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US – Definitive Anti-dumping and Countervailing Duties on Certain Products from China is the initial WTO dispute in which China claims that US-countervailing duties on certain products from China are inconsistent with the obligations of the United States under the SCM Agreement. The meaning of “public bodies” within Article 1.1 (a) (1) of the SCM Agreement and the question of whether China’s “SOCB” constitute “public bodies” are the heart of the matter. The thesis argues that the theory of the governmental function is more persuasive than that of governmental control in terms of defining “public bodies”. Although the majority ownership of China’s SOCBs has remained in the Chinese government, their policy-oriented nature has been largely marginalized. The conclusion is that the WTO system needs to give developing countries more policy flexibility, and developing countries should also make the best use of their latent comparative advantage and the effects of globalization.

US – Definitive Anti-dumping and Countervailing Duties on Certain Products from China is the initial WTO dispute in which China claims that US-countervailing duties on certain products from China are inconsistent with the obligations of the United States under the SCM Agreement. The meaning of “public bodies” within Article 1.1 (a) (1) of the SCM Agreement and the question of whether China’s “SOCB” constitute “public bodies” are the heart of the matter. The thesis argues that the theory of the governmental function is more persuasive than that of governmental control in terms of defining “public bodies”. Although the majority ownership of China’s SOCBs has remained in the Chinese government, their policy-oriented nature has been largely marginalized. The conclusion is that the WTO system needs to give developing countries more policy flexibility, and developing countries should also make the best use of their latent comparative advantage and the effects of globalization.

Irish local authorities and their insurer have experienced increasing liability losses during the past ten years. To combat this situation their insurer requested the local authorities to implement a risk management programme. Risk management is aimed at reducing the cost of risk by identifying, evaluating and handling risk by both physical and financial means. As a management function risk management should form part of the formulation of the strategy of the organisation, strategy being a means of setting direction in the long term. Once formulated a strategy must be implemented. This dissertation reviews the methods used by the insurer and the local authorities to implement a risk management programme and establishes the barriers that were faced during the course of implementation and the attempts made to overcome them. It considers the integration of risk management into strategy and recommends a tentative means of overcoming the problems of implementation. / Economics / M. Com. (Business Economics)

Les systèmes juridiques d’aujourd’hui diffèrent passablement de ceux en vigueur il y a quarante ans. L’affirmation est applicable notamment aux domaines économiques qui se trouvent sous l’empire de ce qu’on connaît comme régulation. En effet, un simple regard sur le droit contemporain montre, d’une partie, un éclatement d’entités nouvelles qui ont pour mission la création, la surveillance, voire l’application du droit, et, d’une autre partie l’existence des aménagements dans la conception et l’application des normes qui régissent une certaine activité ; le développement de la soft law, de l’autorégulation, des normes internationales, parmi d’autres exemples, font partie desdits aménagements. Ce phénomène, nommé nouvelles formes de régulation, fortement plébiscité par une partie de la doctrine juridique il y a quelques années, est désormais remis en cause. Même si la régulation constitue un phénomène à vocation universelle, nous avons décidé de mettre les marchés financiers au centre de notre analyse. Cela parce que les secteurs régulés présentent une diversité de situations, de modalités d’action et de fondements qui empêchent une analyse d’ensemble. On a dit dans ce sens, que la légitimité de la régulation et des règles qu’elle pose ne peut pas être envisagée de manière abstraite ; elle doit être appréciée dans les rapports entre ses normes et l’objet régulé. Les marchés financiers sont, dans ce contexte, un laboratoire privilégié concernant l’expérimentation des nouvelles formes de régulation, ils se trouvent aux origines de leur usage et c’est précisément dans ces marchés que la remise en cause des nouvelles formes de régulation s’est posée. Notre étude concerne l’usage des nouvelles formes de régulation dans l’encadrement des marchés financiers dans six pays : la France, l’Angleterre, les États-Unis et trois pays latino-américains : le Mexique, la Colombie et le Chili. Les raisons de ce choix sont les suivantes. D’abord, il nous semble légitime d’aborder les législations qui se trouvent à l’origine des phénomènes ici analysés. Le modèle américain s’impose, mais aussi le modèle anglais, car il a été, pendant un moment, l’exemple le plus poussé du libéralisme économique, donc, des origines des nouvelles formes de régulation. La France était aussi une référence indispensable. En effet, comme nous voulons le montrer, la France est l’exemple le plus parfait de la quête d’un aboutissement de la logique de la régulation et de la systématisation, même si inachevée, du droit régulateur. Nous avons choisi le Mexique à cause de la taille de son marché financier, la Colombie, parce qu’elle a entrepris des réformes juridiques remarquables, et le Chili, car il est le pays le plus stable politiquement et économiquement dans le sud de l’Amérique latine. / The legal systems of today are different than those that came into force 40 years ago. The assertion is applicable particularly to the economic areas under that a kind of law, known as regulatory systems. Indeed, a simple look at the contemporary law shows first; a rise in new entities which have the power of creation, the monitoring and the application of law and second; the existence of adjustments in the design and implementation of the standards that govern an activity, the development of soft law, self-regulation and standards, among other examples. This phenomenon, named new forms of regulation, which a few years ago was strongly praised by a part of legal doctrine, is now being questioned. Even if the regulation constitutes a universal phenomenon, we decided to focus in the financial markets. This is because the economic sectors under the regulatory systems have a diverse situations in terms of action and their fundamentals that hinders a comprehensive analysis. In this sense, it has been said that the regulatory systems rules legitimacy cannot be considered abstractly. This must be assessed by the relations between its standards and regulated objects. Financial markets are, in this context, a privileged test case concerning the experimentation of new forms of regulation. In these markets we found the origins of the use of soft law, self-regulation and other new forms of regulation, and it is precisely in the financial markets where that the disputes about the efficacy and the legitimacy arise about new forms of regulation. Our study concerns the use of new forms of regulation within the framework of the financial markets in six countries: France, England, the United States and three Latin American countries: Mexico, Colombia and Chile. The reasons for this choice are as follows. Firstly, it seems valid to look at the legislation where the new forms of regulation came from. The American model is needed, but also the English model, because it was, for a while, the more thorough example of economic liberalism, therefore a source of new forms of regulation. France is also an indispensable reference. Indeed, as we want to show it, France is the most perfect example of the quest for a culmination of logical regulation and systematization of regulatory law. We have chosen Mexico because of the size of its financial market; Colombia because it has undertaken remarkable legal reforms linked with the new forms of regulation and Chile, because it is the most stable country both politically and economically in the South of Latin America.

