Although management scholars have examined various antecedents of punishment in the workplace, there has been scant research on how perceptions of the organizational context influence decision-making regarding punishment. Building on the work of Cameron and colleagues (Cameron, Bright, & Caza, 2004; Cameron & Caza, 2002), I propose that one's perceived organizational forgiveness - the perception of the extent to which the workplace is forgiving - is negatively related with one's punitive intent in response to ethical misconduct. In addition, I identify variables involving the disciplinary agent and the ethical misconduct itself as moderators of this relationship. In a lab study and a field study, I tested the main effect of perceived organizational forgiveness and the moderating effects of these other variables on punitive intent. Data from the lab study provided evidence of the hypothesized main effect and suggested that the effect holds when the disciplinary agent is high in accountability and when the misconduct has resulted in serious damage to the organization. Data from the field study suggested that the negative relationship between perceived organizational forgiveness and punitive intent seemed to hold only when an experience of being forgiven is salient in the mind of the disciplinary agent and there are mitigating circumstances surrounding the ethical misconduct that is the subject of punishment. Surprisingly, the field study results suggested a positive relationship between perceived organizational forgiveness and punitive intent when an experience of being denied forgiveness is salient to the disciplinary agent. The limitations of these studies and potential implications of the findings are then discussed.

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Opioid use in pregnancy is the latest in a long list of social issues in the United States that is being addressed with punitive policies that disproportionately affect women of color and their families and do not focus on environmental factors contributing to increasing drug use in pregnancy. Evidence is emerging demonstrating that these punitive policies are not achieving their intended goals. Additionally, these policies continue a trend of pitting maternal and fetal interests against each other. Historically, bioethics has divided conversations on biomedical and environmental ethics. However, recent merging of these fields may facilitate the biopolitical translation of emerging epigenetics research of substance use in pregnancy. This paper reviews the ineffectiveness of punitive policies in reducing drug use in pregnancy and related negative health outcomes for both mothers and infants. It demonstrates how these policies perpetuate racial injustice through existing systemic oppressive structures. Leveraging epigenetics to draw a link between the environment and the maternal-fetal dyad can help members of the scientific community advocate for policies that promote equitable and justice-based public health interventions as well as relieve the maternal fetal conflict. / Urban Bioethics

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria de Fatima Zanetti Barbosa e Santos.pdf: 1485924 bytes, checksum: 8d745eddc5c897aba4ef9ada960a53b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-02 / This piece of work has the intent of making a critical rereading of the requisites adopted by the major part of the doctrine and jurisprudence on fixation of the value for reparation when it comes to punitive damages. An analysis of those requisites was made with the purpose of showing that some of them are obsolete due to the arrival ofthe Federal Constitution in 1988 and that others should have their application restricted to the repairing of punitive damages, since their origin is and they are connected in the matter ofvalue to the restitutory Law. From the analysis conducted, we conclude that: can not be applied requisites that taper with the restitutory Law; that the punitive damages' purpose protects superior value of alI society' s interest that superposes the material values; that the parts find themselves in situation of inequity when it comes to work contract; that work is essential good for workers and the entire society; and that is why specific requisites are a necessity, as well as the application of the punitive-pedagogic aspect, reaching the prohibitive function of the Law, which, materializes through significant values for reparation / Este trabalho tem como objetivo fazer uma releitura crítica dos requisitos adotados pela maior parte da doutrina e da jurisprudência para fixação do valor da reparação do dano moral. Fez-se uma análise desses requisitos com o intuito de demonstrar que alguns estão superados pelo advento da Constituição Federal de 1988 e outros devem ter sua aplicação restrita à reparação dos danos materiais, eis que oriundos e guardam conexão axiológica com o direito restituitório. Da análise procedida concluiu-se que: não podem ser aplicados requisitos que se afinam com o direito restituitório; que o instituto do dano moral protege valor superior de interesse de toda a sociedade que se sobrepõe aos valores materiais; que as partes encontram-se em situação de desigualdade no contrato de trabalho; que o trabalho é bem essencial aos trabalhadores e à toda sociedade; por isso é que há necessidade de requisitos específicos e de aplicação do caráter pedagógico-punitivo, com alcance da função proibitiva do Direito, o que se materializa através de valores significativos para a reparação

