Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:27:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KleberMA_DISSERT.pdf: 1461889 bytes, checksum: 7c8661bbb7361e8b5952cf97119c6280 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-27 / This paper analyzes the relationship between fundamental rights and the exercise of the claim punitive society in a democratic state. It starts with the premise that there are fundamental rights that limit and determine the validity of all forms of manifestation of the claim punitive society (legislating, investigative, adjudicative or ministerial) and there are others that require the state the right exercise, fast and effective of these activities. Travels to history in order to see that the first meaning of these rights was built between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, after all a history of abuses committed by state agents in the exercise of criminal justice, and positively valued in the declarations of human rights and proclaimed in the constitutions after the American and French Revolutions, while the second meaning has been assigned between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, when, because of the serious social problems generated largely by absenteeism state, it was noted that in addition to subjective rights the individual against the state, fundamental rights are also objective values, which trigger an order directed the state to protect them against the action of the offending individuals themselves (duty to protect), the mission of which the State seeks to discharge, among other means, through the issue of legal rules typifying the behavior detrimental to such rights, subject to penalties, and the concrete actions of public institutions created by the Constitution to operate penal law. Under this double bias, it is argued that the rule violates the Constitution in the exercise of the claim punitive society as much as by excess malfere fundamental rights that limit, as when it allows facts wrong by offending fundamental rights, remain unpunished either by inaction or by insufficient measures taken abstractly or concretely provided / O presente trabalho analisa a rela??o entre os direitos fundamentais e o exerc?cio da pretens?o punitiva da sociedade no Estado Democr?tico de Direito. Parte-se da premissa de que h? direitos fundamentais que limitam e condicionam a validade de todas as formas de manifesta??o da pretens?o punitiva da sociedade (legiferante, investigativa, ministerial ou judicante), assim como h? outros que imp?em ao Estado o exerc?cio certo, r?pido e eficaz dessas atividades. Percorre-se a Hist?ria a fim de se constatar que a primeira acep??o destes direitos foi constru?da entre os s?culos XVII e XVIII, ap?s todo um hist?rico de abusos cometidos pelos agentes do Estado no exerc?cio da justi?a criminal, sendo positivada nas declara??es de direitos humanos e nas constitui??es proclamadas ap?s as Revolu??es Francesa e Americana, ao passo que a segunda acep??o foi assimilada entre os s?culos XIX e XX, quando, em virtude dos graves problemas sociais gerados em grande parte pelo absente?smo estatal, percebeu-se que, al?m de direitos subjetivos do indiv?duo contra o Estado, os direitos fundamentais s?o tamb?m valores objetivos, que desencadeiam uma ordem dirigida ao Estado no sentido de proteg?-los contra a a??o infratora dos pr?prios particulares (dever de prote??o), miss?o da qual o Estado busca se desincumbir, dentre outros meios, atrav?s da edi??o de normas jur?dicas tipificadora de comportamentos lesivos a tais direitos, sob pena de san??o, e da a??o concreta de institui??es p?blicas criadas pela pr?pria Constitui??o para operacionalizar a lei penal. Sob esse duplo vi?s, sustenta-se que o Estado viola a Constitui??o no exerc?cio da pretens?o punitiva da sociedade tanto quando, por excesso, malfere os direitos fundamentais que a limitam, como quando permite que fatos il?citos, por ofensivos aos direitos fundamentais, permane?am impunes, quer por ina??o, quer por insufici?ncia das medidas abstratamente previstas ou concretamente adotadas

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No. of bitstreams: 1 Irresponsabilidade Social Empresarial - O caso Mariana - Tese - Mirian - Final.pdf: 2700004 bytes, checksum: 478a9b4de7ac44c898648f186318d969 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-27 / Esse trabalho investigou o tema Irresponsabilidade Social Empresarial, a partir de um estudo de caso relativo ao desastre ambiental causado pela Samarco Mineração S.A. ao município de Mariana-MG, que impactou todas as cidades localizadas na região dos rios Gualaxo do Norte, do Carmo e Doce. Diante dessas considerações, apresentou como objetivo geral o propósito de constatar se a identificação social com a Samarco Mineração S.A., que surge em função dos benefícios econômicos proporcionados por ela a alguns municípios, reduz a atribuição de culpa dessa empresa e a intenção punitiva de um evento de irresponsabilidade social, além de gerar impacto para demais atribuições e sentimentos que possam surgir nos indivíduos-alvo da investigação. Alguns modelos teóricos forneceram subsídios para a testagem de dois modelos empíricos que foram testados e possibilitaram alcançar esse objetivo. Em termos