El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo analizar las estrategias de internacionalización que implementó el Grupo Gloria en los países de Bolivia, Haití, Puerto Rico, Colombia y Ecuador, y determinar si tienen similitud entre ellas. En el primer capítulo, se planteará nuestro marco teórico, el cual está compuesto por las diversas teorías, modelos y estrategias de internacionalización que han sido definidas por diversos autores reconocidos a nivel internacional, teorías que posteriormente analizaremos y veremos en qué país se cumple ello. Seguido a esto también se analizará breves teorías de marketing e innovación, los cuales nos servirán para buscar si existe alguna similitud por cada país mencionado en líneas anteriores. Aparte de ello, se detallará la postura mundial por la cual atraviesa el sector lácteo en la actualidad. A su vez, las perspectivas que se tiene previsto a largo plazo. Después de ello, se describirá la situación del sector lácteo en el Perú, seguido por el posicionamiento de la empresa Gloria en el país. En el segundo capítulo, se planteará el plan de investigación, conformado por los objetivos generales y específicos. En el tercer capítulo, se explicará la metodología utilizada para recabar la información. En el cuarto capítulo, se procederá a desarrollar la información, detallando las estrategias de internacionalización implementadas por el grupo Gloria. En el quinto capítulo, se realizará el análisis y comparación de las estrategias de internacionalización. Por último, se expondrá las conclusiones y recomendaciones de los resultados a los que se llegó por medio de la presente investigación. / The present research aims to achieve that various agricultural industries in Peru, especially those that produce dairy products, that wish to get to position themselves in international markets, can consider the internationalization strategies that the Gloria group implemented for its internationalization under the total acquisition of companies related to its same economic category. In the first chapter, it will be detailed our theoretical framework, which is made up for the different theories, models and strategies of internationalization that had been defined by various authors on an international level, theories that we will later analyze and we will see in which country it is fulfilled. Following this we will analyze brief theories of marketing and innovation, which will help us to find if there is any similarity for each country mentioned in previous lines. Apart from that, it will be detailed the global position that the dairy sector is currently going through. At the same time, the perspectives that are expected in the long term. After that, will be described the situation of the dairy sector in Peru, followed by the positioning of the company Gloria in the country. In the second chapter, it will be raised the research plan, shaped by the general and specific objectives. In the third chapter, the methodology used to collect the information will be explained. In the fourth chapter, it will proceed to develop the information, detailing the internationalization strategies implemented by the Gloria group. In the fifth chapter, the analysis and comparison of internationalization strategies will be carried out. Finally, the conclusions and recommendations of the results that were reached through the present investigation will be presented. / Tesis

Ce travail de recherche porte sur la littérature caribéenne et plus précisément sur la narration. Le corpus littéraire sert de support pour l'étude des migrations et des métissages dans les sociétés de Cuba, Porto Rico et la République Dominicaine. L'importance de l'histoire chez les écrivains caribéens, leur attachement à décrire leur société est un phénomène constant depuis le début du XXe siècle. Dans cette thèse, nous essayerons de voir si tous les apports laissés par ces mouvements migratoires vers, dans et hors de la Caraïbe sont reconnus par les cultures d'accueil. La thèse se divise en trois parties; une première partie de présentation des concepts et des contextes des œuvres, une deuxième d'analyse littéraire et une troisième centrée sur les points de vue de trois écrivains. Marta Rojas, Luis López Nieves et Marcio Veloz Maggiolo répondent à cinq questions sur la littérature caribéenne, leur œuvre et leurs influences. Grâce à leurs réponses, nous tenterons de savoir si on peut parler aujourd'hui d'une littérature caribéenne, ou bien si elles sont multiples. / This research work deals with Caribbean literature and more precisely with the issue of narration. A literary corpus will be used to study migrations and amalgamations within societies living in Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. Caribbean writers have always been very concerned with History, and their attempts to describe their own society have been a constant phenomenon since the early 20th century. Thanks to this thesis, we will try to see whether all the contributions brought along via migratory movements toward, inward and outward Caribbean have been acknowledged by the culture of the host countries. The study is divided in three parts: the first will present the concepts and the historical background alluded to in the novels and short stories, the second will consist in a textual analysis, the third will focus on some authors' points of view. Marta Rojas, Luis López Nieves and Marcio Veloz Maggiolo have been asked five questions about Caribbean literature, their own oeuvre and their sources of inspiration. Thanks to their answers, we will try to figure whether nowadays Caribbean literature should be considered as one or many.

