銀行法第125條之2中「違背職務」要件之解釋在實務上分歧甚大，當涉及授信行為時，涉及複雜商業實務與認定，則更顯難解。因此，於第二章中，本文自財務金融領域的觀點，提出授信的定義、種類與目的，分析授信之相關風險與風險因子之判讀方式，並詳介授信實務之流程、職責分配及規範類型，期能描繪出銀行授信行為於真實世界中的輪廓。在第三章中，本文自法律領域的觀點，分析銀行法背信罪之立法背景、與普通背信罪的關聯、各構成要件的解釋。並針對其中「違背職務」要件的解釋爭議，篩選出若干具有代表性的判決用以後續之分析。在第四章中，本文結合了財務金融領域及法律領域的觀點，提出了本文見解。首先，本文援引了德國學者Hefendehl的集體法益與累積犯理論，認為本罪的保護法益為「人民對銀行制度的信賴」，而銀行財產則僅為「個別累積效果的」明文化規定，亦即保護法益的中介載體。接著本文復援引容許風險之概念，主張應實質判斷個案之授信行為是否已逾越容許風險，藉以判斷是否構成違背職務。最後，本文提出了四階層的具體化判準，並指出在實質判斷風險之存否與高低時，應以巴塞爾協定提出的內部評等法，借 EL=PD×LGD×EAD 之公式協助吾人判斷，至於各該風險因子之判讀，亦應參考本文第二章所提及的若干財務金融知識，以做出最合於現實法益變動的判斷。

在高齡少子化的浪潮下，家庭照顧機能與國家公共長照服務體系之界限逐漸浮現，不論是採稅收制或是社會保險制的國家，均紛紛發動改革，發展新型的照顧服務體系，更有效率地結合社會中各種資源，並且透過報酬支付制度的設計，回應長期照顧需求的多元性，以達成充實長期照顧服務量能、發展創新並符合在地需求之照顧服務。本文以日本介護保險制度自2000年創設以來，在服務供給體系與支付制度上之轉變作為比較對象，觀察其社會價值理念的變遷如何反應到法制設計層面，同時報酬支付制度是如何回應社會現實的需求與政策方向；擬自日本介護保險經驗中萃取值得我國參考借鑑之處，減少台灣長期照顧體系發展過程中可能產生的試誤成本。 本文首先對我國長期照顧服務提供體系之法制發展進行分析，包括釐清長照服務提供之法律關係、長照服務供給體系之構造，以及在長照十年計畫下，政府與民間服務提供者合作模式之建構等；並具體地以數份國內地方政府公布之服務提供契約範本為例，嘗試勾勒出台灣長照服務體系公私協力法律關係之圖像，同時探討我國長照服務提供體系與報酬支付制度現存之問題。 在日本介護保險制度部分，本文歸整介護保險法之制定和改革歷程及其基本構造、初探日本介護保險制度與其他社會保障制度之連動性，並集中分析其服務提供者指定制度之法制設計與問題。接著本文將對比台灣長照體系之發展軌跡與挑戰，分析台日兩國公共長照服務供給體系的幾個議題，包括：總體面的公共長照體系理念變遷、國家資源的公平分配、服務品質之管理等。最末於結論歸納日本介護保險經驗值得我國借鏡或反思之處，並簡評目前我國長期照顧服務法修正，以及長期照顧十年計畫2.0之內涵，是否足以回應社會中的長期照顧需求，並有助於實現在地老化之理想。