metodológicos, trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, adotando a técnica do estudo de caso, aplicando um questionário com 1616 moradores de cinco cidades afetadas pelo desastre, coletado presencialmente na sua maior parte. Os dados de cada cidade foram analisados com o uso da modelagem de equações estruturais, com auxílio do software Stata versão 14, e posteriormente os resultados de cada cidade foram comparados entre si. Com relação a esses resultados, o modelo relacionando os benefícios econômicos e a Irresponsabilidade Social Empresarial, ajustado com base nas sugestões do modification indices, gerou resultados estatísticos com um bom ajuste considerando os indicadores apresentados. Como conclusão desse modelo, foi possível constatar que os benefícios para a economia local afetaram negativamente a intenção punitiva dos moradores das cidades de Anchieta-ES, Guarapari-ES e Mariana-MG, cidades essas que eram beneficiadas economicamente pela Samarco Mineração S.A. Além disso, foi identificado por intermédio desse modelo que, para as cidades de Anchieta-ES, Colatina-ES, Guarapari-ES, Linhares-ES e Mariana-MG, a severidade/gravidade do evento afetou positivamente a atribuição de culpa à empresa; e a intenção punitiva afetou positivamente a intenção de fazer comentários negativos à mineradora. Quanto ao modelo dos sentimentos negativos relacionados à Irresponsabilidade Social Empresarial, que também foi ajustado com base nas sugestões do modification indices, os resultados estatísticos evidenciaram um bom ajuste de acordo com os indicadores apurados. Como conclusão desse segundo modelo, foi verificado que a ganância afetou positivamente a percepção de falta de integridade da empresa, que, por sua vez afetou de forma positiva a sensação de ultraje moral, que, na sequência, gerou efeito positivo sobre os comentários negativos dos indivíduos pesquisados. Houve uma contribuição no sentido de evidenciar os processos da sociedade que contribuem para a existência e manutenção da Irresponsabilidade Social Empresarial. Foram apresentadas as discussões para esses resultados, bem como as contribuições teóricas, metodológicas e práticas do estudo, além da proposição de uma agenda futura de pesquisas relacionadas ao tema irresponsabilidade social empresarial. / This study explores the issue of Corporate Social Irresponsibility, using a case study on the environmental disaster caused by Samarco Mineração SA in the municipality of Mariana-MG, which impacted all cities located in the region of the rivers Gualaxo do Norte, Carmo and Doce. The main objective was to determine whether the social identification of the affected population with Samarco Mineração SA – built based on the economic benefits of the company for the municipalities in the region – reduces the blame attribution and the punitive intention towards the company because of the event of social irresponsibility. And to see whether this social identification impacts on other attributions and feelings that may be observed in the population targeted in the study. Some theoretical models supported the testing of two empirical models that were applied and contributed to achieve the study’s objective. As for the methodology, it is a quantitative study using a case study and applying a questionnaire with 1,616 inhabitants of five cities affected by the disaster, collected mostly in person. The data in each city were analyzed using structured equation modeling processed through the software Stata 14. The results for each of the cities were then compared. Regarding the results, the model relating the economic benefits and the Corporate Social Irresponsibility (adjusted based on the suggestions of the modification indices), generated statistical results with a good adjustment considering the indicators presented. The conclusion, considering this first model, is that the benefits to the local economy negatively affected the punitive intention of the residents of the municipalities of Anchieta-ES, Guarapari-ES and Mariana-MG, benefited economically by Samarco Mineração SA. In addition, it was possible to observe that, for the cities Anchieta-ES, Colatina-ES, Guarapari-ES, Linhares-ES and Mariana-MG, the severity of the event positively affected the blame attribution towards the company; and the punitive intention positively affected the intention of making negative comments to the mining company. As for the model of negative feelings related to Corporate Social Irresponsibility, which was also adjusted based on the suggestions of the modification indices, the statistical results showed a good adjustment according to the indicators presented. The conclusion, considering this second model, is that the perception of greed on the part of the company positively affected the perception around its lack of integrity, which in turn positively affected the feeling of moral outrage, and had a positive effect on the negative comments of the participants. It was possible to highlight the processes of society that contribute to the existence and maintenance of Corporate Social Irresponsibility. The results are discussed considering theoretical, methodological and practical contributions of the study and an agenda for future research is proposed in order to explore the issue of corporate social irresponsibility.

