Thesis (LLM)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / Bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African history of colonialism and apartheid created a massive housing crisis, and a basic service delivery deficit for the majority of people. Since the dawn of democracy, the current government has been trying to address this housing crisis and basic service delivery deficit. At the heart of the challenge created by this housing crisis, is the transformative vision of the Constitution and the proper role of courts, especially the Constitutional Court as the final arbiter of the rights protected and guaranteed in the Constitution. The central objective of this thesis is to investigate the extent to which the Constitutional Court has given substantive content to the right of access to adequate housing, particularly in the context of the positive duties arising out of this right as entrenched in section 26(1) and (2) of the Constitution. To this end, the history and present state of housing for residents of informal settlements, and those in inadequate housing, including the challenges presented by housing delivery, are explored. This thesis seeks to explore the concept of transformative constitutionalism, particularly its significance in relation to the right of access to adequate housing. The thesis goes on to trace the origins, strong and weak points of the reasonableness review model used by the Court to adjudicate the positive aspects of socio-economic rights, in the context of the right of access to adequate housing. This is followed by an examination of how housing as a human right has been interpreted and enforced in international, and comparative law. I then analyse the major housing jurisprudence of the Court, and suggest tentantive solutions towards redressing some of the impediments standing in the way of a substantive interpretation of the right of access to adequate housing. It is found that the Court has developed the substantive content of section 26(3) through the development of various procedural, and substantive protections of this right, including an expansive meaning of the requirement of justice and equity, requiring judicial oversight in all sales in execution against peoples’ homes, creative remedies such as mediation, joinder of a relevant municipality in eviction cases, meaningful engagement, and alternative accommodation as components of the requirement of justice and equity that would have to be met for an eviction to be lawful. In contrast, in the context of the positive duties imposed by section 26, the Court has adopted the reasonableness model of review without elaborating on the nature and scope of the right of access to adequate housing, and the values and purposes protected by this right in international law, and comparative law. Therefore, a relatively weak standard of judicial review is adopted by the Court when it adjudicates the negative duties of the right, as opposed to when it adjudicates the positive duties imposed by the right.This thesis proceeds to explore how the substantive interpretation of the right could be enhanced through following the methodology for interpretation of rights in the Bill of Rights prescribed in section 39(1) of the Constitution. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse geskiedenis van kolonialisme en apartheid het 'n massiewe behuisingskrisis, en 'n tekort aan basiese dienslewering vir die meerderheid van mense geskep. Sedert die aanvang van demokrasie, poog die huidige regering om die behuisingskrisis en tekort aan basiese dienslewering aan te spreek. Aan die hart van die uitdaging wat deur hierdie behuisingskrisis geskep is, is die transformerende visie van die Grondwet en die behoorlike rol van die howe, veral die Konstitusionele Hof as die finale arbiter van die regte wat in die Grondwet beskerm en gewaarborg word. Die hoofdoel van hierdie tesis is om ondersoek in te stel na die mate waartoe die Konstitusionele Hof substantiewe inhoud gegee het aan die reg op toegang tot geskikte behuising, veral in die konteks van die positiewe verpligtinge wat voortspruit uit hierdie reg soos verskans in artikels 26(1) en (2) van die Grondwet. Om dit te bereik, word die geskiedenis en huidige stand van behuising vir inwoners van informele nedersettings, asook dié in ontoereikende behuising, ondersoek met inbegrip van die uitdagings wat deur die lewering van behuising gestel word. Hierdie tesis poog om die begrip van transformerende konstitusionalisme te ondersoek, vernaam die belang daarvan met betrekking tot die reg van toegang tot geskikte behuising. Daarbenewens, ondersoek hierdie tesis die oorsprong, asook die sterk en swak punte van die Hof se model vir redelikheidshersiening om die positiewe aspekte van sosio-ekonomiese regte te beoordeel, in die konteks van die reg op toegang tot geskikte behuising . Hierop volg 'n ondersoek na hoe behuising as 'n menslike reg in internasionale en vergelykende regskontekste geïnterpreteer en afgedwing kan word. Ek analiseer ook die hoof behuisingsregspraak van die Hof ten einde voorlopige oplossings voor te stel met betrekking tot die regstelling van sommige van die hindernisse tot 'n substantiewe interpretasie van die reg op toegang tot geskikte behuising. Ten slotte, word daar gevind dat die Hof substantiewe inhoud aan artikel 26(3) gegee het deur die ontwikkeling van die prosedurele en substantiewe beskerming van hierdie reg, insluitend 'n uitgebreide begrip van die vereistes van geregtigheid en billikheid wat geregtelike oorsig in sekere omstandighede vereis: alle verkope in eksekusie teen mense se huise, kreatiewe remedies soos bemiddeling, die noodsaaklike voeging van munisipaliteite tot uitsettings , sinvolle betrokkenheid, en die voorsiening van alternatiewe akkommodasie as ‘n komponentvan die vereiste van geregtigheid en billikheid wat nagekom moet word vir 'n uitsettingsbevel om regmatig te wees. In teenstelling, met betrekking tot die positiewe verpligtinge wat deur artikel 26 opgelê word, het die Hof die model vir redelikheidshersiening aangeneem sonder om uit te brei op die aard en omvang van die reg op toegang tot geskikte behuising, en die waardes en doelwitte wat deur hierdie reg beskerm word in internasionale en vergelykbare regskontekste. Gevolglik is 'n relatiewe swak standaard van geregtelike hersiening deur die Hof vasgestel wanneer dit die negatiewe verpligtinge van die reg beoordeel, in teenstelling met wanneer die positiewe verpligtinge van die reg beoordeel word. Hierdie tesis poog om vas te stel hoe die substantiewe interpretasie van die reg bevorder kan word ingevolge die metodologie vir die interpretasie van die regte in die Handves van Regte soos voorgeskryf in artikel 39(1) van die Grondwet.

