Text in Afrikaans / Die doel van hierdie navorsing was om die wesentfike behoefte aan alternatiewe tugmaatreels vir die leergeremde adolessent na te vors en riglyne vir altematiewe tugmaatreels op te stel. Die sensitiewe aangeleentheid van disstplinering en tug word nou grootliks aan die onderwysers se inisiatief oorgelaat, en dit terwyl onderwysers nie altyd voldoende onderle is in die nuwe benadering tot alternatiewe dissiplineringsmetodes nie. 'n Teoretiese ondersoek wat uitgevoer is, het die belangriKheid van die inagneming van die leergeremde .adolessent se unieke persoonlikheidstrekke by die toepassing van dissipline beklemtoon. 'n Ernpiriese ondersoek is met behulp van vraelyste uitgevoer by ses spesiale skole in die Gauteng..provinsie. Die empiriese navorsing het bevestig dat onderwysers by hierdie skole 'n behoefte het aan altematiewe tugmaatreels vir die leergeremde adolessent. Op grond van die literatuurstudie en die resultate van die empiriese ondersoek, is riglyne verskaf vir die opstel van alternatiewe tugmaatreels. / The aim of the study was to identify the need for alternative disciplinary measures for the learning disabled adolescent, and to formulate guidelines for the implementation thereof. At present, the sensitive issue of discipline and punishment is left to the discretion of the individual teacher, who may not always be fully conversant with the new approach to alternative disciplinary measures. A theoretical investigation emphasised the importance of the unique personatity traits of the learning diSabled adolescent that should be considered when disciplinary measures are applied. An empirical investigation was carried out by means of a questionnaire at six special schools in the Gauteng Province. The empirical study confirmed that teachers at these schools do need alternative disciplinary measures for the learning disabled adolescent Based on the literature study and the results of the empirical investigation, guidelines were formulated for alternative disciplinary measures for the learning disabled adolescent. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Spesialisering in Voorligting)

My thesis examines the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), which is the site of ongoing debate between environmentalists and the oil industry. I begin by analyzing both sides’ claims about the area’s value and establishing that the coastal zone of the ANWR, whose fate is the most precarious, should be protected for both environmental and cultural reasons. I then examine two methods for protection: the common law, and regulation. I conclude that only through proactive regulation can the ANWR continue to thrive.

La distinction contemporaine n’a pu empêcher les responsabilités civile et pénale de cheminer vers un rapprochement pratique tant en droit français qu’iranien. Nous avons démontré qu’à la fonction réparatrice de la responsabilité civile peut s’additionner une fonction punitive qui s’incarnerait dans "la peine privée", et à la fonction répressive de la responsabilité pénale une fonction réparatrice appelée "restitution pénale". Grâce au prononcé des dommages et intérêts officiellement indemnitaires, mais objectivement punitifs, les juridictions parviennent à réprimer des comportements qu’elles estiment devoir sanctionner. Ainsi, l’officialisation de la peine privée ne paraît pas seulement possible, elle serait, aussi, extrêmement utile. Parallèlement, la responsabilité pénale, développe une dimension restitutive incontestable, permettant d’assurer notamment la réparation de tous les chefs de dommages soufferts par une victime ou encore supprimer la situation illicite. La restitution est donc utilisée comme un outil de répression. Greffée aux poursuites, elle se transforme en un moyen de désencombrement des juridictions et contractualisation du procès pénal. Intégrée à la peine, elle permet d’individualiser la sanction pénale. Les deux modes de responsabilités doivent se rejoindre dans une perspective de cohérence d’une responsabilité juridique afin que la justice soit rendue avec une dimension sociale. / The contemporary distinction did not prevent the civil and criminal liability to move toward a practical reconciliation in both French and Iranian law. We have show that restorative function of the civil liability can add up to a punitive function that is embodied the “private punishment” and the repressive function of criminal liability create a restorative function called “criminal restitution”. Through the pronouncement of damages officially compensated but objectively punitive, the Courts are able to repress behaviors which they consider to be punishable. Thus, the formalization of punitive damage seems not onlypossible, but also extremely useful. At the same time, criminal liability develops an undeniable restorative dimension, making it possible to ensure the repair of all the heads of damages suffered by a victim or to further discourage the illegal situation. The restitution is thus used as a tool for repression. Graft prosecution, it becomes a way of relieving the courts and contracting of the criminal trial. Incorporated into the sentence, it allows individualizing the criminal sanction. The two modes of liability must come together in a coherent perspective of legal liability so that justice is done with a social dimension.