O objeto da dissertação é a regulamentação do uso indevido de informação privilegiada no mercado de capitais. Discute-se no texto qual seria a melhor maneira de reprimir a conduta praticada pelo insider trading, concluindo-se que o sistema ideal seria não mais a dupla repressão como ocorre atualmente, mas sim a separação entre as esferas administrativa e penal. A primeira julgaria as infrações de menor gravidade, deixando apenas as que efetivamente causassem potencialidade lesão grave ao bem jurídico sob a tutela do direito penal. Ante a necessidade de compreensão do contexto em que o delito de uso indevido de informação privilegiada ocorre, o trabalho inicia-se com um breve panorama do mercado de capitais, no qual se trata da formação do mercado de valores mobiliários, das bolsas de valores e das sociedades anônimas. Assim, no primeiro capítulo trata-se da regulamentação do mercado de capitais no Brasil, em especial, das Leis 6.385/1976, a qual regula o mercado de valores mobiliários brasileiro e traz a descrição do tipo penal do crime do insider trading no artigo 27-D, e da Lei 6.404/1976, que regula as sociedades anônimas no Brasil, e trata dos deveres de informar, de lealdade e de guardar sigilo impostos aos administradores das sociedades anônimas de capital aberto. No segundo capítulo, é feita inicialmente uma abordagem do que vem a ser o crime de insider trading e informação privilegiada, mencionando-se quais são argumentos contrários e a favor da repressão da conduta de utilização indevida de informação privilegiada. Na seqüência, faz-se uma breve análise da legislação estrangeira, com destaque para os países Estados Unidos da América, Espanha, Portugal e Itália. O terceiro capítulo trata da regulamentação do crime de insider trading no Brasil, iniciando-se com uma breve análise comparativa entre o tipo penal da legislação pátria e os das legislações estrangeiras estudadas no capítulo anterior. Em seguida, é analisada a tipicidade objetiva e subjetiva do tipo penal, concluindo-se que se trata de crime formal, que não admite tentativa e que se consuma no momento da utilização da 173 informação relevante ainda não divulgada ao mercado, independentemente da obtenção da vantagem indevida. Ainda no terceiro capítulo, trata-se do sujeito ativo e passivo do delito, concluindo-se que, de acordo com a redação do tipo penal, apenas quem tem o dever de manter sigilo pode ser responsabilizado criminalmente no Brasil pelo crime de insider trading, e que o sujeito passivo é a coletividade, a sociedade como um todo. Esse capítulo traz também o debate existente, sobretudo na doutrina estrangeira, de qual seria o bem jurídico tutelado pelo crime em comento. Dentre todas os possíveis bem jurídicos aventados, conclui-se que apenas a igualdade entre os investidores e a confiança no mercado de capitais são dignos de tutela penal e justificam a intervenção dessa esfera do direito. O quarto capítulo trata da relação existente entre o direito penal econômico e o crime de insider trading. Além de tratar das características do direito penal econômico, o capítulo traz críticas à expansão do direito penal moderno e trata da ineficiência da utilização da esfera penal para proteger de forma eficaz os delitos da moderna criminalidade econômica. O quinto e último capítulo trata justamente do título do trabalho: Direito Administrativo Sancionador e o Crime de Insider Trading. Nesse capítulo, explica-se o modelo proposto para sancionar a utilização indevida de informação privilegiada, iniciando-se por tratar da definição de direito administrativo sancionador e sua distinção entre o direito penal. Na seqüência trata-se da possível configuração de bis in idem existente atualmente com a aplicação de sanção administrativa e penal para o mesmo fato, para