Alors que le droit de la santé a toujours prôné et protégé une relation médicale librement consentie entre patients et médecins, de nombreuses exceptions au consentement libre et éclairé viennent obscurcir le schéma classique de la relation médicale. Etudier l'acte médical imposé en tant que concept juridique autonome devient alors nécessaire pour clarifier et ordonner juridiquement les droits et devoirs applicables à chaque « acteur » de cet acte médical imposé. La conceptualisation a aussi pour objectif de dégager un régime juridique autonome permettant de garantir les droits et libertés des individus concernés tout en garantissant les intérêts de la société. Pour parvenir à cet objectif, cette thèse s'attache à unifier et clarifier la nature de l'acte médical imposé, afin de parvenir à un régime unifié, lisible et autonome, devant servir au législateur, en s'intéressant à toutes les branches du Droit privé et public. C'est ainsi que par une étude transversale de tous les actes médicaux imposés, faisant aujourd'hui l'objet d'un « éclatement » dans tous les domaines du Droit, cette thèse propose de modifier de nombreuses législations et codifications afin de prendre en considération, ces « exceptions » trop nombreuses pour être encore aujourd'hui considérées comme telles / Although health legislation has always advocated and protected the freely-entered-into doctor/patient relationship, many exceptions to free and informed consent have come to cloud this classical medical relationship. Compulsory medical treatment must be studied as a stand-alone legal concept if one is to identify the legal rights and responsibilities of each of the 'players' in this treatment. The objective of this conceptualisation is to draw out a stand-alone legal framework which would guarantee the rights and freedoms of the individuals concerned whilst guaranteeing the interests of Society. To reach this objective, this thesis endeavours to unify and clarify the nature of compulsory medical treatment with a view to attaining a unified, easily-read and stand-alone system to be used by legislators whether for private or public law purposes. It is therefore only as a result of a cross-disciplinary study of all compulsory medical treatments (which are 'exploding' in all spheres of the law) that this thesis is able to propose modifications to many laws and codifications in order to take into account the 'exceptions' which today are so numerous that they cannot be considered as such

The World Trade Organization ("WTO") and its dispute resolution systém is unique in the international economic law, reasons are following: (i) enforcement, (ii) two-level proceding, (iii) exclusive jurisdiction of the Dispute Settlement Body ("DSU"). DSU continues to follow the case law based on GATT 1947 however develops more complex rule of law. How successful DSB is in this task is subject of examination of the thesis. Thesis is divided into two parts: theoritecal and practical. First chapter explains aim of the DSU, comparison of procedural rules with GATT 1947. Following, the second chapter explains the hard law and procedural rules, function and aim of WTO, followed by ideas for improvement of the dispute settlement. Last chapter of this parts is dedicated to methods of interpretation. The second part, practical, analyses the case law of DSU from its establishment in 1995 until now. It analyses possible conflicts between agreements of WTO or conflicts that arise during acting based on the agreements. Among the first cases belong the discrepancies between main 3 agreements - GATT 1994, GATS and TRIPS and cases such as Canada - Periodicals or Argentina- Textiles and Apparel, Indonesia - Auto; another group of cases represents isme of conflict between WTO agreement and other agreement of public...