Over the last 30 years, the juvenile justice system and juvenile correctional ideology shifted to become more punitive in nature. However, studies examining this shift are lacking in the literature. The present study will attempt to assess what correctional ideology, rehabilitative or punitive, is dominant within juvenile corrections by conducting a national survey to juvenile facility directors. This study will be based on prior literature, most of which has focused upon line staff in an adult correctional setting. From this prior literature, more specifically from the work of Cullen et al. (1989), scales will be created to determine the correctional orientation of the key administrators in juvenile facilities. This will allow us to assess whether the correctional ideology driving the juvenile system has in fact become punitive. The findings from this study have the opportunity to alter the current status quo in juvenile corrections.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Paula de Castro.pdf: 1460936 bytes, checksum: ee297ce6a8ca754e7f3783284a4df85d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The two main objectives of this study are: (i) advocate the application of punitive damages under the collective protection and (ii) submit, albeit briefly, some procedural implications of the application of punitive damages in class actions. To do this we started the work by mentioning the importance of protection of collective rights in a broad sense and presenting a panorama of several standards that deal with collective rights in a broad sense. In a second step, we analyze the evolution of liability and punitive damages as to present a new legal institution to be used for the prevention of collective damage. Finally, starting from the assumption that punitive damages can be used in the context of collective protection, some practical procedural aspects are mentioned in the application of punitive damages in class actions / Os dois principais objetivos do presente trabalho são: (i) defender a aplicação da indenização punitiva no âmbito da tutela coletiva e (ii) apresentar, ainda que de forma breve, algumas implicações processuais da aplicação da indenização punitiva nas ações coletivas. Para tanto, iniciamos o trabalho mencionando a importância da tutela dos direitos coletivos em sentido amplo e apresentando um panorama de diversas normas que tratam dos direitos coletivos em sentido amplo. Em um segundo momento, analisamos a evolução da responsabilidade civil e apresentamos a indenização punitiva como um novo instituto jurídico a ser utilizado para a prevenção de dano coletivos. Por fim, partindo-se do pressuposto de que a indenização punitiva pode ser utilizada no âmbito da tutela coletiva, mencionamos alguns aspectos processuais, de ordem prática, da aplicação da indenização punitiva nas ações coletivas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raquel Grellet Pereira Bernardi.pdf: 1414711 bytes, checksum: 0bd2bd3b843a6c8afc55d5e1e18b6310 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-12 / The following study was based on an introductory analysis of the history of fundamental human rights and freedoms, commonly referred to as generation rights, and analyzed both the characteristics and recipients of such rights, as well as the principle of isonomy or equal treatment and the application of constitutional principles as an appraisal criteria in conflict resolution, besides judicial activism. This study then examined, the evolution of civil responsibility and tort law in Brazil, focusing on the field of civil liability and redress, placing special emphasis on the different roles and problematic assessment of compensations awarded for moral damages. The American doctrine of punitive damages, largely of Anglo-Saxon origin, was then examined from early history up to current questioning in order to determine its practical feasibility, as well as its application or not in countries such as Argentina, France, Germany, Spain and Italy. Considerations then moved on to full compensation of damages as a fundamental right to human dignity, as provided for in the Federal Constitution