o mesmo sujeito e com o mesmo fundamento. Trata-se ainda do fortalecimento da CVM como agência reguladora para regulamentar, fiscalizar e punir com eficiência as utilização indevida de informação privilegiada, deixando para o direito penal apenas as infrações capazes de colocar em risco o mercado de capitais. Por fim, são expostas as conclusões do trabalho. / The object of this dissertation is the regulation of the misuse of privileged information in the capital market. It is discussed in the text which would be the best way to repress the conduct practiced by insider trading, concluding that the ideal system would be no more the double repression as currently occurs, but a single repression in administrative or criminal sphere according to the seriousness of the offense. The first would judge the lesser gravity infractions, leaving only those that actually caused any serious injury to the good under the legal protection of criminal law. Before the need to understand the context in which the offense of misuse of privileged information occurs, the dissertation begins with a brief overview of capital markets, in which it comes to the formation of the securities market, stock exchange, as well as corporations. Thus, the first chapter deals with (i) the regulation of the capital market in Brazil, in particular regarding Law 6.385/1976, which regulates the securities market of Brazil and contains a description of the type of criminal offense of insider trading, and (ii) the Federal Act 6.404/1976, which regulates corporations in Brazil and provides the duties to inform, loyalty and confidentiality imposed on directors of stock companies. In the second chapter, it is initially provided an approach of the concept of the insider trading crime, mentioning what are the arguments against and in favor of its repression. Subsequently, there is a brief analysis of foreign law, particularly the legislation of the United States of America, Spain, Portugal and Italy. The third chapter deals with the regulation of the insider trading crime in Brazil, beginning with a brief comparative analysis of criminal hyphotesis provided by Brazilian law and the foreign legislation analyzed in the previous chapter. Then, it is analysed the objective and subjective elements of the criminal hypothesis, concluding that it is a formal crime, which admits no attempt and that occurs at the time of use of relevant information not yet disclosed to the market, independently of obtaining improper benefit. The fourth chapter deals with the relationship between economic crime and insider trading crime. Besides approaching characteristics of the economic criminal law, the chapter provides critics to the expansion of modern criminal law and deals with the inefficiency of using the criminal sphere to protect society against the crimes of modern economic criminality. The fifth and final chapter deals with the relationship between punitive administrative law and insider trading crime. In this chapter it is explained the model proposed to penalize the misuse of inside information, starting with the definition of punitive administrative law and its distinction from criminal law. Following reference is to the possible configuration of bis in idem currently existing in the application of the criminal and administrative sanction for the same offense, same individual and on the same basis. In addition, it is also discussed the strengthening of the Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission) as the regulatory agency authorized to regulate, inspect and punish effectively the misuse of inside information, leaving to the penal sphere only the criminal law offenses that are entitled to put the capital market in risk. Finally, the dissertation conclusions are exposed.

