Bakgrund Kroniskt obstruktiv lungsjukdom (KOL) är en kostsam folksjukdom med stora risker att utveckla följdsjukdomar. Rökning är den enskilt största orsaken till KOL och en framgångsrik tobaksavvänjning ger därför stora hälsovinster. Distriktssköterskans arbetsuppgift är att motivera och vägleda patienter till egenvård och livsstilsförändringar. Syftet med studien var att belysa astma-KOL-sköterskans erfarenheter av att stödja patienter med KOL till tobaksavvänjning. Metod En studie med kvalitativ ansats och deskriptiv design har gjorts. Sju astma-KOL-sköterskor som arbetar med tobaksavväjning har intervjuats via semistrukturerade intervjuer som spelades in och analyserades med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet visade vikten av att vara lyhörd och skapa en god relation med patienten samt att undvika ett anklagande förhållningssätt. Patientens motivation uppfattades vara den dominerande framgångsfaktorn. Motiverande samtal kunde väcka, stärka och upprätthålla motivation till rökstopp. Även socialt stöd och konsekvensinsikter uppgavs vara stora framgångsfaktorer. Patienters upplevelser av skam och skuld, psykisk ohälsa och ensamhet beskrevs vara hindrande faktorer som försvårade arbetet med tobaksavvänjning. Svårigheter att fånga upp patienter antogs höra samman med en bristande följsamhet till befintliga rutiner gällande att identifiera, registrera och remittera patienter till astma-KOL-mottagningen. Personal- och tidsbrist bidrog till upplevelser av stress och nedprioritering av astma-KOL-mottagningens arbete vilket uppgavs förhindra ett effektivt stöd till tobaksavvänjning. Slutsatsen är att astma-KOL-sköterskorna strävade efter att följa rekommenderade riktlinjer i sitt arbete. Arbetet upplevdes som komplext och var såväl stimulerande som frustrerande, samt att de önskade sig mer stöd från chefer i form av ytterligare tid för det specifika arbetet med tobaksavvänjning. / Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a costly public health problem with major risks of developing complications. Smoking is the single biggest cause of COPD and a successful tobacco cessation therefore provides great health benefits. District nurse's duty is to motivate and guide patients to self-care and lifestyle changes. The purposeof this study was to elucidate the Asthma-COPD nurse’sexperience in supporting patients with COPD to tobacco cessation. MethodA study with qualitative approach and descriptive design has been made. Seven Asthma-COPD nurses who work with tobacco cessationwere interviewed through semi-structured interviews were recorded and analyzed using qualitative content analysis.The resultsshowed the importance of being responsive and create a good relationship with the patient and to avoid an accusatory approach. The patient's motivation was perceived to be the dominant factor for success. Motivational interviewing could awaken, strengthen and sustain the motivation to quit smoking. Even social support and consistency insights were reported to be major success factors. Patients experiences of shame and guilt, mental illness and loneliness was described to be impeding factors that hampered the work on tobacco cessation. Difficulty in identifying patients were adopted to correlate with poor adherence to existing procedures in force to identify, register and refer patients for asthma-COPD clinic. Human resource and time constraints contributed to the experiences of stress and de-prioritization of asthma-COPD clinic's work, which was reported to prevent effective aid to smoking cessation. The conclusionis that asthma-COPD nurses strove to follow the recommended guidelines in their work. The work was perceived as complex and was both stimulating and frustrating, and that they wanted more support from managers in the form of additional time for the specific work on tobacco cessation.