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:32:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ANTONIO CARLOS SILVA MOURA.pdf: 541052 bytes, checksum: d1f869d689bf0cbb5911b727574b03a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-20 / This piece of work aims to show the results of a research on learning evaluation in graduation courses. It was carried out at the State University of Londrina, July 2006 through May 2007, and is chiefly linked up to a research type named as Studies on Education. Firstly, one presents both a historical approach on the city and on the State University of Londrina. Secondly, one salvages not only some important features about the history of learning evaluation, learning-based theories, background-related evaluation into university teaching, but also an analysis regarding Political/Pedagogical Projects and courses selected. Thirdly, one shows the results of questionnaires which were applied to the graduation-spanning faculty of the university and based upon the National Center for Researches. Through the institution s documents and the professors? research replies scrutinized, one could dwell upon hurdles over the research referred to as how close the university s and the faculty s points of view may be. One also aims to verify any possible changes between graduation background and professors? evaluation practice and what theories are the basis for such a practice. Thus, this research ends up being important due to its bethink-causing elements on learning evaluation into university teaching, ways to enrich the subject analyzed as well as other views that may arise in order to develop new researches on learning evaluation. / Este trabalho apresenta resultados de pesquisa sobre a avalia??o da aprendizagem em cursos de gradua??o, desenvolvida na Universidade Estadual de Londrina, entre julho de 2006 a maio de 2007 e inserida na linha de pesquisa denominada Estudos em Avalia??o. Apresentam-se, primeiramente, um hist?rico da cidade e da Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Em seguida, resgatam-se alguns aspectos relevantes da hist?ria da avalia??o da aprendizagem, seguido de um resgate de teorias relacionadas com a aprendizagem e com a avalia??o formativa no ensino superior, juntamente com an?lise dos Projetos Pol?tico-Pedag?gicos Institucional e dos cursos investigados. Apresentam-se, em seguida, o resultado da an?lise de question?rios aplicados aos docentes de cursos de gradua??o da universidade, abrangendo as diferentes ?reas, segundo a classifica??o do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq). Os problemas de pesquisa referem-se ao grau de proximidade entre os discursos da Institui??o e os dos docentes, revelados, respectivamente, nos documentos investigados e nas respostas obtidas dos sujeitos de pesquisa. Procura-se verificar se houve ou n?o mudan?as entre a forma??o acad?mica dos sujeitos e suas pr?ticas avaliativas enquanto docentes na educa??o superior e que teorias pedag?gicas e epistemol?gicas embasam essas pr?ticas. A contribui??o desta pesquisa torna-se relevante por fornecer elementos para a reflex?o sobre a avalia??o da aprendizagem na educa??o superior, apontando caminhos para o crescimento dentro da tem?tica pesquisada e suscitar outras quest?es que possibilitem o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas e novos avan?os nas discuss?es sobre a avalia??o da aprendizagem.

Graduation exam from 2011 consists of two parts - a common (state) and profile (school). The first plan to hold this form of school-leaving examination appeared for the first government of Vaclav Klaus (Minister of Education Pilip) in 1994. The other nine governments have failed to agree on the form and implementation of school-leaving examination. The agreement was successful in August 2010 during the government of Peter Necas and Education Minister Josef Dobes. The aim was to evaluate the opinions of directors and commissioners of secondary schools of the Středočeský kraj for management activities associated with the common part of school- leaving examination in the initial phase in 2011 and assess whether there are critical points of sub-management activities, and may propose their modification.

The business plan is to establish a company organization in providing financial education training service to aged people to assist them in preparing their retirement (for pre-retired group), or improve the quality of the retirement life (for retired group). The main business scope is to develop a series of training courses with subjects from basic financial management concepts to advance topics, and introduce consultancy services (basic and premium) to customer. Besides that, regular forum and premium forum will be applied to as a tool to communicate with target audience. A SWOT analysis has been conducted to identify the macro and micro environment opportunities and constraints then. Base on the findings, a market research by performing 3-step screening process is carried with 3 parameters: demographic, education level, and geographic. The result shows that the pre-aged (55~64) group lives in Taipei city and New Taipei City is the most potential target market segment. Following the outcome of market research, a marketing mix in responding to the characteristics of the potential market is planned accordingly. Among items within the marketing mix, strategic alliances formed with financial institutes, mass medium, and other financial knowledge training centers are prioritized to be higher rankings due to the effectiveness and efficiency of resource leverage. A sensitivity analysis of financial plan by setting up three models of scenarios (pessimistic, expected, and optimistic) is performed next to determine the feasibility study of the financial outcome and break-even periods. To conclude the business plan, four requirements need to be achieved to reach the success:  More outside fund need to be introduced at start-up  Pay-off time of investments need to be shortened  Operation cost need to be minimized  Differentiation of services need to be created

The purpose of the study was to investigate individual professional development needs of teachers with the aim of developing guidelines that may assist foundation phase teachers to do individual needs analysis effectively. The main research question was: Which strategies can be used to conduct individual needs analysis effectively among the foundation phase teachers in order to improve their effectiveness? The researcher was guided by the interpretive paradigm which implies that participant’s interpretations, perceptions, meanings and understandings were regarded as primary sources. The qualitative research design was used to obtain participants’ primary data. Interviews and observations were used to collect data and to maximise trustworthiness of the findings. Purposive sampling was used to select key informants who were going to provide rich information to help achieve the objectives of the study. The researcher selected the sample of 10 foundation phase teachers, 5 principals and 5 Development Support Groups attached to primary schools under Imfolozi Circuit. Data analysis was done throughout data collection through open, axial and selective coding. The hierarchical category system illustrated in schematic representation representing the main theme and subthemes was used. The findings suggest that there is a serious gap regarding how individual professional development needs and provision of professional development are concerned. The focus was more on training teachers about the new curriculum leaving behind the individual needs of each teacher. The study identified some inconsistencies and lack of uniformity in the way needs analysis was currently done in schools. The major recommendation of this study is that needs analysis should be integrated within all school activities instead of once a year. There is a need for close monitoring of teacher development in order to improve the current learner performance in schools. The researcher believes the study will assist in understanding, informing and improving teaching practice. / Educational Leadership and Management / D. Ed. (Education Management)