abstract: Although the Caribbean has been continuously inhabited for the last 7,000 years, European contact in the last 500 years dramatically reshaped the cultural and genetic makeup of island populations. Several recent studies have explored the genetic diversity of Caribbean Latinos and have characterized Native American variation present within their genomes. However, the difficulty of obtaining ancient DNA from pre-contact populations and the underrepresentation of non-Latino Caribbean islanders in current research have prevented a complete understanding of genetic variation over time and space in the Caribbean basin. This dissertation uses two approaches to characterize the role of migration and admixture in the demographic history of Caribbean islanders. First, autosomal variants were genotyped in a sample of 55 Afro-Caribbeans from five islands in the Lesser Antilles: Grenada, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, Trinidad, and St. Vincent. These data were used to characterize genetic structure, ancestry and signatures of selection in these populations. The results demonstrate a complex pattern of admixture since European contact, including a strong signature of sex-biased mating and inputs from at least five continental populations to the autosomal ancestry of Afro-Caribbean peoples. Second, ancient mitochondrial and nuclear DNA were obtained from 60 skeletal remains, dated between A.D. 500–1300, from three archaeological sites in Puerto Rico: Paso del Indio, Punta Candelero and Tibes. The ancient data were used to reassesses existing models for the peopling of Puerto Rico and the Caribbean and to examine the extent of genetic continuity between ancient and modern populations. Project findings support a largely South American origin for Ceramic Age Caribbean populations and identify some genetic continuity between pre and post contact islanders. The above study was aided by development and testing of extraction methods optimized for recovery of ancient DNA from tropical contexts. Overall, project findings characterize how ancient indigenous groups, European colonial regimes, the African Slave Trade and modern labor movements have shaped the genomic diversity of Caribbean islanders. In addition to its anthropological and historical importance, such knowledge is also essential for informing the identification of medically relevant genetic variation in these populations. / Dissertation/Thesis / Zipped file contains Appendices A-K. Supplemental tables, figures, protocols and spreadsheets associated with dissertation. / Doctoral Dissertation Anthropology 2017

Este trabajo de investigación explora una selección de poemas de los autores Nicolás Guillén (Cuba 1992-1989) y Luis Palés Matos (Puerto Rico 1989-1959) para demostrar como ambos contribuyeron a la discusión sobre la herencia negra en la identidad de sus respectivos países, si bien, sus obras tuvieron una diferente recepción. También nos proponemos probar que, aunque ambos han sido estudiados más como autores de la corriente negrista dentro de la poesía caribeña hispana, algunos de sus poemas pueden ser leídos desde las perspectivas del pensamiento de la Negritude. Por último, mediante un análisis tropológico determinaremos qué figuras retóricas predominan en el discurso de los poetas. Como conclusión, esperamos ratificar el importante lugar que ambos ocupan para entender la herencia africana viva en esas tierras.

While the National Park Service is charged with interpreting and preserving areas designated as park resources, they must also manage environmental issues such as erosion resulting from climate change. This research sets out to narrate how Palo Seco, Puerto Rico, a neighboring community of the San Juan National Historic Site, perceives similar environmental conditions and motivations for addressing these issues. My research sits at the intersection between the park’s charter and understanding community implications of environmental changes that affect local heritage. Using Authorized Heritage Discourse and environmental justice as theoretical frameworks, I suggest that the National Park Service should include the observations of climate change from Palo Seco community to broaden Park Service’s understanding and preservation policies. I also recommend the National Park Service utilize cultural resource management guidelines to develop programs that facilitate collaborative research projects with the Palo Seco community to not only address mutual issues of climate changes but also document local heritage knowledge that can enhance the Park’s interpretation and preservation efforts.

