Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:16:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1485623 bytes, checksum: af9ee582aca7c907f6e223e7d476e0d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The youth category can be seen as a social condition and can be considered in its plural - youths. This dissertation will address to a specific youth: the poor youth, which historically has been subjected to disciplinary measures, for example, through institutionalization. In Paraíba, among the institutions created to intervene with these young, the Pindobal institution and the Adolescent Educational Center (Centro Educacional do Adolescente CEA) stand out. The first one was created in 1929, and the second one in 1990. Throughout history, these institutions were responsible for receiving abandoned young or those who have committed some infraction. Given the above, the general objective of this dissertation is to analyze the criminalization of the poor youth and the subjectivation processes through the institutionalization history of punitive practices in Paraíba, from Pindobal to CEA. And the specific objectives are identify the profile of former inmates and students; to tell the story of the Pindobal institution; tell the story of the CEA institution; characterize the forms of punitive practices applied to poor youth, from Pindobal to CEA; identify the discourse of psychology on the institutionalization of punitive practices in the context of the CEA institution; analyze the subjectivation of former inmates and students from the institutionalization process. The theoretical framework follows the post-structuralist perspective of Foucault, as from the categories Institutionalization, Criminalization, Punitive Practices and Subjectivation. Regarding the method, the locus of the research consisted of historical institutes, newspaper archives, Councils of law and Pindobal and CEA institutions. Nineteen participants were interviewed (the number was defined by the technique of data saturation), divided into 05 groups: former Pindobal inmates, former Pindobal professionals, students from CEA, CEA professionals and oral history informants. The techniques and instruments used were document research and semi-structured interviews. For the latter, different interview guides were used for participants, considering the group of former inmates and students, and the group of professionals. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and submitted to Critical Discourse Analysis, as from the following categories: Who speaks? From where does he or she speak? What effect of meaning does it generate? Which discourses appear? From which event is the story retold? Which history does the orality reveal? The results showed that the profile of former inmates and students consists of young people from the lower classes, ie, poor youth. They also indicated that: punitive practices applied to poor young from Pindobal to CEA were, in general, physical punishment and imprisonment; the discourse of psychology in the context of CEA was configured to be an individualizing discourse; and the subjectivation of former inmates and students can be analyzed, among other aspects, through the history of institutionalization that they present, and through the internalization of discourses. The general set of findings in this research revealed the history of poor, abandoned, orphaned, "delinquent" young. These are subjects who engender themselves from practices that are settled down in the institution. And the story of these young people is the story of the criminalization through the way of those who lived it. / A categoria juventude pode ser vista como uma condição social e pode ser considerada em seu plural juventudes. Esta dissertação tratará de uma juventude específica: a juventude pobre, a qual historicamente tem sido submetida a medidas de disciplinarização, através, por exemplo, da internação em instituições. Na Paraíba, dentre as instituições criadas para intervir com esses jovens registram-se a instituição Pindobal e o Centro Educacional do Adolescente CEA. A primeira foi criada no ano de 1929 e a segunda, em 1990. Ao longo da história, estas instituições foram responsáveis por receber os jovens abandonados ou que cometeram ato infracional. Diante do exposto, a presente dissertação tem como objetivo geral analisar a criminalização da juventude pobre e os processos de subjetivação através da história da institucionalização das práticas punitivas na Paraíba, de Pindobal ao CEA. E como objetivos específicos: identificar o perfil de ex-internos e educandos; contar a história da instituição Pindobal; contar a história da instituição CEA; caracterizar as formas de práticas punitivas aplicadas aos jovens pobres, de Pindobal ao CEA; identificar o discurso da Psicologia na institucionalização das práticas punitivas no contexto do CEA; e analisar a subjetivação de ex-internos e educandos a partir do processo de institucionalização. O embasamento teórico se dá sob a perspectiva pós-estruturalista de Foucault, a partir das categorias Institucionalização, Criminalização, Práticas Punitivas e Subjetivação. Em relação ao método, o lócus da pesquisa se constituiu de institutos históricos, arquivos de jornais, conselhos de direito e as instituições Pindobal e CEA. Foram entrevistados 19 participantes (número definido pela técnica de saturação dos dados) distribuídos em 05 grupos: ex-internos de Pindobal, ex-profissionais de Pindobal, educandos do CEA, profissionais do CEA e informantes de história oral. Como técnicas e instrumentos, foram utilizados pesquisa documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Para a última utilizou-se roteiros diferenciados para os participantes, considerando-se o grupo de ex-internos e educandos, e o grupo de profissionais. As entrevistas foram gravadas, transcritas e submetidas à Análise Crítica do Discurso, a partir das seguintes categorias: quem fala? De onde fala? Que efeito de sentido gera? Que discursos aparecem? A partir de que acontecimento se reconta a história? Que história a oralidade revela? Os resultados apontaram que o perfil dos ex-internos e educandos é formado por jovens provenientes das classes baixas, ou seja, por jovens pobres. Indicaram ainda que as práticas punitivas aplicadas aos jovens pobres de Pindobal e CEA se constituíram, de modo geral, em punições físicas e aprisionamento; que o discurso da Psicologia no contexto do CEA se configurou por ser um discurso individualizante; e que a subjetivação de ex-internos e educandos pode ser analisada, entre outros aspectos, pelo histórico de institucionalização que eles apresentam e pela internalização de discursos. O conjunto geral dos achados na pesquisa trouxe a história de jovens pobres, abandonados, delinquentes . Esses jovens são sujeitos que vão se engendrando a partir de práticas que estão sedimentadas na instituição. E a história desses jovens é a história da criminalização pela via de quem a viveu.