of 1988. The principle of isonomy, the unequal treatment as a way to ensure equality, and the logical correlation between discriminatory criterion and different legal treatment were also analyzed. Lastly, this paper examined the prospects of implementing the established American doctrine of punitive damages in Brazil and what that would entail, notably by taking into account constitutional foundations and by setting up a fund with resources allocated from the payment of punitive damages, as happens with the Federal Fund for the Defense of Collective and Diffused Rights (Fundo de Defesa dos Direitos Difusos). The use of such resources would be justified as this practice would ensure the compensation due and payable by the underprivileged offender / O estudo que segue partiu da análise introdutória do histórico dos direitos fundamentais e das suas gerações, analisando-se suas caracterísiticas e seus destinatários, bem como o princípio da isonomia e a aplicação de princípios constitucionais como critério de valoração na solução de conflitos, além do ativismo judicial. Na sequencia, estudou-se a evolução da responsabilidade civil no Brasil, tendo como foco as espécies de responsabilidade civil e as espécies de danos, com ênfase nos danos morais, nas suas funções e na problemática de sua quantificação. Estudou-se a doutrina norteamericana, de origem anglo-saxônica, dos danos punitivos, do início histórico até o atual questionamento de sua viabilidade, bem como a sua aplicação ou não em países como a Argentina, a França, a Alemanha, a Espanha e a Itália. Passou-se à apreciação da reparação integral do dano como direito fundamental, como corolário da dignidade da pessoa humana, previsto na Constituição Federal de 1988, analisando-se ainda o princípio da igualdade, o tratamento desigual como forma de garantir a igualdade e a correlação lógica entre o fator de descrímen e a desequiparação procedida. Analisaram-se, por fim, as perspectivas de aplicação da doutrina norteamericana dos danos punitivos no Brasil, mediante fundamentação constitucional e por meio da criação de um fundo para a captação dos recursos provenientes do pagamento dos danos punitivos, à semelhança do fundo de defesa dos direitos difusos, justificando-se o uso dos recursos do referido fundo como forma de garantir a indenização devida pelo ofensor hipossuficiente

O estudo em comento tem por objetivo analisar se o instituto jurídico dos punitive damages, oriundo da Common Law, tem aplicabilidade no ordenamento jurídico nacional, particularmente no âmbito das relações de consumo. Para tanto, a presente obra, além de apresentar um panorama histórico da responsabilidade civil punitiva, expõe como tal responsabilidade vem sendo aceita no Brasil e conclui como sendo dois os seus principais instrumentos de atuação: a indenização punitiva e os punitive damages. Diferenciando-os, entendemos que os punitive damages eram os mais adequados a atual sociedade de consumo brasileira, por constituir-se um valor fixado em separado, com o intuito específico de punir e avaliado conforme a complexidade do caso pelo magistrado, conferindo dinamismo e eficiência às punições. Nesse sentido, propusemos os critérios que em nosso sentir seriam os mais adequados para a aplicação dos punitive damages e a fixação do quantum punitivo no âmbito das relações de consumo, bem como os fatores que justificam a aplicação do referido instituto jurídico nestas relações. Apresentamos, ademais, uma análise da aplicabilidade dos punitive damages nos ordenamentos jurídicos de Common e Civil Law que mais influenciam o ordenamento jurídico nacional. / This study aims to examine whether the legal institution of punitive damages, coming from the Common Law, is applicable in national law, particularly in the context of consumer relations. This essay, besides presenting historical overview of punitive liability, explains how this responsibility is being accepted in Brazil and concludes that there are two main instruments of action. The first instrument is based on the increase of the compensatory damages to punish the defendant. The other one is the punitive damages. We believe that punitive damages were more suitable to the current consumer society in Brazil, because it represents a value that is set apart, with the purpose of punishing and evaluated according to the complexity of the case by the magistrate, giving dynamism and efficiency to the punishment. In this sense, we proposed rules that in our opinion would be most suitable for the application of punitive damages and setting of the punitive quantum under products liability, as well as factors warranting the application of this legal institution in these relationships. We present, moreover, analysis of the applicability of punitive damages in the legal systems of Common and Civil Law that most influence Brazilian Law.