A dissertação objetiva defender a possibilidade do princípio da insignificância incidir sobre os atos de improbidade administrativa, à luz da hipótese analisada, na busca de uma interpretação mais humanizante ao viés extremamente sancionatório que a jurisprudência do Superior Tribunal de Justiça aplica à Lei 8.429/92, ao impedir, sequer, cogitar-se do princípio nessa seara. Sem olvidar a relevância da moralidade administrativa, o escopo do trabalho é apenas o de abrir uma fresta para a possibilidade de cabimento do princípio da insignificância, enquanto fundamento de validade principiológica da eventual absolvição de acusados da prática de atos de improbidade administrativa, cuja conduta, na análise do caso concreto, tenha se revelado dotada de ofensividade mínima ao bem jurídico protegido. A relevância normativa dos princípios, bem como das garantias e limites constitucionais contra o poder punitivo do Estado, são decorrência do antropocentrismo que fundamenta a Constituição vigente, levando a Suprema Corte a estabelecer vetores de aplicação do princípio da insignificância, que devem ter a possibilidade de serem estendidos, quando cabíveis, ao julgamento dos atos de improbidade administrativa, seja pelos princípios da proporcionalidade e da razoabilidade, limitadores da discricionariedade, seja por princípios de comum cabimento no direito sancionador, diante do conceito universal de antijuridicidade. Por fim, tendências jurisprudenciais e normativas indicam a possibilidade de aplicação do princípio da insignificância aos atos de improbidade administrativa, para corrigir o entrave criado pelo absolutismo da posição que veda, por completo, a mera cogitação de incidência do princípio. / The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the likelihood of enforcing the principle of insignificance to administrative malfeasance, in view of the hypothesis analyzed, in the search for a more human approach rather than the extremely punitive perspective followed by the Brazilian superior court of justice in relation to Law 8.429/92, by completely disregarding the principle in this sense. Notwithstanding the importance of the administrative morality, the purpose of this paper is to simply look at the possibility of considering the principle of insignificance, as a valid principle of eventual acquittal of those accused of administrative malfeasance, and whose actions might have been perceived as offensive to the assets protected by the law through the analysis of the case. The normative relevance of the principles and the warranties and constitutional limitations against the punitive powers of the State arise from the anthropocentrism that supports the current Constitution, which cause the Brazilian superior court of justice to veto the enforcement of the principle of insignificance, which should be extended, whenever possible, to the judgment of administrative malfeasance, either through principles of proportionality and reasonability, which limit discretion, either through common principles common to the punitive law or to the universal concept of unlawfulness. Finally, case lawrelated and normative trends show the possibility of enforcing the principle of insignificance to administrative malfeasance to correct problems caused by the absolutism of the position that vetoes the possibility of the principle.

The thesis deals with monetary remedies in intellectual property infringement suits, focusing on industrial property rights. On the background of enacting of the czech Act number 221/2006 Sb. which implements the directive 2004/48/EC of the European parliament and of the Council, the thesis compares these two texts with each other and also with the proposal for the directive KOM(2003) 46 final in their relevant parts. By doing this, it evaluates the directive and the czech act as the directive's implementation. This evaluation represents the secondary aims of the thesis. Comparison, analysis of factual articles and interviews with relevant experts practicising in the area show that by setting the damages as double the "customary" royalties, the czech Act in his § 5 ods. 2 represents a sanction, which confirms the hypothesis of the prevailance of an analogy between the czech provison and the punitive damages in american law. This fact creates scope for the hypothesis of existance of further analogies, the verification of which is the central aim of the thesis. Therefore, the second part of the thesis analyzes american provisions of the United States Code concerning copyright, trademark and patent law, and related caselaw. This is compared both to the directive and the proposal for it, moreover to the czech copyright Act number 121/2000 Sb. and in particular to the czech Act number 221/2006 Sb. The third part supplements the analysis of relevant czech court decisions. The second and third part identify similar and distinct elements of the provisions and reveal analogies in seemingly different institutes. Differences are spotted in the construct used to achieve the punitive function, furthermore between the terms "customary royalty" and "reasonable royalty" and also between the terms "bezdôvodné obohatenie", "infringer's profits" and "unjust enrichment". Conversely, an analogy is identified between the discretionary power of american courts to increase proven damages or determine statutory damages and the czech institute of "primerané zadosťučinenie" (appropriate satisfaction). The prevailance of prohibition of double recovery is another existing analogy between the american and czech law.

