Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação parte da compreensão dos sistemas punitivos em meio às estruturas sociais, demonstrando que o uso da coerção pública é um dos pilares fundamentais dos Estados modernos. Sustenta a necessidade de se desvendar os discursos ideológicos que legitimam o poder de criminalização, a fim de politizar o contexto das punições e alcançar a sua função latente. Concentra-se nas características específicas do Estado brasileiro instalado a partir da década de 1990, seguindo a trilha do Leviatã dos EUA neoliberal instaurado desde a década de 1980. Constata a correlação entre os sistemas punitivos brasileiro e norte-americano, com seus extensos campos de controle e semelhantes pensamentos criminológicos. Por fim, encontra a real funcionalidade das penas no Neoliberalismo, conformando um método de promover e manter as políticas econômicas e sociais típicas de sua conjuntura, manejando a insegurança social decorrente do desemprego estrutural, precarização do trabalho, aprofundamento da miséria e desigualdade. / This dissertation starts form the comprehension of the punitive systems amid social structures, demonstrating that the use of public coercion is one of the fundamental pillars of the modern States. Holds the necessity of unveiling the ideological speeches that legitimize the power of criminalization, toward politicize the punishment context and reach its latent function. Concentrates in the specific characteristics of the brazilian State installed from the decade of 1990, following the trail of the USA neoliberal Leviathan established since de decade of 1980. Notes the correlation between the brazilian and north-american punitive systems, with their extensive fields of control and similar criminological thoughts. In the end, find the real functionality of the criminal penalty in the Neoliberalism, conforming a method to promote and keep the economic and social policy typical of the conjuncture, managing the social insecurity due to the structural unemployment, precarious work, deepening of misery and inequality.

O presente trabalho se propõe a analisar as funções punitiva e a preventiva da responsabilidade civil, como mecanismos para coibir a reiteração de condutas lesivas dos fornecedores litigantes habituais, combatendo assim os danos de massa, a partir da aplicação do Código de Defesa do Consumidor. Propõe-se uma reflexão sobre como uma releitura do instituto da responsabilidade civil pode reorganizar as estruturas do mercado de consumo, e, a partir de indenizações que contemplassem os caracteres punitivo e preventivo da responsabilidade, reconduzir as condutas dos grandes fornecedores à observância da lei. / This study proposes to analyze the punitive and preventive functions of civil liability, as mechanisms to prevent the repetition of injurious conduct of habitual litigating suppliers, thus combating mass damages, through the application of the Code of Consumer Protection. It is proposed to reflect on how a re-reading of the institute of civil responsibility can reorganize the structures of the consumer market and, based on compensations that contemplate the punitive and preventive character of civil liability, to redirect the conduct of large suppliers to compliance with the law.

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Text in Afrikaans / Die doel van hierdie navorsing was om die wesentfike behoefte aan alternatiewe tugmaatreels vir die leergeremde adolessent na te vors en riglyne vir altematiewe tugmaatreels op te stel. Die sensitiewe aangeleentheid van disstplinering en tug word nou grootliks aan die onderwysers se inisiatief oorgelaat, en dit terwyl onderwysers nie altyd voldoende onderle is in die nuwe benadering tot alternatiewe dissiplineringsmetodes nie. 'n Teoretiese ondersoek wat uitgevoer is, het die belangriKheid van die inagneming van die leergeremde .adolessent se unieke persoonlikheidstrekke by die toepassing van dissipline beklemtoon. 'n Ernpiriese ondersoek is met behulp van vraelyste uitgevoer by ses spesiale skole in die Gauteng..provinsie. Die empiriese navorsing het bevestig dat onderwysers by hierdie skole 'n behoefte het aan altematiewe tugmaatreels vir die leergeremde adolessent. Op grond van die literatuurstudie en die resultate van die empiriese ondersoek, is riglyne verskaf vir die opstel van alternatiewe tugmaatreels. / The aim of the study was to identify the need for alternative disciplinary measures for the learning disabled adolescent, and to formulate guidelines for the implementation thereof. At present, the sensitive issue of discipline and punishment is left to the discretion of the individual teacher, who may not always be fully conversant with the new approach to alternative disciplinary measures. A theoretical investigation emphasised the importance of the unique personatity traits of the learning diSabled adolescent that should be considered when disciplinary measures are applied. An empirical investigation was carried out by means of a questionnaire at six special schools in the Gauteng Province. The empirical study confirmed that teachers at these schools do need alternative disciplinary measures for the learning disabled adolescent Based on the literature study and the results of the empirical investigation, guidelines were formulated for alternative disciplinary measures for the learning disabled adolescent. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Spesialisering in Voorligting)

