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Youth exclusion in a society is a major issue in many parts of the globe, and particularly in the Arab world. It limits the succession of social movements leading to political stability and leaves a relevant part of the society alienated from political processes. For this reason, this thesis aims to introduce and highlight youth as a source for political and social development, using Lebanon as a case study through the theoretical lens of empowerment theory. The work carried out understands empowerment theory as a useful theoretical framework in Political Science, and its contribution to the case under scrutiny will rest upon three interrelated categories: individual empowerment, collective empowerment, and social and political change as a subsequent. The research focuses on the capacity development of young Lebanese people through their participation in a UNDP program. Using content analysis of a UNDP report and semi-structured interviews conducted with youth (20-28) as well as with the youth focal point in UNDP, the thesis systemically examines and evaluates the extent to which Lebanese youth are feeling empowered by the UNDP for creating social change and reducing political instability. The results and findings of the research suggest that if organizations such as the UNDP place more attention on youth, they are likely to have a greater political and social impact on social and political development.

Bakgrund: I Sverige genomförs årligen hundratusentals operationer. Vid dessa operationer behövs kirurgiska instrument samt en operationssjuksköterska som är ansvarig för hur de kirurgiska instrumenten iordningställs inför operationen. Uppdukningen av de kirurgiska instrumenten är en stor del i operationssjuksköterskans arbete. Det är viktigt att veta vilka instrument som ska dukas upp, deras användningsområde och vart de placeras. Det finns olika direktiv angående hur uppdukningen ska utföras. Motiv: Få studier är genomförda där operationssjuksköterskornas erfarenhet och upplevelse av uppdukning är beskrivna. Denna studie kan resultera i ökad kunskap om hur operationssjuksköterskan upplever uppdukning av kirurgiska instrument och hur det påverkar operationssjuksköterskans arbetssituation.  Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva operationssjuksköterskans erfarenhet vid uppdukning av kirurgiska instrument. Metod: Individuella semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta operationssjuksköterskor. Intervjuerna analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys.   Resultat: Deltagarnas upplevelser och erfarenheter av att duka upp kirurgiska instrument beskriver hur de byggt upp deras eget uppdukningssystem baserat på klinisk erfarenhet. Att jobba efter ett eget system inbringade en känsla av trygghet och kontroll men trots detta fanns situationer i processen som gjorde att otrygghet och brist på kontroll upplevdes. Från intervjuerna identifierades tre huvudkategorier; Att forma ett eget system, Att arbeta efter ett eget system, Att gå ifrån sitt eget system. Konklusion: Att uppleva trygghet och kontroll vid uppdukning av kirurgiska instrument var viktigt för operationssjuksköterskorna. Det framkom faktorer som påverkar känslan av trygghet och kontroll både positivt och negativt. För att erhålla klinisk kompetens inom området krävs omfattande klinisk erfarenhet.   Nyckelord: Operationssjuksköterska, Erfarenheter, Kirurgiska instrument, Kvalitativ innehållsanalys / Background: In Sweden, hundreds of thousands of operations are conducted yearly. Each operation needs surgical instruments and an operating room nurse who is responsible for setting up and organizing the instruments prior to the operation. Setting up surgical instruments is an integral part of the operating room nurses’ responsibility. To set up the instruments it is of importance to know which instrument is needed for the operation, how the instrument is used, and where it should be placed. Practice guidelines differ in their recommendations regarding how surgical instruments should be set-up and organized prior to the operation. Motive: There is limited research about operating room nurses’ experiences of setting up and organizing surgical instruments. This study can result in increased understanding regarding how operating room nurses’ experience set-up of surgical instruments and how this affects their working environment.   Aim: The aim of this study is to describe operating room nurses’ experiences of setting up and organizing surgical instruments. Methods: Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight operating room nurses. The interviews were analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Result: The participants' experiences of setting up and organizing surgical instruments describe how they build up their own organizational system based upon clinical experience. While utilizing their own system they experience a sense of security and control. However, there are situations in which feelings of insecurity and lack of control can occur. The interviews identified three main categories; Forming your own system, Working with your own system, Working outside your own system. Conclusion: Experiencing security and control related to set-up and organization of instruments was considered important for the operating room nurses. Factors were identified that affect the operating room nurses’ feelings of security and control both positively and negatively. Substantial clinical experience is necessary to achieve clinical competence setting up and organizing surgical instruments.  Keywords: Perioperative nursing, Experiences, Surgical instruments, Qualitative content analysis