O presente trabalho sustenta que as pessoas jurídicas de direito público são titulares de direitos da personalidade, inclusive a honra subjetiva, naqueles aspectos ou manifestações concretas compatíveis com o modo transindividual com que representam o ser humano. / This study sustains that legal entities of public law are entitled to personality rights, including subjective honor, in those aspects or concrete manifestations that are compatible with the transindividual manner by which they represent natural persons.

O presente trabalho sustenta que as pessoas jurídicas de direito público são titulares de direitos da personalidade, inclusive a honra subjetiva, naqueles aspectos ou manifestações concretas compatíveis com o modo transindividual com que representam o ser humano. / This study sustains that legal entities of public law are entitled to personality rights, including subjective honor, in those aspects or concrete manifestations that are compatible with the transindividual manner by which they represent natural persons.

A noção de serviço público, desde sua incorporação ao direito brasileiro, na primeira metade do século XX, sofreu profundas alterações. A atividade privativa do Estado, destinada à satisfação de necessidades coletivas e sujeita a um regime jurídico especial de direito público passa a ser questionada e desafiada por uma lógica de mercado cada vez mais crescente da qual decorre um anseio cada vez maior pela abertura dos mercados e pela eliminação de monopólios e privilégios. O serviço público como atividade exclusivamente estatal tem que ser revisto. Contudo, não tem que ser revisto para sua extinção. Tem que sê-lo para sua adequação, a qual deve ser empreendida em face do atual conteúdo da Constituição Federal de 1988. Na esteira do constitucionalismo da segunda metade do século XX, a carta constitucional brasileira foi farta na criação de direitos aos cidadãos. Nessa óptica, assegurou o direito fundamental da livre iniciativa e instituiu o princípio constitucional da livre concorrência, o que não pode passar despercebido no processo de revisão dos serviços públicos. O acesso de particulares às atividades constituídas como serviços públicos passa a ser cada vez mais constante, sob o pálio dos mais diversos regimes e instrumentos jurídicos. Como resultado, deve se procurar quais os contornos atuais do serviço público, quais os impactos do regime concorrencial sobre sua essência e quais os instrumentos que devem ser manejados pelo direito administrativo para superar os efeitos desses impactos. É esse, com precisão, o objetivo da presente tese. / The concept of public service has been through deep changes since its incorporation in Brazilian law system. The monopolistic activity of the State, aiming at satisfying social necessities and subject to a special public law regime is nowadays questioned and challenged by a rising market oriented logic that gives rise to the desire of a complete market opening and the elimination of monopolies and privileges. The public service must be revisited and reviewed. However, it must not be revisited to be extinguished. It must be revisited to become more accurate and adequate in view of the content of the Federal Constitution of 1988. In accordance with the constitutionalism of the second half of the 20th Century, the Brazilian Constitution created in favor of the citizens a considerable list of fundamental rights. In this perspective, it guaranteed the fundamental right of freedom of profession and created the constitutional principle of the free competition, what must have impacts upon the concept of public service. The accessibility of third private parties to the development of activities of public services is each day more common, under the protection of several legal instruments and legal regimes. As a result, the current configuration of the public service must be investigated, as well as the impacts of the competition thereon and the instruments that must be managed by the administrative law to mitigate the results of such impacts. This investigation is precisely the scope of this dissertation.