Torrecillas Lagoon in the North Coast of Puerto Rico has experienced extensive anthropogenic influence over the past 400 years. Elevated concentrations of Potential Toxic Elements (PTEs) have been reported in surficial sediments. The main goal of this dissertation was to implement in Puerto Rico the use of benthic foraminifers as a bioindicators of PTEs and to compare the impact of Cu(II) on field samples with results of experimental work using cultures. Analyses included geochemical assessment for bulk and carbonate- soluble bioavailable concentrations of PTEs in surface, core and pore-water samples, as well as analyses of grain-size, Percent Total Organic Carbon (%TOC), Percent Carbonate (%CO3), foraminiferal assemblages and distribution, and ecological indices. PTEs of concern (Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cr, As, Li, Se, Fe, Mn, V, Se) have relatively uniform spatial distributions. Areas with higher concentrations are associated with higher %TOC and %mud, as well as with anoxic conditions. Temporal distributions show limited variability although an overall decrease in enrichment indicates improvement of environmental conditions in the 20th century. Ammonia beccarii, Quinquloculina rhodiensis, Q. seminulum, and Ammobaculites agglutinans are the dominant foraminifers in the lagoon and are characteristic of stressed coastal environments. Several PTEs, including bioavailable Cu and Zn are negatively correlated with the dominant foraminiferal taxa and with diversity indices, indicating that these pollutants are influencing the spatial and temporal distributions of foraminiferal assemblages. Ammonia beccarii abundance negatively correlates with bulk concentration of Cu(II) and exhibits no correlation with its bioavailable fraction. These observations suggest that fractionation and bioavailability of PTEs need to be considered more in depth as influences on ecological indices and foraminiferal behavior. Exchangeable and oxidizable fractions are considered the most likely to influence the ecology of foraminifers under most circumstances. Ammonia aomoriensi was exposed to Cu(II) concentrations (0–0.32 µmol/L) under controlled conditions (25ºC, 35PSU and pH= 7.8). After a 23-day treatment, foraminifers exposed to 0.22 and 0.32 µmol/L concentrations exhibited reduced growth and morphological deformities in which the long axis of the chamber extended ventrally, increasing the height of the trochospire. The waters in Torrecillas lagoon show strong stratification, with hypoxic/anoxic (DO/L) and corrosive (pH< 7.4) conditions below 4 m depth. The presence of such strong gradients in very shallow water represents a dynamic chemical environment, with changes occurring on day-night cycles, tidal cycles, and especially with storm activity that induces mixing of otherwise highly stratified, very localized waters. Recognizing the potential for sequestered PTEs to be mobilized is essential insight for coastal management agencies that must assess the risks of existing PTEs during coastal engineering activities (e.g., dredge and fill activities) and major storm events.

The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate and understand the growth of public works as part of urban development in San Juan, Puerto Rico, between 1765 and 1823. In San Juan, attaining basic provisions was complicated by distinctive circumstances such as the increasing population, administrative decisions, and financial limitations. This thesis draws from demography, medicine, urban studies, and primary documents to understand how the changes in San Juan’s established political, economic, demographic, and environmental systems allowed for the growth of public works to support the city’s population. With the introduction of economic and military Bourbon Reforms, the existing colonial system fractured, collapsing in the first decade of the nineteenth century from financial burdens, internal infrastructure decay, and the abdication of the Spanish king. Imperial loyalty and intra-monarchial attention to the general public altered Puerto Rico’s imperial role, establishing a new system that allowed public work and sanitation to thrive.

Globalization and sociopolitical factors impact migration patterns all over the world. In Puerto Rico, these factors created superdiverse environments where languages users have pushed the boundaries of language in order to make sense of their worlds. Even though this language dynamic is natural for locals, it is those who visit from different countries, specifically international graduate students, that have a difficult time adjusting to Puerto Rico’s rich use of English and Spanish. Understanding how international graduate students perceive the language used at the University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez (UPRM) upon arrival is essential to provide a better experience for future students. As of this writing, this study is the first to investigate the language perceptions of incoming international graduate students at the University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez. This descriptive exploratory case study explores language perceptions of first semester international graduate students with an assistantship. I interviewed 3 first-semester students at a large, public, research university, located on the west coast of Puerto Rico. I carried out two semi-structured individual interviews and one semi-structure focus group interview. I employed data triangulation and member checked to ensure validity and trustworthiness of data. Study findings reveal that participants did not initially perceive English as being the main language of use during their graduate studies. Participants mentioned struggles throughout their semester due to the heavy presence of English in their coursework and assistantship. Participants suggested that the university should provide more English language support to ensure the success of incoming international students. In this study, I addressed gaps on translanguaging at superdiverse universities, and international teaching assistants’ perceptions of language at the University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez campus. Based on the findings, I offer English course suggestions to enhance academic and professional opportunities for international students at UPRM.