Bakgrund: Livmoderhalscancer är en gynekologisk sjukdom vilken påverkar kvinnors livskvalitet. För att utveckla förståelse för kvinnors vårdbehov, är det viktigt att sjuksköterskor tar ansvar för att främja kvinnors hälsa. Sjuksköterskor behöver ha kompetens att utgå ifrån individens livsmiljö samt bemöta kvinnor på ett individuellt sätt vilket baseras på personcentrerad vård.  Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser av att leva med livmoderhalscancer. Metod: En litteraturöversikt har genomförts enligt Fribergs beskrivning. Underlaget till resultatet utgörs av tio kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar. Databaserna Cinahl complete och PubMed användes. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i fyra huvudteman: Behov av att hantera förändringar i vardagen; Behov av stöd, kunskap och information; Behov av stöd för att kunna hantera sina känslor samt Behov av stöd gällande sexualitet och närhet.  Slutsats: Utifrån litteraturöversikten konkluderas att kvinnor som lever med livmoderhalscancer haft begränsade resurser på grund av kulturella aspekter, kunskap samt att sjuksköterskan tar hänsyn till den sociala aspekter för att påvisa samband mellan kvinnors upplevelser, livsmiljö samt främja kvinnors hälsa. / Background: Cervical cancer is a gynecological disease that affects women's quality of life. To develop a pre-understanding of women's medical needs it is important that nurses take responsibility for promoting women's health. Nurses need to have the competence to understand the individual's living environment and to treat women in an individual way, which is based on person-centered care. Aim: The aim with the literature review was to describe women's experience to live with cervical cancer.   Method: A literature review was conducted according to Friberg and analysis methods. The basis of results is performed by ten qualitative scientific articles. The Cinahl complete and PubMed databases were used. Results: The result presented into four main themes; the need to deal with changes everyday, the need to support, knowledge and information, the need to deal with emotions and the need for support regarding sexuality and relationships Conclusion: A literature review concludes that women living with cervical cancer have experienced a lack of information about the disease and limited resources of cultural difference. It is important that the nurse sees a connection between women's experience and their living environment.

In this study, the content and depiction of security policy in Sweden was studied in educational social studies textbooks, derived from the 3rd course from two different curriculums: Lgy 70 and Lpf 94. The purpose of the study was to examine if there is a notable development and shift in the way that security policy is depicted and described in Swedish textbooks, and to do it in consideration of the drastic geopolitical changes that came with the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold war. For this study, a qualitive content analysis was used. The purpose of this study is structured around 3 questions: Are there differences in content and depictions between textbooks, and if so, what are they? How has content and depictions changed between the two curriculums? And how can these potential differences be explained?To answer the last question, a theoretical framework was used that emphasizes the importance of external factors such as geopolitical conditions in shaping perceptions and policy, which in turn may affect content and depiction in textbooks, as well as an approach where the textbook is understood as a reflection of the social climate. The results of this study show a significant difference regarding content and depictions in textbooks between the two curriculums, regarding the threat level, perceived security threats, security goals, the purpose and relevance of the policy of neutrality, to name a few. For example, Lgy 70 textbooks depicted possible aggressions as being as likely to occur from NATO as the Warsaw pact, whereas Lpf 94 textbooks took a more open stance, emphasizing Sweden’s cooperation with NATO and EU.

In the constantly evolving media environment, understanding how social media is used to influence people’s perceptions is becoming increasingly important. This thesis focuses on the ways social media is used to frame conflicts. More specifically, the thesis aims to understand how the official account of Ukraine is framing the Russia-Ukraine war on TikTok. The study acknowledges the lack of research into the ways social media is used to frame conflict and attempts to start filling this research gap. The study was conducted as a qualitative content analysis, using 150 TikTok videos posted between April 2022 and 2023 as its data. Robert Entman’s (1993) conceptualization of framing was used as the analytical framework of the study. The thesis concludes that @ukraine.ua focuses on the implications war has had on the lives of Ukrainians and the destruction it has caused. It also almost explicitly identifies Russia’s acts as the cause of problems and while Ukraine is presented as the protector and fierce fighter of freedom, Russia is referred to as a terroristic and evil entity. @ukraine.ua suggests Ukraine’s victory in the war as a solution to problems, while also amplifying the necessity of military and economic aid.