Les atteintes à l'environnement ont toujours été prises en compte sous le prisme des préjudices anthropocentriques, c'est-à-dire ceux qui affectent l'homme et ses biens. De nos jours sous l'impulsion d'une éthique écologique, défendue par les tenants de la conception écocentrique qui prônent la responsabilité de l'Homme envers les biens environnementaux, une grande partie de la doctrine considère les atteintes à l'environnement comme un préjudice écologique pur. Cette notion de préjudice écologique pur peut se définir comme la conséquence dommageable d'une atteinte au patrimoine commun environnemental, d'un certain seuil de gravité et découlant d'un fait imputable à l'homme. La spécificité des caractères du préjudice écologique pur fait que sa reconnaissance et sa réparation sont difficilement appréhendées par le droit civil de la responsabilité environnementale. La réparation du préjudice écologique pur est prise en compte, au niveau européen, par la directive du 21 avril 2004, qui a crée un mécanisme novateur de responsabilité environnementale, transposée en France par la loi du 1er août 2008 qui instaure une police administrative de la prévention et de la réparation des dommages à l'environnement. Cependant, le juge judiciaire sensible aux atteintes écologiques, tente toujours de réparer le préjudice écologique pur sur le fondement du droit commun de la responsabilité civile, dont les règles sont inadaptées à la spécificité de ce préjudice. La prise en compte de l'environnement comme patrimoine commun de l'humanité, l'apport du droit subjectif et fondamental à l'environnement, l'adaptation du régime de la responsabilité civile par la mise en place d'une action environnementale de groupe et l'instauration des dommages-intérêts punitifs, permettent de surpasser les exigences d'un préjudice personnel, certain et direct et de mieux réparer le préjudice écologique pur, par le droit commun de la responsabilité civile. / Environmental damage has always been taken into account from the perspective of anthropocentric damage, that is, damage that affects humans and goods. Today, driven by the ecological ethics defended by the advocates for an ecocentric design for Man's responsibility to environmental goods, most of the doctrine considers environmental damage as purely ecological damage. This concept of purely ecological damage can be defined as the wrongful consequence of damage to a common environmental heritage, a certain threshold of severity and deriving from an act attributable to man. The specificity of the nature of purely ecological damage means that its recognition and compensation are understood with difficulty in environmental responsibility law. Compensation for purely ecological damage is taken into account, at the European level, by the directive of 21 April 2004, which set up an innovative mechanism for environmental responsibility, transposed into France by the law of 01 August 2008, creating an administrative policy for the prevention of, and compensation for, damage to the environment. However, a judge sensitive to ecological damage always tries to compensate for the purely ecological damage on the common law principle of civil responsibility, the rules of which are ill-adapted to the specificity of this type of damage. Taking the environment into account as humanity's common heritage, the input of subjective and fundamental law on the environment, adapting the civil responsibility regime through implementation of a group environmental action and establishing punitive damage compensation all make it possible to go beyond the requirements of certain, direct and personal damages, and to better repair purely ecological damage through common law in civil responsibility.

This diploma thesis deals with the question of an adequate satisfaction as a claim resulting from violator's unfair competition conduct. The thesis is divided into three parts. The aim of the first part is to define general presumptions for the commencement of claim of the adequate satisfaction such as unlawfulness consisting in prohibited unfair competition conduct, injured party's non-pecuniary harm, causal link between violator's unlawful conduct and injured party's non-pecuniary harm and violator's fault. The second part defines persons entitled to claim the adequate satisfaction and persons obliged to meet such a claim. The third part deals with ways in which the adequate satisfaction can be provided and criterions substantial for assessment of the amount of the adequate satisfaction in money. Particular attention is paid to the question of function and purpose of the adequate satisfaction in the unfair competition law framework in particular the question of whether the unfair competition could be designated as a preventive and punitive instrument beside its main purpose of satisfaction of non- material harm suffered by the injured party and whether the function of prevention a sanction could be taken into account in deciding about the amount of the adequate satisfaction in money. The thesis...