Neste trabalho pretendemos demonstrar que a utilização da impunidade como suposto motivador criminal - seja como conceito, seja como conteúdo -, é equivocada na medida em que aquela não passa de um defeito funcional advindo do descompasso entre o programa criminalizador primário e a criminalização secundária, ainda que intermediada pela criminalização terciária (midiática). A consequência dessa paralaxe seria a migração léxica não só do verbete impunidade para o verbete impunização, senão a consideração de que essa não passa de um apontar de dedo político, útil ao sistema penal que, descaradamente, utiliza-se daquela desafinação para manter ou aumentar o seu poder punitivo. Para tanto, utilizamo-nos do método indiciário, haja vista não nos ser possível decifrar todas as causas e consequências que envolvem o discurso da impunidade criminógena, embora isso não nos tenha impedido de concluir que a seletividade inerente ao sistema penal, equivocadamente nomeada de impunidade, serve, em última medida, quando bem utilizada, como corretivo da voracidade do poder punitivo. Corretivo que, todavia, para exercer todo seu poder curativo, não pode continuar se valendo da própria seletividade, senão de uma redução do próprio poder punitivo. / The intention with this work is to manifest that the use of impunity as a presumed criminal motivator be it as an idea, be it as a content, is mistaken insofar as it is just a functional fault coming from the mismatch between the primary criminalizing program and the secondary one, despite mediated by the third (media repercussion). The implication of this parallax would be a lexical migration on not only the entry from impunity to impunization, but also the thought that the concept is merely a misuse of political intervention, useful to the criminal justice system, which, shamelessly, harnesses the maladjustment to keep or increase its punitive power. For this purpose, the evidentiary method was utilized in this work, as proved the impossibility to deciphering all the causes and consequences involving the discourse of illegitimate impunity. Although this does not prevent us from finding that the inherent selectivity to the criminal justice system, mistakenly called impunity, serves, as a latter measure, when it is effectively applied, as a method for correction for the voracity of the punitive power. In order to exert all of its curative power, this correction should not take advantage of its own selectivity, but a reduction of its own punitive power.

Le préjudice économique pur est celui qui ne résulte ni d’une atteinte à la personne, ni d’une atteinte aux biens et qui génère des conséquences économiques négatives comme c’est le cas du dommage causé à l’économie, ou encore celui du préjudice résultant d’un acte de concurrence déloyale. Cette notion est peu connue du droit français. La pratique montre cependant que certains préjudices économiques relevant de cette définition existent et sont indemnisés.De cette constatation pratique résultent différentes difficultés. Il existe un amalgame entre ce préjudice économique pur et les préjudices économiques qui, au contraire, sont le résultat d’une atteinte à la personne ou aux biens. Cet amalgame nuit à la réparation effective du préjudice économique pur. Plus encore, l’absence de régime juridique adapté emporte une dénaturation des mécanismes de responsabilité civile tant les critères traditionnels de celles-ci sont mis à mal dès qu’il s’agit de réparer un préjudice économique pur. Divers exemples illustrent ces difficultés. Le dommage causé à l’économie, par exemple, ou encore le préjudice subi en matière de concurrence déloyale, pour lesquels le caractère certain est rarement établi. Il conviendrait, dès lors, d’adapter, d’aménager des règles existantes afin de parvenir à une réparation efficace du préjudice économique pur. Participant de ces aménagements, la question, déjà ancienne, des dommages et intérêts punitifs, ou encore le renouvellement de la question de la réparation « économique » en nature par la restitution du « surprofit » comme proposé par certains.Un cadre juridique adapté pourrait ainsi régir les critères d’existence du préjudice économique pur, d’une part, et ses critères d’évaluation, d’autre part. / Pure economic loss is the one that results neither from a personal injury nor from damage to property and generates negative economic consequences, such as the damage caused to the economy, or as the prejudice resulting from an act of unfair competition. This notion is little known to the French law. However, practise shows that some economic prejudices under this definition exist and are compensated for. From this practical ascertainment result several difficulties. There is confusion between pure economic loss and economic damages that, on the contrary, are the result of an injury to person or property. This confusion harms the effective compensation of the pure economic loss. Moreover, the absence of an appropriate legal regime entails a distortion of liability mechanisms, as its traditional criteria are undermined when it comes to repairing a pure economic loss. Various examples illustrate these difficulties: the damage to the economy, for instance, or the injury in terms of unfair competition, for which the certainty is rarely established. Therefore, it would be appropriate to adapt and develop the existing rules in order to achieve effective compensation for pure economic loss. Amongst these developments: the rather already old question of these punitive damages, or the renewal of the issue of « economic » compensation in nature through the restitution of « over profit », as suggested by some. A suitable legal framework could thus govern the existence of pure economic loss criteria on the one hand, and its assessment criteria on the other.