Människans krav på att själv få bestämma över sina intressen och angelägenheter har gamla anor. Kampen mellan centralmakt och lokalmakt går att finna redan under medeltiden. För att den tveeggade relationen mellan politik och offentlig förvaltning ska fungera väl så är det av essentiell betydelse att dessa demokratiska organ i stor utsträckning verkar i symbios. Detta ställer inte bara kompetenskrav på de tjänstemän som utgör den offentliga förvaltningen. Det är likaså av essentiell betydelse att samarbetet mellan styrande organ och verkställande organ kan kommunicera väl, samt fattar rättssäkra och demokratiska beslut innan de förankras i befolkningen. Oavsett innebär den dikotomiska uppdelningen mellan politik och förvaltning ett stort ansvar för de som ska förvalta politikens förtroende, och ett stort ansvar gällande medborgarnas förtroende och offentlig legitimitet. I denna studie granskas hur tjänstemän på kommunal nivå uppfattar statlig styrning och kommunal styrning. Idéen är sprungen ur tidigare forskning som påvisar att kommunala tjänstemän tycker att de besitter bäst förmåga att tolka och implementera politiska beslut i jämförelse med kommunen. De tycker också i större utsträckning att staten besitter högre grad av legitimitet att styra i jämförelse med den egna kommunen med hänvisning till professionalism och kompetens. Vad den tidigare forskningen dock inte fokuserar på är vilka värden som ligger till grund för tjänstemännens uppfattningar, varpå denna studie syftar till att expandera förståelsen och kunskapen inom detta vetenskapliga fält. Studien använder sig av kvalitativ metod genom intervjuer för att kartlägga vilken form av styrning som de tillfrågade tjänstemännen föredrar samt vilka värden som ligger till grund för deras lojalitet. Studiens resultat visar att ju närmare den lokalpolitiska maktens kärna som de tillfrågade tjänstemännen befinner sig, desto större är benägenheten att föredra kommunal styrning. De tillfrågade tjänstemännen som verkade längre ifrån den lokalpolitiska maktens kärna, det vill säga de tjänstemän som verkade närmare medborgarna, var mer benägna att föredra statlig styrning. Författarna till denna uppsats har från start haft som mål att bidra med kunskap inom ett vetenskapligt område som till stor del är outforskat. Vi hoppas att denna studie har nyanserat perspektiv på politisk styrning och hur förvaltningshierarkin kan påverka de offentliga tjänstemännens uppfattningar beroende på deras position, befogenheter och handlingsutrymme inom ramen för deras profession.