Este estudo tem o objetivo de analisar o dano moral decorrente do descumprimento do contrato. O contrato é firmado para que seja cumprido, nem sempre, porém, o é. Do descumprimento do avençado surgem diferentes consequências e o que essa pesquisa pretende esclarecer é que uma dessas consequências pode ser a lesão moral. Através da análise da figura do contrato, dos efeitos de seu descumprimento e do instituto do dano moral, o estudo buscará comprovar que a quebra contratual pode ocasionar danos de diferentes naturezas, inclusive, o de natureza moral. Na verdade, independentemente da origem do dano moral, se no descumprimento do contrato, ou não, a lesão dessa natureza é reparável. A pesquisa pretende, ainda, propor a reunião de determinados contratos, cujo descumprimento comumente causa danos morais, na categoria dos contratos morais. Esses contratos possuem características comuns que os tornam potenciais causadores de danos morais, quando descumpridos. Por fim, fora realizada pesquisa junto ao Superior Tribunal de Justiça no intuito de evidenciar o cenário jurisprudencial acerca do tema. Tal levantamento evidenciou o estabelecimento naquela Corte de uma regra da excepcionalidade do dano moral no caso de descumprimento do contrato, regra essa que, como será demonstrado, não parece aceitável. / This study aims to analyze the moral damage resulting from breach of contract. The contract is to be fulfilled, not always, however, it is. The breach of contract has different consequences and what this research intends to clarify is that one of these consequences can be moral damage. Through the analysis of the contract, breach´s effects and the figure of moral damage, the study will seek to prove that the breach of contract may cause damages of different natures, including the moral one. In fact, regardless of the source of moral damages, whether it results from event of failure to comply with any obligation set forth in the contract or not, such injury is repairable. The research also intends to propose an arrangement of certain contracts that whenever breached, usually causes moral damages, in the category of \'moral contracts\'. These contracts have common characteristics that make them potential cause of moral damage, when breached. A research in the Superior Court was also conducted to demonstrate the jurisprudential scenario on the subject. This research showed that the Court established a moral damage exceptionality rule in cases of violation of contract. This rule, however, as will be shown, does not seem acceptable .