Le principe du respect et de la protection de la dignité de l’être humain est consacré dans l’article premier de la Loi fondamentale allemande. L’emplacement tout à fait symbolique de cet article témoigne de l’attachement profond du droit allemand à cette valeur, la seule à bénéficier d’une protection absolue en toutes circonstances. La notion de dignité humaine n’est pas inconnue du droit français ; il n’existe pourtant en France aucune construction théorique cohérente du principe constitutionnel de la dignité de la personne humaine. Cette thèse propose de reprendre le thème de la dignité, de sa définition et de sa fonction dans un système juridique et constitutionnel, à partir de l’expérience allemande. En interrogeant spécialement le droit allemand, à partir de ses sources et dans le contexte européen qui est le sien, la thèse vise donc à contribuer à une théorie juridique générale de la dignité. / The first article of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany guarantees the respect and the protection of human dignity. The principle of human dignity has a particular significance in German law, since it is the only value therein to enjoy absolute protection under any circumstances. The concept of human dignity is not unknown to French law ; however, contrary to the German legal system, there is not, in French law, a coherent and unified theory of human dignity as an element of constitutional law. The present doctoral dissertation aims to study the concept of human dignity, its definition and its function within a legal and constitutional system by concentrating on the German paradigme. Though this core value of German constitutional law is currently under a lot of strain, as it is faced with new challenges such as those presented by the progress of biotechnology and the fight against terrorism, a study of human dignity in German law is indispensable in order to understand the importance – and the difficulty – of constructing a coherent constitutional theory of human dignity.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-08-08T14:32:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiza Helena Berriel.pdf: 640675 bytes, checksum: 15471ba35232a2a28e4f2de3071ca8b2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-08T14:32:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiza Helena Berriel.pdf: 640675 bytes, checksum: 15471ba35232a2a28e4f2de3071ca8b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-23 / This paper look for the current moment of urban law by means of its process of development as a set of rules and the features that makes its effectiveness / Esse trabalho examina o momento atual do Direito Urbanístico por meio da análise de seu processo de desenvolvimento como conjunto normativo e das características que contribuem para a sua efetividade

Dans la période actuelle, les compétences financières locales font manifestement l’objet de profondes transformations. Le professeur M. Bouvier explique à cet égard que « les difficultés économiques de la seconde moitié des années 1970, annonciatrices d’une crise profonde et de longue durée, [ont] conduit (…) à considérer l’Etat comme un problème et les collectivités comme une solution. (…) [Or,] une instabilité accentuée par le développement de la globalisation ainsi que par l’aggravation considérable du déficit et de l’endettement publics (…) [ont] amené à considérer de nouveau l’action de l’Etat comme pertinente et indispensable. [Ce] nouveau contexte (…) ne peut être sans conséquences pour le pouvoir financier local ». Encore récemment, le professeur R. Hertzog soulignait « qu’à l’occasion de toutes les grandes réformes qui ont affecté leurs compétences ou l’exercice de leur politique, les collectivités territoriales ont bénéficié d’importants concours financiers (…). Maintenant le changement doit se faire sans argent, plus exactement sans financement supplémentaire. Or, cette rencontre entre la crise financière et la nécessité d’engager d’autres politiques se révèlera peut-être, en fin de compte, être une chance parce qu’elle contraint notre vieil appareil territorial à une grande mutation ». / No English summary available.

O direito internacional dos refugiados constitui um dos mais importantes mecanismos de proteção internacional do indivíduo, sendo objeto de Convenção com alto número de ratificações e de legislação nacional ainda mais protetiva. Não obstante o amplo acervo normativo disponível, desenvolvido para lidar com os desafios impostos pelos frequentes fluxos migracionais que marcaram a primeira metade do século XX, fenômenos recentes tornaram evidente a necessidade de revisão, ainda que parcial, de sua estrutura. Políticas de controle de fronteiras adotadas na Europa levaram ao incremento do fluxo de refugiados entre Estados do Sul. Paralelamente, a transferência de parte do controle para fora das águas territoriais europeias fenômeno observado também no sudeste asiático põe o direito internacional dos refugiados em confronto com a regulamentação do direito do mar. Enquanto isto, o Brasil, por não possuir histórico recente relevante de recebimento de migrantes, enfrenta grande dificuldade para garantir até mesmo o reconhecimento da condição de refugiado. Neste contexto, é imprescindível o enfrentamento de tais problemas, compatibilizando o instituto do refúgio com as necessidades das primeiras décadas do século XXI. / The international refugee law is one of the most important mechanisms of international protection of the individual, being object of a Convention with a high number of ratifications and of even more protective national legislation. Notwithstanding all the existing legal norms, which were developed to deal with the challenges posed by the frequent emigrational flows that marked the first half of the twentieth century, recent phenomena have made the need of at least partial - revision evident. Border control policies adopted in Europe led to an increasing flow of refugees between southern states. At the same time, the transfer of some European border control activities to the high seas - phenomenon also observed in Southeast Asia led to a collision between the international refugee law and the law of the sea. Meanwhile, Brazil, which had no relevant recent history of receiving migrants, faces great difficulty in ensuring even the recognition of refugee status. In this context, it is essential to face these problems, adapting the refuge to the needs of the first decades of the twenty-first century.