O presente trabalho se propõe a analisar as funções punitiva e a preventiva da responsabilidade civil, como mecanismos para coibir a reiteração de condutas lesivas dos fornecedores litigantes habituais, combatendo assim os danos de massa, a partir da aplicação do Código de Defesa do Consumidor. Propõe-se uma reflexão sobre como uma releitura do instituto da responsabilidade civil pode reorganizar as estruturas do mercado de consumo, e, a partir de indenizações que contemplassem os caracteres punitivo e preventivo da responsabilidade, reconduzir as condutas dos grandes fornecedores à observância da lei. / This study proposes to analyze the punitive and preventive functions of civil liability, as mechanisms to prevent the repetition of injurious conduct of habitual litigating suppliers, thus combating mass damages, through the application of the Code of Consumer Protection. It is proposed to reflect on how a re-reading of the institute of civil responsibility can reorganize the structures of the consumer market and, based on compensations that contemplate the punitive and preventive character of civil liability, to redirect the conduct of large suppliers to compliance with the law.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação parte da compreensão dos sistemas punitivos em meio às estruturas sociais, demonstrando que o uso da coerção pública é um dos pilares fundamentais dos Estados modernos. Sustenta a necessidade de se desvendar os discursos ideológicos que legitimam o poder de criminalização, a fim de politizar o contexto das punições e alcançar a sua função latente. Concentra-se nas características específicas do Estado brasileiro instalado a partir da década de 1990, seguindo a trilha do Leviatã dos EUA neoliberal instaurado desde a década de 1980. Constata a correlação entre os sistemas punitivos brasileiro e norte-americano, com seus extensos campos de controle e semelhantes pensamentos criminológicos. Por fim, encontra a real funcionalidade das penas no Neoliberalismo, conformando um método de promover e manter as políticas econômicas e sociais típicas de sua conjuntura, manejando a insegurança social decorrente do desemprego estrutural, precarização do trabalho, aprofundamento da miséria e desigualdade. / This dissertation starts form the comprehension of the punitive systems amid social structures, demonstrating that the use of public coercion is one of the fundamental pillars of the modern States. Holds the necessity of unveiling the ideological speeches that legitimize the power of criminalization, toward politicize the punishment context and reach its latent function. Concentrates in the specific characteristics of the brazilian State installed from the decade of 1990, following the trail of the USA neoliberal Leviathan established since de decade of 1980. Notes the correlation between the brazilian and north-american punitive systems, with their extensive fields of control and similar criminological thoughts. In the end, find the real functionality of the criminal penalty in the Neoliberalism, conforming a method to promote and keep the economic and social policy typical of the conjuncture, managing the social insecurity due to the structural unemployment, precarious work, deepening of misery and inequality.

La circulation des normes juridiques est un phénomène étudié par un courant international de recherche nommé policy transfer 
studies qui s'intéresse néanmoins peu aux normes pénales. Pourtant, les processus de globalisation ont rendu la circulation de ces normes plus rapide, plus intense et plus complexe durant les dernières décennies. A partir de trois études de cas, notre travail montre comment la circulation des normes pénales est largement influencée par l’harmonisation européenne, par la diffusion de l’idéologie néolibérale ayant accompagné un tournant punitif dans les politiques criminelles de la plupart des pays européens ainsi que par l’émergence de crimes transnationaux qui exigent des solutions similaires. Nous caractérisons les limites de ces convergences et les analysons dans plusieurs cadres théoriques empruntés à la sociologie de la déviance afin de comprendre ce qu'elles impliquent pour ceux qui veulent comprendre le processus législatif au niveau national / The circulation of legal norms is a phenomenon studied by an international research current named policy transfer studies which has however little interest in criminal norms. Nevertheless, during the last several decades, the globalization processes have made the circulation of these norms faster, more intense and more complex. Based on three case studies, our work shows how the circulation of criminal norms is widely influenced by European harmonization processes, by the diffusion of the neoliberal ideology that accompanied a punitive turn in the criminal policies of most European countries and by the emergence of transnational crimes that require similar solutions. We will characterize the limits of these convergences and analyze them in several theoretical frameworks borrowed from the sociology of deviance in order to understand their implications for those who want to grasp the legislative process on the national level

Differences in college student's psychological well-being, extrapunitiveness, and intropunitiveness were related to the presence or absence of maltreatment during childhood years, and its acknowledgement by the student. Subjects were 56 male and 85 female undergraduate students at the University of North Texas. Subjects were given structural scale v.3 of the California Psychological Inventory (CPI), the Extrapunitive (E), and Intropunitive (I) indices of the Hostility-Direction of Hostility Questionnaire (HDHQ), and the Physical Punishment scale (PP-scale) of the Assessing Environments Questionnaire (AEIII). Results indicate no significant differences in psychological well-being, extrapunitiveness, or intropunitiveness, which would be explained by the presence of maltreatment or its acknowledgement.