« noir-e-s fantômes» n’est pas une simple formulation appellative, le terme «fantôme» dans cette thèse désigne le déni et le rejet psycho-social de la présence et de l’histoire culturelle des noir-e-s aux formations identitaires caribéennes et américaines actuelles. Force est de constater que malgré les efforts en faveur de la réhabilitation humaine et sociale, la présence des noir-e-s reste encore «fantôme» dans les littératures canoniques, les manuels scolaires et les discours officiels caribéens et latino-américains. Cela est d’autant plus notoire à Porto Rico, état non souverain des Etats-Unis d’Amérique. De ce fait, ma thèse propose une relecture de l’historiographie officielle et des pratiques discursives en vigueur à Porto Rico loin des postulats hégémoniques qui minimisent le rôle fondateur des noir-e-s aux formations socio-culturelles portoricaines. Partant précisément de l’analyse critique de Fe en disfraz (2009) de Mayra Santos Febres et Capá Prieto (2010) d’Yvonne Denis Rosario, ma thèse de doctorat entend montrer comment le fantôme se manifeste dans les œuvres littéraires de ces deux auteures. Celle-ci questionnera également la légitimité des discours en vigueur au regard du statut politique particulier de Porto Rico. / “Blackness as ghost” is not a fanciful phrase. In the present context, the word “fantôme” is the psycho-social denial and rejection of the presence of Blacks and their cultural history in present-day Caribbean and American identity-building. It is noteworthy that, despite various efforts to restore their human and social dignity, Blacks’ presence is still invisible in canonical literary books, textbooks, and in the official discourses of the Caribbean and Latin America. This is even more visible in Porto Rico—a non sovereign state of the United States of America. From that perspective, my PhD thesis proposes a new interpretation of national and official Puerto Rican historiography and its discursive practices far from the hegemonic assumptions that downplay the founding role of Blacks in Puerto Rican socio-cultural identity. Drawing from Fe in disfraz (2009) by Mayra Santos Febres and Capá Prieto (2010) by Yvonne Denis Rosario, my PhD dissertation aims to show how the ghost appears in the literary works of the above mentioned authors. It also questions the legitimacy of current discourses vis-à-vis Puerto Rico's special political status.

In September 2017 Hurricane Maria made landfall on the U.S territory island of Puerto Rico, causing substantial damage to the already weakened infrastructure and other aspects of the built environment. This research attempted to identify the challenges and opportunities that have been encountered within the Puerto Rican commercial and civil construction industry during the first year of reconstruction, post-Hurricane Maria. This was done by identifying the effects of the storm as well as the strategies of construction companies involved in the reconstruction process. The study used the events occurring after the passing of the hurricane as a case study to conduct interviews with those involved in the reconstruction efforts. The interviews followed a semi- structured interview approach to gather the data. The research found how the reconstruction efforts in Puerto Rico affected the commercial and civil construction industries, exploring the challenges, opportunities, and changes to typical business practices with regard to finances, labor, equipment, and material changes after Hurricane Maria. This was accomplished by highlighting the methods and processes used by the construction industry professionals and identifying the ones that were effective and/or ineffective in rebuilding the island. This research provided a number of key findings regarding reconstruction efforts. first, the large amounts of reconstruction related work following the storm boosted the economy of the industry and companies began growing in size and employing more personnel to fit their business needs. Second, unfortunately the vast amounts of reconstructive work created by Hurricane Maria also created a deficit in skilled labor in Puerto Rico. Third, initial reconstruction efforts were heavily focused on clearing debris, greatly benefitting companies that owned their own equipment. Finally, material availability proved to be a limiting factor in reconstruction, and lead times were directly increased because of Hurricane Maria.