本研究透過公共選擇途徑，檢視行政機關面對主管之行政命令遭大法官會議宣告違憲後的裁量行為，藉此瞭解行政機關面對司法審查的制衡監督，將表現出哪些樣態的裁量模式；並藉由公共選擇途徑關於理性自利人的假設，以「交易」的概念連結行政與法律，以補充兩者過去缺乏交集、各說各話的現象。 本研究追蹤至民國97年底為止判決行政命令違憲的解釋，共66筆。依大法官解釋是否賦予行政機關修改命令的裁量，以及命令是否修改，將66筆解釋分成四大類，並統計修改所費的時間。透過統計分析以及深度訪談，本研究發現：大法官未賦予行政機關修改裁量，雖然確能提高命令修改的比例，但是對於控制行政機關在一定的年限內完成修改卻未有顯著的結果。行政機關雖然原則上會停用違憲法規，但卻不一定願意將新的作法明文化，其間的理由包括節省修正命令的成本，或是爭取更多決策商議的機會等。縱使最後依然完成修正，「依法行政」卻不是其真正的動機；減少組織成本或政策執行成本、增加組織的正當性等才是行政機關決定修改、不修改命令，或是否在期限內完成修訂的真正理由。而大法官解釋對行政機關的制衡力量，也因為大法官作成解釋之後再無有效的監督機制而打了折扣。同時，司法審查與行政之間的制衡關係必須放在整個民主授權結構中進行理解；正因兩者關係並非處於真空環境，授權結構的資訊不對稱、多重委託與多重代理的問題，同樣會發生在司法對行政的監督關係中，因此大法官在結構上就無法完整地扮演制衡、監督行政機關的角色。 基於以上發現，本研究認為司法對行政的制衡，除了司法審查制度本身以外，應當依照行政機關的偏好模式設計監督機制。包括將違憲的命令交由行政院研考會統一管考、監察院可針對行政機關延遲修正命令的行為進行糾正，並要求遭判違憲的行政命令之修正、失效與廢止皆須對外公告，避免行政機關以節省成本為由，讓法規失去扮演政府與人民之間的契約的功能。 / This research intends to answer the question of “how Supreme Court Rulings have impacts on bureaucratic discretion?” As the superior judicial review authority, Supreme Court Rulings are usually thought as an authority which bureaucrats must obey. Is it really the case? In this research, both bureaucrats and Supreme Court are seen as rational actors who have preferences over different outcomes, as the Public Choice theorists usually depict. Author utilizes public choice theory to bridge the gap between the fields of public administration and public law on the issue.. Empirically, this study collects the administrative decrees which were announced unconstitutional by Supreme Court before the end of 2008 in Taiwan. Sixty-six Supreme Court Rulings are found and categorized into four groups by two dimensions: (1) whether the grand judges give the bureaucrats discretion and (2) whether the bureaucrats follow the grand judges’ will to reform the decrees. Both secondary data analysis and in-depth interviews are used in this research to figure out bureaucrats’ preference and the way they respond to the grand judges’ decisions. The statistical result shows that after been announced unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, about 15% of the administrative decrees stay the same. The reasons for this “unresponsiveness” to the Supreme Court Rulings are varied case by case. Basically speaking, bureaucrats take laws as means to fulfill their tasks. They are not motivated to follow the rule of law if there is a requirement to pay an excessive costs to achieve the policy goals. It is interesting to know that judicial review is high on its moral ground but sometimes it is a mechanism without an administrative devises to enforce their rulings. Also, the problems of information asymmetry, multi-principle and multi-agent will also be found in the relationship between Supreme Court and bureaucrats. To sum up, on the one hand, this research has shown that to follow the rule of law is not bureaucrats’ priority. As a result, an administrative mechanism is needed to enforce the Supreme Court Rulings. For example, the Research, Development and Evaluation Commission (RDEC) of Executive Yuan or the Control Yuan can be assigned to do the job. However, on the other hand, the Supreme Court always stands on the side of protecting human rights against government activities, sometimes the rulings might lead to government activities unworkable as we can see from the cases of the Rulings 400 and 440. How to balance the issue of protecting citizen’s rights and governability of the administrative agencies is one of the key problems needed to be solved in order to realize democratic governance in the future.

Cette thèse constitue une analyse historique évolutionniste de la fonction de prêteur en dernier ressort à travers les mutations du cadre institutionnel et opérationnel des Banques Centrales. L’enjeu de ce travail de recherche est de se pencher sur les origines de l’apparition de cette théorie d'un point de vue historique comme outil d’analyse des problématiques de gestion des crises modernes. Il convient de démontrer que le dévoiement de la doctrine du PDR entraîne une incompatibilité avec le cadre institutionnel de la politique monétaire de la Banque Centrale. Ainsi, les interventions « non conventionnelles » des Banques Centrales confirment qu’il est nécessaire de sortir du cadre institutionnel censé assurer une gestion efficiente de la politique monétaire. Par conséquent, ce cadre institutionnel qui garantit notamment l’indépendance de la Banque Centrale parait inadéquat à la nouvelle pratique du prêteur en dernier ressort. L’étude historique de cette fonction permet de mettre en perspective l’évolution du rôle de prêteur en dernier ressort en tant qu’outil de prédation monétaire pour les gouvernements. En définitive, les évolutions divergentes du cadre institutionnel et opérationnel de la Banque Centrale constituent l’un des principaux signes d’une déliquescence du système bancaire centralisé (Central Banking). L’exercice de la fonction de prêteur en dernier ressort par la BCE au sein de la zone euro représente un cadre d’analyse pertinent afin d’étudier les difficultés de cette fonction dans la gouvernance d'une zone économique hétérogène et politiquement inaboutie. / This paper offers an historical analysis of the evolution of lenders of last resort (LOLR) through the institutional and operational mutations of Central Banks framework. The aim of this research is to examine the origins of the appearance of this theory from a historical perspective. It should demonstrate that the perversion of the doctrine of LOLR causes incompatibility with the institutional framework of the Central Bank’s monetary policy. Thus, the "unconventional" interventions of central banks confirm the need to exit the institutional framework meant to ensure the efficient management of monetary policy. Therefore, this institutional framework which guarantees the independence of the Central Bank seems inadequate in the context of the new practice of the lender of last resort. Ultimately, diverging trends of the institutional and operational framework of the Central Bank is a major sign of demise of Central Banking. Last resort lending by the ECB in the euro zone provides a useful analytical framework to study the difficulties of the function of LOLR in the governance of a heterogeneous and politically unfulfilled economic zone.