La présente thèse étudie le développement du système carcéral moderne aux États-Unis en général et dans l’État du Wisconsin en particulier. Alors que, traditionnellement, l’administration pénitentiaire du Wisconsin n’a que rarement éveillé l’intérêt de la communauté scientifique nous démontrerons le rôle fondamental joué par l’État durant les années 1980 et 1990, celles du tout-carcéral. Pendant des années, le Wisconsin respecta son image de laboratoire de la démocratie acquise sous l’ère Roosevelt. Cependant, pour des raisons principalement politiques, des mesures de plus en plus punitives furent votées à partir du milieu des années 1970 qui eurent pour effet de voir émerger de nouvelles politiques pénales. L’approche resocialisante, connue sous le nom de Wisconsin Approach, allait laisser la place à une politique répressive dont une des représentations demeure les transferts de prisonniers vers d’autres États. Le Department of Corrections connut pendant des années un des taux d’incarcération les plus élevés du pays et fut à l’avant-garde, dès les années 1970, des philosophies conservatrices en matière de politique judiciaire. Cette étude se concentre sur l’évolution du DOC à cette période afin d’en évaluer les conséquences sur les institutions et de voir comment ces changements ont pu affecter le concept de démocratie qui se trouve au cœur du commonwealth, fondement philosophique de l’État du Wisconsin. Grâce à l’étude de documents officiels, d’articles de presse et de lettres de détenus que l’auteur a réunies pendant plusieurs années, une image de la pénitentiaire actuelle, jusque-là ignorée, sera ainsi présentée. Cette recherche se propose ainsi d’analyser les différents programmes et les politiques mises en œuvre par l’administration pénitentiaire, et que le DOC défend avec fierté. / This work examines the development of the modern prison in the United States focusing on the state of Wisconsin because of certain unique specificities. While the Wisconsin Department of Corrections has traditionally attracted little interest but we will present some evidence that its case is indeed significant in the context of the prison boom of the 1980s and 1990s. Politically, for many years, the state had been known as the «laboratory» for democracy. However, mostly because of political reasons mostly, increasingly severe measures were ratified in the mid seventies which overturned previous correctional policies and gave a new direction to penal philosophies in the state. The Wisconsin Approach to corrections would gradually disappear and the state became one of the first to implement out-of-state incarceration. The Department of Corrections (DOC) experienced one of the highest national rates of incarceration for many years, being, in the field of criminal policies, at the forefront of the conservative revolution starting in the 1970s. We will analyze the development of the DOC and see how this trend has affected the institutions and the concept of democracy at the heart of the commonwealth in Wisconsin. This work relies on official documents and on the letters of prisoners the author has received for many years, revealing a firsthand account of the reality of prisons today in Wisconsin. Thanks to these narratives, this study will attempt to evaluate the varied programs, policies and missions that the Wisconsin DOC is still proud to defend today.

O presente trabalho se propõe a analisar as funções punitiva e a preventiva da responsabilidade civil, como mecanismos para coibir a reiteração de condutas lesivas dos fornecedores litigantes habituais, combatendo assim os danos de massa, a partir da aplicação do Código de Defesa do Consumidor. Propõe-se uma reflexão sobre como uma releitura do instituto da responsabilidade civil pode reorganizar as estruturas do mercado de consumo, e, a partir de indenizações que contemplassem os caracteres punitivo e preventivo da responsabilidade, reconduzir as condutas dos grandes fornecedores à observância da lei. / This study proposes to analyze the punitive and preventive functions of civil liability, as mechanisms to prevent the repetition of injurious conduct of habitual litigating suppliers, thus combating mass damages, through the application of the Code of Consumer Protection. It is proposed to reflect on how a re-reading of the institute of civil responsibility can reorganize the structures of the consumer market and, based on compensations that contemplate the punitive and preventive character of civil liability, to redirect the conduct of large suppliers to compliance with the law.