O presente estudo enfoca o direito constitucional de acesso à Justiça e a utilização, pelos órgãos públicos, dos mecanismos não adversariais de resolução de conflitos como instrumentos de ampliação do acesso à Justiça nas relações de trabalho e na atividade da Justiça Trabalhista. Para tanto, é feita análise quanto à atividade jurisdicional e do uso dos mecanismos não adversariais de resolução de conflitos para a ampliação do acesso à Justiça, focando aspectos relevantes, como o protagonismo do Judiciário, a visão de gerenciamento do processo pelo magistrado, a perspectiva metodológica do processo e a necessidade de uma tutela de interesses metaindividuais. Apresenta-se um estudo mais específicos dos métodos não adversariais de resolução de conflitos, partindo do conceito de conflito, bem como do uso desses instrumentais nas relações laborais e também pela Justiça do Trabalho. Os principais órgãos públicos que se utilizam dos mecanismos não adversariais de resolução de conflitos são abordados, buscando-se compreender as adequações e os limites do uso desses mecanismos por cada instituição pública. Questiona-se, ainda, quanto aos reflexos da recente edição da Resolução 125/2010, do Conselho Nacional de Justiça - Res. 125/CNJ, que prescreve a todos os tribunais e juízos a criação de órgãos que utilizem os mecanismos não adversariais de resolução de conflitos paralelamente à atividade jurisdicional, nas relações de trabalho e na Justiça do Trabalho. / This study highlights the constitutional right of access to Justice and the use, by public bodies, of the non-adversarial conflict resolution mechanisms as instruments of amplification of the access to Justice, regarding the labor relationship and the Labor Court activity. To this extent, the present paper analyses the jurisdiction and the use of the non-adversarial conflict resolution mechanisms to broaden the access to Justice, focusing on substantial issues, such as the Judiciarys leading role, the management approach of the process by the judge, the methodological perspective of the process and the urge of protection of the transindividual rights. Furthermore, a more detailed study of the non-adversarial conflict resolution mechanisms is carried out, starting from the definition of conflict, as well as the use of these mechanisms on the labor relationships and on the Labor Courts. The most important public bodies which use the non-adversarial conflict resolution mechanisms are addressed, in an effort to understand the singularities and the limits of their use by each public body. The study also addresses the recent Resolution 125/2010, enacted by the Conselho Nacional de Justiça, which determines all courts to create departments which use the non-adversarial conflict resolution mechanisms along with the traditional jurisdiction, on the labor relationships and on the Labor Court.