Este trabalho aborda os aspectos qualitativos da indenização por danos morais, relacionando-os à prevenção de danos. Por causa da polêmica doutrinária acerca das funções que deve desenvolver a indenização por danos morais, procura-se desvincular a eficácia preventiva da noção de punição. Analisa-se a função punitiva, a começar pela investigação de sua origem - os punitive damages - e dos problemas que traz ao ordenamento jurídico nacional. O estudo das características dos punitive damages demonstra as dificuldades enormes que o instituto apresenta nos países onde é aplicado, bem como as diferenças existentes entre o referido instituto e a indenização punitiva por danos morais. Tendo em vista o fato de que a maior justificativa para a indenização punitiva é a pretensa prevenção de novos danos, investiga-se a função preventiva da responsabilidade civil, em um primeiro momento, para depois localizar na indenização compensatória um escopo tão preventivo quanto o que justifica a adoção da indenização punitiva. A atuação judicial é fundamental para se afastar o efeito punitivo, pois atua na eleição de critérios cuja análise fundamentará o valor da indenização. A indenização fixada de forma justa desperta no responsável pelo dano a cautela necessária à maioria das situações em que os danos morais são isoladamente causados. Para os casos de danos morais \"repetitivos\", ou que atinjam um grande número de pessoas, além da indenização, o ordenamento jurídico oferece alguns instrumentos processuais que possuem um potencial preventivo e que podem ser úteis no refreamento dessas condutas. Desse modo, pode-se concluir a indenização por danos morais, tão-somente compensatória é a forma de reparação mais adequada aos danos morais para o nosso ordenamento. / This study addresses the qualitative aspects of the indemnification for moral damage, relating them to prevention of these damages. Because of the controversy about the roles that the indemnification should develop, it tries to separate the preventive efficacy of the concept of punishment. It analyses the punitive role to begin the investigation of its origin the punitive damages - and the problems that it brings to the national legal system. The study of characteristics of the punitive damages shows the enormous difficulties that the institute presents where it is applied, and the differences between the institute and by punitive indemnification. In view of the fact that the major justification for punitive indemnification is the prevention of further damage, it was investigated the preventive function of liability it at first, and then, find in compensatory damages as a scope as preventive which justifies the adoption of punitive damages. The judge action is essential to avoid the punitive effect, because it acts in the election of criteria whose analysis of the value base compensation. The compensation fixed fairly awakens liable for damage in the care needed for most situations in which damage is caused in isolate way. For the cases of moral damage \"repetitive,\" or they reach a large number of people, in addition to damages, the law offers some procedural instruments that have a potential preventive and can be useful in reducing these behaviors. Thus, we can conclude the compensation for moral damages as compensation-only is the most appropriate way to repair the damage to our judicial system.

This project focuses on the perception of immigrants as criminals, but more importantly, how this negative perception of immigrants can influence the population’s support for strict punitive policies. The question I seek to answer: will common negative perceptions of immigrants affect public support for more stringent punitive policies? The literature on what makes people punitive mostly focuses on the role of race and hostile feelings that lead to punitive feelings towards an immigrant. In this project, minorities and their attitudes in contrast to past studies that focus on White Americans will be central to the analysis. Analysis of both the 2012 National Election Survey and 2001 Los Angeles Social Survey data is used to explain how the relationship between economic threat and negative perceptions of immigrants lead to respondents becoming more punitive. Although respondents who feel economic threat are more punitive, there is a difference in significance between Whites and Blacks.

Following the 2008/9 global financial crisis and ensuing economic uncertainty, the roll out of austerity politics has seen significant welfare retrenchment and a recalibration of the state-citizen relationship which can arguably be characterised by a process of punitive Neoliberalism. Nevertheless, the impacts of austerity politics are proving to be geographically uneven: spatially, there is significant evidence that the northern and western parts of Britain, particularly towns and cities therein, are especially prone to the punitive impacts of neoliberal austerity politics, while socially, some parts of society (e.g. the young, the disabled) find themselves exposed to the worst effects of austerity. Conducted under the period of a Conservative-Liberal Democrat UK Coalition Government (2010-2015) this thesis starts by considering the degree to which punitive austerity policies are economically necessary or driven by political ideology. Alongside this it determines whether austerity politics is a (re)new(ed) approach to welfare provision and the state-citizen relationship. The empirical parts of the thesis examine the tactics and strategies utilised by those conducting (the state), implementing (welfare providers and employers), and recipients (people and employees) of welfare-to-work policies, before considering what adaptations, innovations, co-operation, resistance and coping strategies are being employed by these stakeholders in response to austerity politics. In the final part, I argue that whilst many of the neoliberalised policies devised by the Coalition Government have been a renewal and reinvention of those already in place, this is part of a broader trend which is marked by the emergence of a more punitive Neoliberalism associated with a work-first welfare regime.