Czech courts regularly deal with a question of so-called just satisfaction; particularly, when, on what basis, and how much should be awarded. Just satisfaction, as a form of damages, is primarily compensatory. However, there are some indications that it is perfectly legitimate for law of damages to pursue also another aims than compensation such as prevention or punishment. This view was recently upheld by the Czech Constitutional Court and the Highest Court of the Czech Republic. According to doctrinal approach, it is the domain of punitive or exemplary damages as a specific Anglo-American instrument that covers these two principles (prevention and punishment). Still, the Czech Civil courts consistently refuse to award exemplary damages albeit they do not provide us any sound argumentation. The author of this article suggests it is inaccurate and only partial understanding of exemplary damages that causes the current judicial refusal of them. While focusing on current English and Czech law, the author in his article describes exemplary damages in great detail with respect to their theoretical, conceptual and systematic position. Subsequently, he shows that the negative attitude of the Czech courts is not always appropriate. First, looking at relevant case law, the article characterises what the...

Material satisfaction of immaterial loss in Czech private law (summary) The purpose of my thesis is to analyze the moral and material satisfaction in Czech civil law. I wanted to provide a deep interpretation of these institutes which represent an important phenomenon in our time. The importance of protection of personality increased in the 20th century in connection with development of human and personal rights. In last years also according to mass media and global society. My aim was not only to give the interpretation of basic institutes and instruments of protection of personality but also to show more extensive circumstances of this topic, set into relevant judicial cases and European aspects. I quit the part regarding constitutional law which creates a basis for another law adjustment and other basic grounds because I have already dealt with them in my previous dissertations. Chapter one attempts to provide an introduction to the topic of my dissertation giving overview of all chapters. Chapter two and three are denoted to the basic institutions relating to the protection of personality, moral and material satisfaction. They show the meaning of the institutions and also give readers the introduction to these problems. Chapter four provides an important introduction to the history of protection of...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renato Cordeiro Paoliello.pdf: 1069960 bytes, checksum: 3f56ab819cc7a13fb0b2c3f4ea8839c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aims to analyze the punitive system faced with the combat system to money laundering. The methodology to be used, we start the analysis of philosophical and dogmatic aspects. The analysis will take place initially in finding true origin of money laundering at the acts of cover-up and their questioning, face the criminal elements of the agents criminal act. After, it is analysis of the criminal acts in pursuit of money laundering utility and its conclusion by the instrumental and utilitarian way to combat severe gravity of offenses, mainly to narcotics trafficking. The second chapter draws up the money laundering stages to describe the evolution of the crime trajectory within the meaning of the "iter criminis" as well as to substrate serve the analysis of other institutes, considering that the appearance factual the law should not be passed over. A second phase of this chapter describes the main ways in which to use the money launderers to achieve their "meta optata" in consummation for vanish the spurious origin of the values obtained by criminal means. In the third chapter, there is an analysis of the legal and penal well, the construction of universalized entity defense, and analysis of the major doctrinal trends of money laundering coping. Then, in fourth chapter, there is an analysis of the utilitarian philosophical current, and epistemological movement of functionalism, beyond the doctrinal thesis speeds of criminal law, to plot, on a speculative basis, the characteristic elements in combat of the money laundering. In the fifth chapter, and in the sixth, there is the analysis of concrete effects of the adoption of the philosophy discussed in previous chapters, in an attempt to create watertight system to the dictates of the Penal Code. In these terms, there will be analysis of money laundering of extraterritoriality as well as the procurement agents and their peculiar feature in money laundering. Finally, we will be analyzing the aspects of criminal money laundering law on the persons of the crime / O presente trabalho tem por finalidade a análise do sistema punitivo confrontado com o sistema de combate a lavagem de capitais. Como metodologia a ser utilizada, parte-se da análise de aspectos filosóficos e dogmáticos. A análise ocorrerá inicialmente na busca verdadeira origem da lavagem de capitais, pelos atos de encobrimento e sua problematização, face os elementos penais do concurso de agentes. Após, faz-se análise dos diplomas penais em busca da utilidade da lavagem de capitais e sua conclusão pela forma instrumental e utilitária no combate a delitos de gravidade acentuada, mormente ao tráfico de narcóticos. No segundo capítulo, elabora-se as fases de lavagem de capitais para descrição da evolução da trajetória do crime, na acepção do iter criminis , bem como, para servir de substrato a análise dos demais institutos, tendo em vista que o aspecto fático do direito não deve ser preterido. Um segundo momento deste capítulo, descreve as principais formas, pelas quais se utilizam os lavadores de dinheiro, para atingir a sua meta optata , em consumação, ao desatinar da origem espúria, os valores obtidos por meios criminosos No terceiro capítulo, existe a análise do bem jurídico-penal, pela construção da defesa de ente universalizado, e a análise das principais tendências doutrinárias de enfrentamento da lavagem de capitais. Após, no quarto capítulo, existe a análise da corrente filosófica utilitarista, e de movimento epistemológico do funcionalismo, além da tese doutrinária das velocidades do direito penal, para traçar, em caráter especulativo, os elementos característicos presentes no combate a lavagem de capitais. No quinto capítulo, e no sexto existe a análise de efeitos concretos da adoção da filosofia analisada nos capítulos anteriores, na tentativa de criação de sistema estanque aos ditames do Código Penal. Nesses termos, haverá análise da extraterritorialidade da lavagem de capitais, bem como do concurso de agentes e sua peculiar característica na lavagem de capitais. Por fim, será feita análise dos aspectos de codelinquência na lavagem de capitais