Les enjeux de la quasi-régie (traduction française du « contrat « in house » ») sont multiples car elle constitue avant tout une dérogation aux règles de passation des contrats publics. Elle est de ce fait entièrement conditionnée par cette caractéristique et repose sur une combinaison particulière entre plusieurs modalités liées au fonctionnement des prestataires intégrés et aux relations qu’ils entretiennent avec leurs détenteurs. Seules les situations qui ne sont pas susceptibles de porter atteinte au bon fonctionnement du marché peuvent donc être qualifiées de mécanismes interorganiques. La quasi-régie est ainsi clairement distincte d’autres notions, telles les associations transparentes ou les montages artificiels, et constitue une véritable construction juridique légitime que les acteurs du secteur peuvent manier. Sa malléabilité est toutefois révélée par l’étude des modes d’intervention multiples avec lesquels elle est compatible en France : la société publique locale n’est par exemple qu’un moyen parmi d’autres de la mettre en oeuvre. Cette flexibilité est confirmée par le fait que les disciplines financière et fiscale françaises ne se saisissent pas de ce mécanisme, de telle sorte que la quasi-régie ne constitue pas un mode de gestion intermédiaire entre régie et externalisation. La qualité de contrat spécial, plus précisément celle de « contrat interorganique », semble toutefois pouvoir lui être attribuée car la quasi-régie repose sur une combinaison de circonstances contractuelles et institutionnelles spécifiques qui impliquent avant tout des modalités particulières en termes de passation, sans pour autant exclure certaines singularités en matière d’exécution. / “In-house providing procurements” concern contracts awarded by contracting authorities without application of the procedures laid down in european secondary law. They thus have to be first considered as a derogation, which reveals their stakes but also the way they’ve been shaped. To make sure that it would’nt be used to abuse european law, european institutions have paid special attention to in-house operation’s conditions. In-house contracting parties have to prove the existence of particular conditions relating to the functioning of the contractor and its relations with its holders. Through those characteristics lies the particularity of in-house providing, which can be distinguished from other notions, such as “transparent associations” or “artificial schemes”. This is also a way to affirm in-house procurements’ legitimacy and to make it a real legal construction. This naturally leads to its qualification. Studying its manifestations in french public law makes clear that this construction is not complete. In-house contractor may take many legal forms, which brings to light in-house providing’s flexibility. It also prevents financial and fiscal french law to seize this derogation. In house-contracts can’t therefore be described as a an intermediary governance mode, between outsourcing and internal governance (in-house operations stricto sensu). Nevertheless, in-house providing procurements embody a type of special contracts, “les contrats interorganiques”, which implies particular rules relating to their passation and admits a certain particularity concerning their execution.

This thesis focuses on prices, quality & risks of the Facility management. In the theoretical part there are explained points referring to the Facility management, it’s contributions, ways of securing them, important fields and it’s targets. Also individual levels of cooperation and the job description of the management. There is also a mention of an important standardization, of which the Facility management couldn’t function without. Also the example of service contract and lastly, a very important chapter is dedicated to the quality of work provision and Facility management services. The practical part of this thesis is the case study based on a questionnaire of how to support services of the two different subjects, hotels and construction companies. The case study also describes the cost of these services, ways of controlling the quality provided and contracts with appointed workers. The result of this thesis is a detailed description of potential risks which can appear in the individual type of services. There is a suggested optimization for all the risks mentioned.

The thesis briefly describes basic terms, international acts and legislation which relate to the social and legal protection of children. In greater detail, it goes over the individual components of Czech and Finnish systems of social and legal protection of children. Afterwards, both systems and its positives and negatives are compared and the main advantages of Finnish system which could be beneficial four the Czech system are described. To achieve the goals, the information from the literature are used together with the survey in which participated social workers from the Czech Republic and Finland.

My work offers a view of the care allowance as one of the sources of funding for social services, which over time has become a support for people with disabilities, which greatly helps sustain the limited number of social services - residential or field. Allowance realy gives recipients purchasing power pay part of the service / private assistance at their decision. I perceive the care allowance as an important state support for people dependent on the help of another person and I consider it a tool that should help to live a free life for people with disability. The allowance became very non-individualized (inflexible) - it is unable to respond to changes or adapt to the needs of its beneficiaries. Act on Social Services is strict in the individual approach, setting, way of working with people in the framework of social services, but in the care allowance practice does not apply this. The granting and payment of contributions is not individualized, each of them must be assigned / be classifiable in four levels. Ruthless whether it needs it and it uses the level of support it need. The care allowance system does not have one problem, but several that they do a lot. This is nothing without which the system should not function, it's something that could be better.