-terminal PFV Gag motif for the essential capsid - glycoprotein interaction required for virus budding but also point out additional functions that affect virion infectivity.