Tendo como referência principal a discussão sobre governança, a pesquisa buscou identificar quais tipos de práticas são consideradas mais exitosas no contexto da gestão da água. O trabalho apresenta a crítica ao modelo da ciência normal e apresenta a ciência pós-normal como alternativa para um fazer científico que legitima outras formas de conhecimento, e não apenas o especialista. O trabalho toma como referência o cenário político, social, econômico, cultural e ambiental descrito pela a abordagem da sociedade de risco. Foram revisadas abordagens recentes sobre os temas da governança, da governança ambiental, governança da água, da aprendizagem social e da análise do desenvolvimento das instituições. Toda a discussão suscitada pela literatura revisada é feita à luz do Sistema Integrado de Gerenciamento dos Recursos Hídricos no Estado de São Paulo- SIGRH. Apresentamos o modelo de análise da gestão participativa MAGEP, desenvolvido como síntese da literatura revisada e uma reflexão sobre as políticas de participação social da terceira geração. O trabalho conclui que a gestão da água no Estado de São Paulo é feita em consonância com o que a literatura tem apresentado como formas adequadas de gestão do recurso hídrico. No entanto, o SIGRH em São Paulo carece de práticas inovadoras que tornem o ambiente da gestão da água mais dinâmico e com mais participação social. / The governance approach represents the main discussion in this research that tried to identify how water can be managed in a sustainable way. We criticize the normal science model, to show that the pos-normal science is an approach able to recognize different kinds of knowledge. We took the risk society approach as the political, economic, social, cultural and environmental setting where the water management becomes an important question. We reviewed works from Governance, Environmental Governance, Water Governance, Social Learning and Institutional Analysis Development to understand the Integrated Management State of São Paulo. We present the Participative Management Analysis Model built as a synthesis of the reviewed literature and the reflection about the third generation of social participation polices. We concluded that the water management in São Paulo has been done in according with what we found in the research; however it needs to have more creative practices and more social participation.

Univ., Habil.-Schr. u.d.T.: Topan, Angelina: Der Entscheidungsprozess in der Europäischen Kommission aus der Perspektive der modernen Institutionenökonomik: am Fallbeispiel der europäischen Regionalpolitik--Hamburg, 2004.

Anthony Downs public choice theory proposes that every rational person would try to meet their own desires in preference to those of others, and that such rational persons would attempt to obtain these desires in the most efficient manner possible. This thesis submits that the application of this theory would mean that public servants and politicians would perform acts of corruption and maladministration in order to efficiently meet their desires. As such action is unavoidable, political parties must appear to meet the public demand for accountability systems, but must not make these systems viable lest they expose the corruption and maladministration that would threaten the government’s chance or re-election. The thesis demonstrates this hypothesis through a study of the history of the public sector in Queensland. It shows that all governments have displayed a commitment for accountability whilst simultaneously ensuring the systems would not be able to interfere with government control or expose its flaws.

FU, Diss.--Zugl.: Berlin, 2004. / Literaturverz. S.143-155.

Univ., Diss. u.d.T.: Zangl, Bernhard: Die Entwicklung internationaler Regime auf zwei Ebenen--Bremen, 1998. / Literaturverz. S. 307 - 326.