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diogo Lemos Aguiar.pdf: 1226922 bytes, checksum: ac8dcfc75224bdbbac2d62137451eb7c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-24 / The present paper pursuits to analyze the importance of constitutional criminal principles as a way of limitation of state s punitive power. Starting at first from remote origins of criminal law, it s made an study of its evolution, approaching revenge, penalty and its theories. Secondly, there are exposed criminal systems of mainly ancient civilizations, reformers of the justice system, the Enlightenment movement and the schools of Criminology. There are analyzed all Brazilian criminal code, verifying their mainly characteristics. Finally, this dissertation approaches criminal principles, that manifests truly individual guarantees, orientating state action and limiting state s punitive power / O presente trabalho busca analisar a importância dos princípios penais constitucionais como forma de limitação do poder punitivo estatal. A partir das origens remotas do direito penal, é feito o estudo de sua evolução, com fundamento na abordagem da vingança, da pena e das suas teorias. O estudo expõe os sistemas penais das principais civilizações antigas, o período humanitário, o movimento iluminista e as principais Escolas Penais. São analisados todos os ordenamentos penais brasileiros e apuradas suas principais características. Por fim, o estudo aborda os princípios penais, que se revelam verdadeiras garantias individuais, direcionando a atuação estatal e limitando o seu poder punitivo