[pt] A presente tese apresenta uma análise do Sistema de Justiça Juvenil brasileiro, com foco nos aminhos percorridos pelos adolescentes na fase de apuração do ato considerado infracional. A pesquisa foi construída com uma abordagem qualitativa e fundamentou-se no materialismo histórico-dialético, com base nos estudos da criminologia crítica. Foram utilizadas como fontes de investigação: observação participante; análise de relatórios técnicos sobre as unidades socioeducativas de acautelamento, elaborados pela equipe técnica de Serviço Social do Ministério Público do RJ e entrevista com profissional do Sistema Socioeducativo do DEGASE. O objetivo geral da pesquisa é analisar o Sistema de Justiça Juvenil, a fim de compreender como o funcionamento, condições de atendimentos, rotinas, fluxos, decisões e demais ações são operacionalizados pelos órgãos do Sistema de Justiça Juvenil, à luz dos instrumentos normativos vigentes. Os resultados demonstraram como o Estado, mesmo com o avanço dos instrumentos normativos de proteção à infância e juventude, criminaliza os adolescentes mais pobres e impõe uma seletividade punitiva racializada para absorvê-los no Sistema de Justiça Juvenil. Uma vez inseridos nas engrenagens do sistema, foi possível constatar a dimensão da violência institucional que atravessa todos os caminhos da apreensão, internação provisória, até a realização das audiências - período em que ainda estão sob a garantia constitucional de presunção de inocência. Nesses casos, opera-se uma punição antecipada de uma infração ainda não julgada, que se naturaliza no cotidiano dos órgãos que compõem esse sistema e se materializa em um cenário de violação de direitos individuais e coletivos, que reforça o processo de desumanização e a banalização de suas vidas. / [en] This Thesis presents an analysis of the Brazilian Juvenile Justice System, focusing on the paths taken by teenagers in the investigation phase of the act considered infraction. The research was built with a qualitative approach and was based on historical-dialectical materialism, based on critical criminology studies. The following research sources were used: participant observation; analysis of technical reports on the socio-educational precautionary units, prepared by the technical team of Social Service of the Public Ministry of RJ and interview with a professional from the Socio-educational System of DEGASE. The general objective of the research is to analyze the Juvenile Justice System, to understand how the functioning, conditions of services, routines, flows, decisions, and other actions are operated by the Juvenile Justice System bodies, in the light of the normative instruments in force. The results showed how the State, even with the advance of normative instruments to protect children and youth, criminalizes the poorest adolescents and imposes a racialized punitive selectivity to absorb them in the Juvenile Justice System. Once inserted into the gears of the system, it was possible to verify the dimension of institutional violence that crosses all paths from apprehension, provisional internment, until the holding of hearings - a period in which they are still under the constitutional guarantee of presumption of innocence. In these cases, there is an early punishment of an infraction not yet judged, which is naturalized in the daily life of the bodies that make up this system and materializes in a scenario of violation of individual and collective rights, which reinforces the process of dehumanization and the trivialization of their lives.

This dissertation deals with the sensitive topic of h :,mosexuality. For the most part, the Judeo-Christian tradition regards homosexual practice as sin, and an unacceptable alternative lifestyle for Christians. We looked at the current evangelical ethical position in comparison to this tradition and a liberal approach. Homosexuality is the phenomenon of sexually desiring and having sex with people of the same sex. Evangelicals uphold the centrality of the Bible as God's Word and the supreme guide for faith and practice. Three different sets of questionnaires were completed by homosexuals, evangelical leaders and members respectively and the data analysed. Old and New Testament texts showed that homosexuality is biblically never accepted. Data from homosexuals showed that more than fifty percent homosexuals have had sex with people of the opposite sex, thus not 'exlusive'. Data from evangelicals in South Africa, showed that homosexuality is not an acceptable lifestyle, especially for Christians. / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic / M.Th. (Theological Ethics)