Submitted by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-06-25T14:38:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Sergio Guerra.pdf: 10901899 bytes, checksum: 17258e78cd74d37d3fa9597bf3f49888 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-06-25T14:41:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Sergio Guerra.pdf: 10901899 bytes, checksum: 17258e78cd74d37d3fa9597bf3f49888 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-06-25T20:01:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Sergio Guerra.pdf: 10901899 bytes, checksum: 17258e78cd74d37d3fa9597bf3f49888 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-25T20:13:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sergio Guerra.pdf: 10901899 bytes, checksum: 17258e78cd74d37d3fa9597bf3f49888 (MD5) / The object of this research is to show the pattern of the Regulatory State in Brazil, its complexity and the model used in the 90's for its implementation. Was created some special entities with autonomous functional in relation to Central Government. Examining the reason and the form adopted for the management of the regulatory authorities are structured in Brazil in the wake of an attempt to reform the administrative organization in the form of management, we intend to analyze whether this path should be followed, even though part to other state sectors. The present analysis involves the redefinition of the division of tasks and responsibilities between 'Government entities' and public entities whose mission requires continuity ('State entities'), especially in cases of alternation of power. It is intended to contribute to the structuring of organizations dedicated to the development of government policies. / o objeto da presente pesquisa é evidenciar o padrão de Estado Regulador brasileiro, sua complexidade e o modelo adotado, em parte, na década de 90, para a sua implementação, notadamente com a criação de algumas autarquias especiais dotadas de autonomia funcional diferenciada em relação ao Poder Público central. Examinando os motivos e a forma adotada para a estruturação dessas entidades reguladoras, no bojo de uma tentativa de reformar a organização administrativa, sob a forma gerencial, pretende-se analisar se esse caminho deve ser trilhado, ainda que em parte, para outros setores. A análise envolve a possível redefinição da divisão de tarefas e competências entre 'entidades de Governo' e entes públicos cuja missão requer continuidade ('órgãos de Estado'), especialmente, nos casos de alternância do poder. Pretende-se contribuir para a estruturação de entidades vocacionadas para o desenvolvimento de políticas de Estado.

Tendo como referência principal a discussão sobre governança, a pesquisa buscou identificar quais tipos de práticas são consideradas mais exitosas no contexto da gestão da água. O trabalho apresenta a crítica ao modelo da ciência normal e apresenta a ciência pós-normal como alternativa para um fazer científico que legitima outras formas de conhecimento, e não apenas o especialista. O trabalho toma como referência o cenário político, social, econômico, cultural e ambiental descrito pela a abordagem da sociedade de risco. Foram revisadas abordagens recentes sobre os temas da governança, da governança ambiental, governança da água, da aprendizagem social e da análise do desenvolvimento das instituições. Toda a discussão suscitada pela literatura revisada é feita à luz do Sistema Integrado de Gerenciamento dos Recursos Hídricos no Estado de São Paulo- SIGRH. Apresentamos o modelo de análise da gestão participativa MAGEP, desenvolvido como síntese da literatura revisada e uma reflexão sobre as políticas de participação social da terceira geração. O trabalho conclui que a gestão da água no Estado de São Paulo é feita em consonância com o que a literatura tem apresentado como formas adequadas de gestão do recurso hídrico. No entanto, o SIGRH em São Paulo carece de práticas inovadoras que tornem o ambiente da gestão da água mais dinâmico e com mais participação social. / The governance approach represents the main discussion in this research that tried to identify how water can be managed in a sustainable way. We criticize the normal science model, to show that the pos-normal science is an approach able to recognize different kinds of knowledge. We took the risk society approach as the political, economic, social, cultural and environmental setting where the water management becomes an important question. We reviewed works from Governance, Environmental Governance, Water Governance, Social Learning and Institutional Analysis Development to understand the Integrated Management State of São Paulo. We present the Participative Management Analysis Model built as a synthesis of the reviewed literature and the reflection about the third generation of social participation polices. We concluded that the water management in São Paulo has been done in according with what we found in the research; however it needs to have more creative practices and more social participation.