Cybersecurity is an increasingly important topic to all actors from the private individuals to international institutions. The borderless nature of the internet has however made it more difficult for nation states to take care of their own security and institutions like the EU are also coping with the difficulties of defending themselves from attacks that can affect practically any part of the system and cause wide-spread damage. The EU has tried to address these issues by publishing strategies to improve the cybersecurity of the Union and its Member States. This thesis studies the discourse that is used by the Union in its strategies from 2013 and 2020. This is done to determine how the EU portrays each level, the national, institutional, or private and how responsible they are for the cybersecurity in the Union and to see how this discourse has changed in the previous few years. The theoretical framework of the thesis consists of neofunctionalism and historical institutionalism which are used to explain the direction of the development of the EU’s discourse. The study is conducted using critical discourse analysis and qualitative content analysis. The findings of the analysis suggest that there is noticeable shift to the EU taking more responsibility and actions to ensure its cybersecurity. Similarly it seems remarkable how the importance of the private sector seems to have diminished in the newer discourse.

COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) is one of the most widespread lung diseases today and is a growing cause for suffering and mortality worldwide. It is considered to be the third leading cause of death in the near future. Smoking is the most important risk factor for this disease and about 50% of smokers develop COPD. The purpose of this study was to mediate the experience of not being able to stop smoking described by persons diagnosed with mild or moderate COPD. The study involved five women and five men. Data was collected by semi-structured interviews and analyzed using qualitative latent content analysis. The analysis resulted in two themes: Life is governed by a long smoking history that is difficult to break and To be aware of and enlightened, but lacking ability to make a decision, and in five categories: That it is the wrong time in life to stop; To break a lifelong pattern is almost impossible; That plans to stop does not lead to results; Being aware of the consequences of continued smoking and to have received help and support but not liking to be patronized. Participants' lives were governed by a lifelong smoking habit which was difficult to break, although they had knowledge about the harmful effects of smoking. Individuals life situation is very important if the cessation of smoking can be successfully implemented and with lasting results. To have plans to stop smoking is not enough it is also necessary to get motivation and support from the environment and at the right time. Participants that where reluctant to smoking cessation where also critical to the information and support that was given to them. This indicates that health professionals should be more sensitive and provide an individually tailored support when an individual decides to stop smoking. / <p>Validerat; 20110102 (ysko)</p>

This study focuses on civics in Japanese upper secondary education. A new curriculum reform was implemented in 2022, and a new subject named Public [kokyo] became a subject on civics, which aims to nurture students to actively contribute to a peaceful and democratic society. The aims of this study are to examine textbook descriptions of democracy and the potential incorporation of deliberative communication, before and after curriculum reform. Ultimately, this comparative study over a curriculum reform seeks to identify the similarities and differences between the previous subject, Contemporary Society, and the new subject of Public. Employing qualitative content analysis, descriptions of democracy in the textbooks, moreover, the composition and the additional contents of the textbooks are analyzed, in order to examine the potential incorporations of deliberative communication. This study reveals that democracy is often conceptualized in textbooks as a limited idea of a government and political system, and the content includes less extended descriptions in relation to how the concept of democracy should be exercised in everyday life. That tendency can be seen in textbooks both in Public and Contemporary Society. On the other hand, in contrast to Contemporary Society textbooks whose composition is explanatory-oriented emphasizing understanding rather than practice in everyday life situations, Public textbooks incorporate more content that proposes deliberative communication. In Japan, which has been struggling with low social participation among the youth and knowledge-centered learning, it is significant to transform an understanding of the concept of democracy to root in daily life. Therefore, the promotion of deliberative communication in education has great potential to foster democratic values in individuals and society through daily mutual communication.

Radical change theory (RCT) was conceived in a North American context in the mid-1990s, in order to explain changes in contemporary literature for youth related to the digitization of society. This study uses directed qualitative content analysis (DQlCA) to look at a select sample of contemporary award-winning Arabic picturebooks through the lens of radical change theory. The aim of the study is to ascertain whether and to what extent these acclaimed and promoted books display radical change characteristics (Dresang 1999). Children’s books that embody many such characteristics may be seen as products of an underlying ideology of childhood that is arguably gaining traction in contemporary societies–one in which children are seen as capable and seeking connection rather than innocent and in need of protection or depraved and needing to be controlled. All books in the present study were found to contain radical change. This can be viewed as revealing of larger trends affecting and perhaps changing the societies in which these books were published, distributed and promoted. In addition, radical change books are thought to be especially attractive to digital age children (by creating more interest and an elevated understanding), which is of special interest in the context of Arabic children’s literature because of the hurdles to accessibility that the use of literary Arabic creates.