懲罰性賠償金係透過課予加害人超出被害人損害之賠償，達成制裁加害人，並嚇阻加害人以及其他行為人從事相類行為。該制度係源自於英國，並自英國傳遞自美國，並於美國廣泛盛行。懲罰性賠償金制度具有懲罰、嚇阻、設立典範之功能、執行法律等功能，惟其係私法下之概念，卻帶有懲罰目的之公法性質，跨越兩種領域使其極具爭議性。 消費者保護法第51條將英美法之懲罰性賠償金制度引進，致使我國民刑分立之法體系產生模糊地帶。關於我國實務對於懲罰性賠償金之態度，得以自其就消費者保護法第51條要件之解釋觀察。然實務就要件之解釋未盡統一，如此將導致當事人無所適從。 2015年6月17日修正之消費者保護法第51條，明確將「重大過失」納入規定，顯見立法者對於企業經營者採取更為嚴格之態度。如此修正固解決長久以來「過失」是否應限縮於「重大過失」之爭議，惟關於消費者保護法第51條其他要件之解釋，仍有尚未解決之問題。 觀諸消費者保護法第51條之要件，「依本法所提之訴訟」於「本法」及「訴訟」即存在寬嚴不同之解釋。另關於該條文之責任主體，企業經營者是否就其受僱人之懲罰性賠償金責任負責，又企業經營者間之責任關係為何，皆有釐清之必要。請求權主體之部分，消費者保護法第7條規定之「第三人」並未出現於第51條懲罰性賠償金之規定中，產生消費者以外之「第三人」是否為請求權主體之爭議。另外，被害人死亡時懲罰性賠償金之歸屬，亦為立法者制定該條文規定時，未審慎思考致生之法律漏洞。究竟被害人死亡時，應由間接被害人抑或繼承人請求懲罰性賠償金，無論如何結論之擇採，皆有賴縝密之法律邏輯推演。最後於懲罰性賠償金之計算，2015年6月17日明確懲罰輕過失行為以及提高倍數上限之修正，其妥適性為何；又消費者保護法第51條規定之計算基礎「損害額」之意義、計算時酌定之因素、與有過失之考量等，皆有待解決。本文以整理消費者保護法第51條懲罰性賠償金適用上之爭議，並嘗試透過學說及實務見解之分析歸納出合理之結論，並就結論之推演，參考部分日本法學說，期能對於消費者保護法第51條要件之解釋提供另一種思考方向。 / Punitive damages are extra monetary burdens which make the offender to pay more than those the injured has lost, in order to deter the offender and other offenders from behaving the same. The doctrine of punitive damages is originated from England and swept America. Punitive damages have the functions of punishment, deterrence, setting examples to the society, law enforcement and so on. However, it is controversial that the doctrine of punitive damages is the concept under civil law, but with the function of punishment, which makes the doctrine in the borderland between public and private law. Article 51 of the Consumer Protection Act is the doctrine of punitive damages in Taiwan, which causes a gray area among the separation of civil law and criminal law, and makes Art. 51 controversial. It is not difficult to know the attitude of the judges toward punitive damages by understanding the explanation of Art. 51. But there is no consistency in the explanation of each element of Art. 51, which makes the Article bewildering. On June 17, 2015, gross negligence has been added to the amended Article 51 of the Consumer Protection Act, which shows the strict attitude of the legislators toward the business operators. This amendment solves the problem that whether negligence should be limited to gross negligence or not, but there still are other issues about Art. 51 Which should be solved. Among Art. 51, “this law” and “litigation” in the element of “in a litigation brought in accordance with this law” are explained in both strict and easing ways. About the subject of the legal responsibility of Art. 51, whether the business operators should be responsible for the act of their employees, and whether business operators should be jointly and severally liable for punitive damages are issues should be discussed. About the claimers of Art. 51, comparing Art. 7 to Art. 51, we can find that “third party” isn’t showed in Art. 51, which brings up to the issue that whether third party other than consumer can claim for punitive damages. Also, who can claim for punitive damages when the victim dies is an important issue. The legislators did not think of this kind of situation, which caused legislation imperfection among Art. 51. Whether the indirect victim or the successor should be the claimer of punitive damages in this kind of situation should be explained carefully and logically. Last but not least, in related to the calculation of punitive damages, the amendment of Art. 51 in June, 17, 2015 specifies that objective negligence and subjective negligence should be punished and the maximum limit on the amount of damages has been raised. Whether the amendment is proper or not, and whether “the amount of damages” should be confined to “property damages” should be clarified. It is also necessary to figure out the considerations of determination of the amount. Whether comparative negligence should be considered while deciding the amount of punitive damages is also controversial, which should be investigated prudently. This thesis will focus on Article 51 of the Consumer Protection Act and the issues about it. This thesis will analyze those issues according to the theories and opinions of practice in Taiwan. American theories and Japanese theories will also be discussed in this thesis in order to solve the problems, and to provide a different view of Article 51 of the Consumer Protection Act.