D'après des études récentes, le lien qui unit les propriétés objectives de la peine (c.-à-d. la sévérité, la certitude et la célérité de la peine) et les propriétés telles que perçues par les délinquants potentiels serait faible, voire inexistant. Par conséquent, les politiques publiques s'appuyant sur le paradigme dissuasif seraient inefficaces pour réduire la criminalité. Toutefois, ces études s'appuient sur un modèle conceptuel limité qui sous-entend que la peine produirait uniquement de la dissuasion. Cette étude vise donc à tester un modèle élargi de prévention générale qui intègre à la fois les notions de dissuasion et de validation normative. D'après ce modèle, l'effet préventif de la peine pourrait s'effectuer à travers les valeurs et les croyances des délinquants potentiels, et ce sans nécessairement modifier leurs perceptions de la peine. Afin de vérifier l'utilité d'un tel modèle, des données ont été colligées à l'aide d'un sondage sur les habitudes de conduite de 448 jeunes conducteurs québécois. Les résultats indiquent que les mécanismes dissuasifs, tels que la certitude perçue d'arrestation et la sévérité perçue des peines, n'ont pas d'effet significatif sur l'intention délictuelle des automobilistes. Toutefois, les valeurs et les croyances de l'automobiliste jouent un rôle essentiel dans la décision d'adopter un comportement routier respectueux des lois. Les automobilistes percevant les problématiques de sécurité routière (c.-à-d. alcool au volant ou vitesse) comme graves auraient moins d'intentions délinquantes. Ces valeurs et ces croyances seraient modulées à la fois par les expériences d'impunité et par le niveau d'exposition aux différentes activités policières sur les routes. Ces résultats suggèrent que l'application des lois peut produire un effet préventif sans nécessairement que des mécanismes dissuasifs en soient responsables. / Recent studies indicate that the link between aggregate punishment level (i.e. severity, certainty and celerity of punishment) and perceived punishment level is virtually non-existent. Thus, deterrence-based politics should be avoided because they are ineffective to reduce criminality. However, the deterrence model used in those studies is limited and implies that punishment only produces a deterrent effect. The goal of this study is to test an expanded model of general prevention that integrates the notions of deterrence and normative validation. Based on this model, the preventive effect of punishment could work through the moral beliefs of the potential delinquant, without changing his perceived punishment level. In order to test our model, a survey was conducted among 448 young drivers living in the Province of Quebec, Canada. Results show that deterrence-based variables, like certainty of arrest and perceived severity of punishment, have little to no effect on the intent of the motorist to commit an infraction. However, other inhibitions, such as one's moral beliefs and perceived seriousness of road safety problems (e.g drunk driving and speeding), play an essential role in the decision of the motorist to adopt a law-abiding driving behavior. Yet, these moral beliefs are influenced by the experiences of punishment avoidance, and by the level of policing exposure. These results suggest that a variation in the threat of road sanctions could have a preventive effect without necessarily having an effect on the perceived punishment level of the motorist.

Univ., Diss.--Köln, 2004.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação parte da compreensão dos sistemas punitivos em meio às estruturas sociais, demonstrando que o uso da coerção pública é um dos pilares fundamentais dos Estados modernos. Sustenta a necessidade de se desvendar os discursos ideológicos que legitimam o poder de criminalização, a fim de politizar o contexto das punições e alcançar a sua função latente. Concentra-se nas características específicas do Estado brasileiro instalado a partir da década de 1990, seguindo a trilha do Leviatã dos EUA neoliberal instaurado desde a década de 1980. Constata a correlação entre os sistemas punitivos brasileiro e norte-americano, com seus extensos campos de controle e semelhantes pensamentos criminológicos. Por fim, encontra a real funcionalidade das penas no Neoliberalismo, conformando um método de promover e manter as políticas econômicas e sociais típicas de sua conjuntura, manejando a insegurança social decorrente do desemprego estrutural, precarização do trabalho, aprofundamento da miséria e desigualdade. / This dissertation starts form the comprehension of the punitive systems amid social structures, demonstrating that the use of public coercion is one of the fundamental pillars of the modern States. Holds the necessity of unveiling the ideological speeches that legitimize the power of criminalization, toward politicize the punishment context and reach its latent function. Concentrates in the specific characteristics of the brazilian State installed from the decade of 1990, following the trail of the USA neoliberal Leviathan established since de decade of 1980. Notes the correlation between the brazilian and north-american punitive systems, with their extensive fields of control and similar criminological thoughts. In the end, find the real functionality of the criminal penalty in the Neoliberalism, conforming a method to promote and keep the economic and social policy typical of the conjuncture, managing the social insecurity due to the structural unemployment, precarious work, deepening of misery and inequality.