Irish local authorities and their insurer have experienced increasing liability losses during the past ten years. To combat this situation their insurer requested the local authorities to implement a risk management programme. Risk management is aimed at reducing the cost of risk by identifying, evaluating and handling risk by both physical and financial means. As a management function risk management should form part of the formulation of the strategy of the organisation, strategy being a means of setting direction in the long term. Once formulated a strategy must be implemented. This dissertation reviews the methods used by the insurer and the local authorities to implement a risk management programme and establishes the barriers that were faced during the course of implementation and the attempts made to overcome them. It considers the integration of risk management into strategy and recommends a tentative means of overcoming the problems of implementation. / Economics / M. Com. (Business Economics)

O presente estudo enfoca o direito constitucional de acesso à Justiça e a utilização, pelos órgãos públicos, dos mecanismos não adversariais de resolução de conflitos como instrumentos de ampliação do acesso à Justiça nas relações de trabalho e na atividade da Justiça Trabalhista. Para tanto, é feita análise quanto à atividade jurisdicional e do uso dos mecanismos não adversariais de resolução de conflitos para a ampliação do acesso à Justiça, focando aspectos relevantes, como o protagonismo do Judiciário, a visão de gerenciamento do processo pelo magistrado, a perspectiva metodológica do processo e a necessidade de uma tutela de interesses metaindividuais. Apresenta-se um estudo mais específicos dos métodos não adversariais de resolução de conflitos, partindo do conceito de conflito, bem como do uso desses instrumentais nas relações laborais e também pela Justiça do Trabalho. Os principais órgãos públicos que se utilizam dos mecanismos não adversariais de resolução de conflitos são abordados, buscando-se compreender as adequações e os limites do uso desses mecanismos por cada instituição pública. Questiona-se, ainda, quanto aos reflexos da recente edição da Resolução 125/2010, do Conselho Nacional de Justiça - Res. 125/CNJ, que prescreve a todos os tribunais e juízos a criação de órgãos que utilizem os mecanismos não adversariais de resolução de conflitos paralelamente à atividade jurisdicional, nas relações de trabalho e na Justiça do Trabalho. / This study highlights the constitutional right of access to Justice and the use, by public bodies, of the non-adversarial conflict resolution mechanisms as instruments of amplification of the access to Justice, regarding the labor relationship and the Labor Court activity. To this extent, the present paper analyses the jurisdiction and the use of the non-adversarial conflict resolution mechanisms to broaden the access to Justice, focusing on substantial issues, such as the Judiciarys leading role, the management approach of the process by the judge, the methodological perspective of the process and the urge of protection of the transindividual rights. Furthermore, a more detailed study of the non-adversarial conflict resolution mechanisms is carried out, starting from the definition of conflict, as well as the use of these mechanisms on the labor relationships and on the Labor Courts. The most important public bodies which use the non-adversarial conflict resolution mechanisms are addressed, in an effort to understand the singularities and the limits of their use by each public body. The study also addresses the recent Resolution 125/2010, enacted by the Conselho Nacional de Justiça, which determines all courts to create departments which use the non-adversarial conflict resolution mechanisms along with the traditional jurisdiction, on the labor relationships and on the Labor Court.

When a translator gets a new mission, even though he or she has a lot of experience in the subject, there are great responsibilities when it comes to the exactitude of the information in the translation. The translator can be responsible that the reader miscomprehends the text if the translation is perceived as strange in the target culture. Proper names are very close to cultural differences and, as such, are quite problematic to translate. What the translator can do in order to avoid these problems is to apply a translation strategy during his work. This study has the aim to find an adequate strategy to the translation of proper names in French socio-political texts. In order to analyse different proper names and apply a method, we had to translate a socio-political text into Swedish, more specifically a part of a political text written by Denis Pelletier in 2005 called “L’école, l’Europe, les corps: la laïcité et le voile” which is about the banning for young girls to wear the Islamic veil in French schools. The study highlighted two matters. First, is there a specific strategy that can be applied to French proper names when they are translated into Swedish that are not well known to a Swedish reader? Second, are there any complications to solve in proper names that are related to cultural differences between the source language and the target language? In order to answer these questions we chose to use the theories of Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet presented by Jeremy Munday in Introducing Translation Studies. Theories and Application (2012) that helped us when certain translations of proper names were complicated and it helped us justify changes in the translation. The work on proper names by Peter Newmark presented in A Textbook of Translation (1988) helped us to identify six categories of proper names precisely; toponyms, names of ministries, institutional names, names of public bodies, anthroponyms and names of political parties. While analysing the result we found that the different solutions proposed by Newmark were not applied to each translation of proper names. In addition, the most frequently used translation method was the procedure of couplets.