This dissertation examines predictors of juror-determined damage awards among 377 juror eligible mock jurors. Citizens reporting for jury duty in a large metropolitan county on five days when the study was conducted were invited to participate. Scenarios were created that varied both case facts and witness emotion during trial testimony. Results indicate that Affect Control Theory can be applied to the situation of juror-determined damage awards and is helpful in scientifically explaining some of the variation of both compensatory and punitive damage awards.

L’étude de l’évolution comparée des taux d’incarcération au XXème et XXIème siècle est un domaine classique des sciences criminelles actuelles, un domaine qui a connu un renouveau important dans la lignée des travaux de David Garland (notamment « The culture of control, 2001 ») sur le virage punitif depuis la fin des années 1990. Ces travaux sont principalement axés sur l’Europe et l’Amérique du Nord, les données discutées à propos du reste du monde étant le plus souvent statiques et/ou sur une période très récente, ce qui pose le risque que les remarques afférentes à l’évolution de ces taux soient euro-centriques. Ce travail de recherche se propose de compléter la recherche actuelle en examinant le cas des pays de langue arabe (principalement Libye, Égypte, Maroc, Algérie, Liban, Arabie saoudite, Jordanie). Il s’agit d’abord de faire un point sur les données historiques existantes sur l’évolution de l’incarcération dans les pays arabes et sur les obstacles à l’acquisition de telles données. Ensuite, ce travail tente d’articuler les théories actuelles sur les raisons des variations de l’incarcération, théories qui ont été développées pour l’Europe et l’Amérique du Nord, à ces nouvelles données. Le but étant de tester trois hypothèses à savoir : l’hypothèse fonctionnelle, l’hypothèse de Rusche et Kirchheimer, et l’hypothèse de l’autoritarisme / The Comparative study of the development of incarceration rates in the 20th and the 21st Centuries is a conventional field in the current criminal science, a field that have witnessed a significant revival in line with David Garlands research especially « The culture of control » in 2001, about the diversion to a more purnitive system in the late 90s. The research mainly focused on Europe and North-America, the data about the rest of the world being often static and/or based on very recent reports which could cause a Euro-centricity of the remarks linked to the evolution of these rates. The objective of this research is to complete the current research by taking into account the cases in arab speaking nations. Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Algeria, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Jordan. Firstly, it consists of the review of existing historical datas on the evolution of incarceration in Arabic countries and on the obstacles of acquisition of such datas. Secondly, this research will attempt to articulate the current theories on the reasons of variations on incarceration, theories which were developped for Europe and North-America with the new data. The aim being to test three hypotheses: functional hypothesis, the hypothesis of Rusch and Kirchheimer and the authoritarian hypothesis

Skadeståndsrätten är en mycket omdiskuterad del av civilrätten, bland annat på grund av åsiktsskiljaktigheter gällande skadeståndets funktion. Vissa hävdar att skadeståndet är till för att prevenera mot skadliga handlingar, andra anser att reparationen eller kompensationen är den främsta grunden för ersättning. En anledning till skadeståndets omstriddhet är därför bland annat storleken på ersättningen. Den anses ibland bedömas skönsmässigt, ibland enligt en standardiserad schablon men kanske oftast efter den faktiskt lidna ekonomiska skadan. I USA, existerar compensatory damages och punitive damages. Compensatory damages är likt vårt skadestånd i Sverige. Punitive damages beskrivs som ett extrakompenserande skadestånd, ofta i avskräckande syfte. Dock finns det betydligt fler funktioner som förknippas med punitive damages, varav vissa går att korrelera med svensk rätt, andra är väldigt unika för det amerikanska rättssystemet. Storleken på punitive damages har liksom det svenska skadeståndet, debatterats flitigt, både i USA och i Sverige. Den historiska utvecklingen av de båda ländernas skadeståndsrätt har varit mycket lik varandra, men det är tydligt att så inte är fallet idag. Skadestånden i USA är betydligt större och bedöms utefter andra grunder, även om både Sverige och USA har samma tankar om skadeståndets syfte. Den här uppsatsen belyser likheterna och skillnaderna mellan den amerikanska och den svenska skadeståndsrätten. Den klarlägger även grunderna för skadeståndet och huruvida det svenska skadeståndet kan eller borde för ändras samt grunderna därför.