Depuis une vingtaine d'année, les Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication (TIC) se diffusent dans notre quotidien autant que dans les territoires. Leur appropriation massive, combinée à la déréglementation des télécommunications et à l'évolution continue du web pose la question de leurs effets sur les organisations spatiales. L'objet de cette recherche est d'apporter aux territoires une lecture de leur évolution dans les domaines de l'aménagement numérique, de l'innovation dans les services et dans l'appropriation des usages de TIC, ainsi que dans la co-construction de biens publics et la création d'écosystèmes basés sur les valeurs d'une " Société de la Connaissance ". Une première partie est consacrée au contexte très évolutif de la diffusion des TIC dans la société. Par une approche combinant des dimensions législatives, technologiques, économiques et organisationnelles, les enjeux de la Société des Connaissances sont posés au niveau national et en référence aux cadres d'orientation stratégique européens. Une seconde partie analyse la diffusion des TIC dans les territoires. Celle-ci ne relevant pas d'une simple présence ou absence des technologies disponibles, elle rend aussi compte des stratégies commerciales d'opérateurs, des priorités politiques et d'appropriations différenciées des usages. Tous ces éléments n'opèrent pas au même rythme et ne s'articulent pas de manière équivalente. La méthode est basée sur l'analyse des réseaux en trois niveaux, explicitée par G. Dupuy en 1991. La douzaine d'indicateurs pris en compte pour cette analyse et ont été choisis pour leur caractère structurant : déploiement de Réseaux d'Initiative Publique, localisation des entreprises de TIC, mise en réseau d'Espaces Publics Numériques,... Des croisements de ces indicateurs permettent de brosser le paysage de la diffusion spatiale des TIC sur une période de 10 ans (2002- 2012). La complexité induite ne pouvait être explicitée sans adopter une approche systémique pour modéliser l'évolution des territoires dans le temps ainsi que les enjeux auxquels les décideurs sont confrontés. Le socle théorique de référence de la troisième partie est celui de l'approche systémique dont les travaux de Joël de Rosnay dans Le Macroscope (1975), ont été précurseurs de l'évolution de la société avec les TIC. L'objectif est d'apporter des clés de lecture aux décideurs et de susciter une approche globale de l'évolution de leurs territoires dans une Société des Connaissances. A l'heure où le web évolue vers le web sémantique, où les modèles de création et diffusion de l'énergie évoluent vers des modèles distribués, un changement de modèle dans les réseaux de télécommunication est également possible : d'un modèle dominant " intégré " orienté opérateur, vers un modèle transversal, " ouvert ", orienté utilisateur. Les choix d'aujourd'hui qui engageront les territoires de demain sont explicités par la modélisation systémique. / Over the past twenty years or so, Information and Communications Technology (ICT) has spread into our everyday lives and throughout our land. Its mass take-up, combined with the deregulation of telecommunications and the continuous development of the Internet, raise the issue of its impact on spatial and territorial organisation. The object of this research is to offer particular areas an interpretation of what has changed for them in the fields of digital planning, service innovation and the take-up of ICT facilities, as well as in the joint construction of public goods and the creation of ecosystems based on the values of the knowledge society. The first part is devoted to the fast-moving context of the spread of ICT throughout society. Employing an approach that combines legislative, technological, economic and organisational dimensions, the challenges of the knowledge society are examined at a national level and with reference to European strategic policy frameworks. The second part analyses the geographical distribution of ICT, which does not equate merely to whether the technologies available are present or absent. It also addresses operators' commercial strategies, political priorities and the differential take-up of use. Not all these factors operate at the same pace or are structured in the same way. The methodological basis is a three-tier analysis of networks, presented by G. Dupuy in 1991. The dozen indicators that contribute to this analysis were selected for their structural character: roll-out of alternative PPP broadband networks, location of ICT businesses, networking of Digital Public Spaces, deployment of e-administration service platforms, pooling of geographical data, digital sector leadership, access to public data etc. The intersections between these indicators have allowed a landscape to be painted of the spatial distribution of ICT within France over time, spanning a 10-year period between 2002 and 2012. The complexity generated could not be explained in detail without adopting a systemic approach so as to model the development of different areas over time and without citing the challenges that face decision-makers. The theoretical benchmark used as the basis for part three arose from a systemic approach, for which the work of Joël de Rosnay in "Le Macroscope" (1975) was a precursor as regards the development of an ICT-equipped society. The objective is to provide decision-makers with keys to assist comprehension as well as to encourage a global approach to the development of their areas under the knowledge society. At a time when the Internet is evolving towards a semantic web, whereby energy creation and distribution models are becoming distributed models, it is possible to change the model of telecoms networks: from the dominant, operator-oriented "integrated" model towards a more horizontal, user-oriented "open" model. A systems modelling approach explains today's choices which will affect the territories of tomorrow.