Punitive gynaecology is a set of healthcare-related attitudes and practices that aim to take control of a woman's body, sexuality and reproductive system in order to produce a reformed body. This thesis scrutinizes thephenomenonofpunitivegynaecology in modernRussia.Narrativeinquirywas conducted to provide an understanding of the ways punitive gynaecology works on the female body, restructures it and inscribes meanings. Autobiographical narratives are analysed and located within a wider socio- political context to concretize the dimensions of punitive practices in gynaecology. The main foci of analysis are the medical gaze, the spatial organization of the gynaecological clinic, pastoral power and agency in the gynaecological examination, the sexuality of the examination, the contingencies of shame, pain and embarrassment. The research uses a Foucauldian framework to uncover power relations permeating the doctor-patient interaction in the gynaecological examination. This thesis thus offers a reflectiononthepreferredmodes ofembodiment anddocilitythat punitivegynaecology attempts toinstil in its' subject. Keywords: punitive gynaecology, discipline, power, gaze, agency, body, hegemonic femininity, clinic, doctor-patient interaction, docility

Gli amministratori delegati e le aziende sono sempre più sotto i riflettori dei media e del pubblico in generale. Ad oggi pochi studi hanno compreso quali variabili influenzano l’attivismo degli azionisti, così come quali variabili portano a far sì che gli stakeholder aziendali reagiscano negativamente di fronte a determinate caratteristiche aziendali. La tesi intende quindi approfondire tre fenomeni: le reazioni degli individui nei confronti del compenso percepito dal CEO e nei confronti della performance aziendale; l’attivismo degli azionisti nei confronti del linguaggio utilizzato dal CEO; l’attivismo degli azionisti nei confronti delle politiche di CSR adottate dalle aziende. Il primo capitolo si intitola “Eccessività e merito del compenso del CEO” e mira a comprendere l’effetto che il compenso del CEO e la performance aziendale possono avere sulle percezioni degli stakeholder. Il secondo capitolo si intitola “Attivismo degli azionisti e linguaggio del CEO”. Lo studio dimostra che un linguaggio in cui è frequente l’utilizzo del simbolo “shareholder-value” porta gli azionisti a valutare il CEO in modo più favorevole e a ridurre il loro attivismo nei confronti dell'azienda. Il terzo capitolo si intitola “L’effetto delle politiche di CSR sull’attivismo degli azionisti” e mira a comprendere l’effetto delle politiche di CSR sulla probabilità che un'impresa venga presa di mira da azionisti attivisti. / CEOs and corporations are under the spotlight and relatively little is known about what influences shareholder activism and stakeholder reaction towards specific CEO-level and firm-level characteristics. This thesis aims at investigating three phenomena: individuals’ reactions towards CEO pay and firm performance; shareholder activism towards CEO’s use of language; shareholder activism towards CSR policies. The first chapter is entitled “CEO Compensation Excessiveness and Deservingness” and aims at investigating the effect of CEO pay and corporate performance on individuals’ negative reaction. The second chapter is entitled “Shareholder Activism and CEO’s Use of Language”. Drawing on signaling theory and the symbolic management perspective, the chapter shows that a CEO’s use of language that is congruent with the prevailing governance model of shareholder value maximization leads shareholders to evaluate the CEO more favorably and to reduce their activism toward the firm. The third chapter is entitled “The Effect of CSR Policies on Activist Shareholders” and aims at investigating whether CSR policies attract activist shareholders. The chapter theorizes and examines the effect of CSR policies on the probability of a firm being targeted by activist shareholders, as well as the moderating effect of firm positive reputation in the relationship between CSR policies and shareholder activism.