Bakgrund: Studier visar att skolsköterskan idag möter allt fler barn med psykisk ohälsa. Skolsköterskan har en central roll i att hjälpa barn med psykisk ohälsa. Skolsköterskor i tidigare studier upplevde frustration över att inte kunna hjälpa skolbarnen med psykisk ohälsa till ett bättre mående. Syfte: Syftet med studien var attbeskriva skolsköterskors reflektioner av arbetet med psykisk ohälsa hos barn. Metod: Studien hade en beskrivande design med kvalitativ ansats. Deltagarna valdes ut genom ändamålsurval. Åtta skolsköterskor intervjuades i studien. Till intervjuerna användes semi-strukturerade frågor. Det transkriberade materialet analyserades med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Huvudresultat: Skolsköterskorna beskrev att de möter många olika typer av psykisk ohälsa och kommer i kontakt med barn på flertalet olika vis. Skolsköterskorna lyfte glädje och lycka som positiva aspekter när arbetet lyckades och ett barn började må bättre. Det framkom också känslor som frustration och maktlöshet när tiden eller resurserna inte räckte till för att hjälpa ett barn. Slutsats: Föreliggande studie visar att skolsköterskornas arbete med psykisk ohälsa är förtroendefullt med många positiva och givande aspekter. Samarbete med andra professioner och instanser är nyckeln till framgång i arbetet. Arbetet med barn som lider av psykisk ohälsa kan många gånger vara svårt och det är inte alltid som arbetet faller ut väl. Mer resurser och mer tid är två av sakerna som anses skulle underlätta skolsköterskans arbete. / Background: Studies show that the school nurse today face an increasing number of children with mental illness. The school nurse has a central role in helping children with mental illness. School nurses in previous studies experienced the frustration of not being able to help schoolchildren with mental illness to a better mood. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the school nurses' reflections of working with mental health problems in children. Method: The study had a descriptive design with a qualitative approach. Participants were selected through appropriate selection. Eight school nurses were interviewed in the study. Semi-structured questions were used in the interwievs. The transcribed material was analyzed using content analysis. Main results: The school nurses said that they encounter many different types of mental illness and gets in contact with children in several different ways. The school nurses lifted the joy and happiness as positive aspects when the work was successful and the children began to feel better. It also emerged feelings of frustration and powerlessness when time and resources are not sufficient to help a child. Conclusion: The present study shows that school nurses work with mental health problems are trusting with many positive and rewarding aspects. Cooperation with other professions and institutions is the key to success at work. The work with children suffering from mental illness can often be difficult and it’s not always the work falls out well. More resources and more time are two of the things that would be considered to facilitate the school nurse's work.

Over more than forty years many proposals have been drawn up to complement, integrate and overcome the traditional methodologies measuring the financial dimension of corporate performance. In parallel, thousands of companies, and especially the listed ones, have introduced, developed and implemented different practices of non-financial reporting. So, what is the state of the art with regard to the most important initiatives aimed at supporting companies in managing social, environmental and sustainability performance? And, what are the current corporate approaches to sustainability evaluation and reporting? In order to answer the two research questions, the study introduced a collaborative paradigm, based on a relational view of the firm, which recognizes the strategic value of stakeholder relationships. The stakeholder framework (that is, the multiple bottom line approach) is the lens adopted to conduct the study. With regard to the first question, a broad and up-to-date review of the most important standards and tools – aimed at managing, controlling, evaluating, and reporting the social, environmental and sustainability performance of companies – has been carried out. In reference to the second question, a qualitative content analysis, based on an interpretive perspective, of the current corporate practices has been conducted. The investigation mainly explored the social/CSR/sustainability reports of sixteen leading companies from four crucial industries (i.e., four firms per each of the four industries: banks, retailing, telecommunications, and utilities). In comparison with previous contributions in this area, the analysis is characterized by depth (that is, the number of items checked for every company), breadth (i.e., the number of stakeholders and documents/information sources covered), and complexity because of the interpretive nature. What emerged from the overall study is that, because of several and different reasons (essentially, complexity and the still prevailing focus on financial value for management tools; redundancy and incompleteness for corporate reports; and lack of innovation, that is, isomorphism, for both), the prevailing methodologies and the corporate evaluation and reporting activities are unable to fully assess the sustainability, that is, the quality, of the corporate relationships with the stakeholder groups. Therefore, in order to fill the gap new solutions are needed. As an attempt to address this point and reconnect theory and practice, a sustainability evaluation and reporting system, that is, the SERS2 methodology, characterized by an innovative, stakeholder-based scheme of integrated report, has been advanced.

The development of palliative care in Indonesia has been slow due to the absence of palliative care guide lines and standards. This results in the limited provision of palliative care where it can only be found available in 14 hospitals in the whole country with a population over 260 million, and the palliative care is basically directed to adult patients. In the paediatric medicine field, the palliative care services in Indonesia is still in its infancy and currently palliative care is served by only one non-profit organization in Jakarta. With around 1,5 million people in Jakarta associated with living in poverty, this organization is focusing on providing free palliative care to children from marginalized communities. The questions that are raised out of these circumstances are how paediatric palliative care is practiced in Jakarta and what the rewarding and challenging parts of the job are. The aim of the study is to describe nurses' perspectives and experiences in giving home-based palliative care to children living with cancer and HIV from marginalized communities in Jakarta. A qualitative study design with content analysis was considered to be the method that fitted the goal of the study best. Semi structured interview was used as data collection method and there were seven nurses who participated in the interviews. The result is described by two main categories; the first category contains different topics that functioned as encouragements to the nurses, and the second category consists of various subjects that contribute to challenges that nurses encounter in their work. Lack of palliative education that lead to certain attitudes in the referral process, misperceptions about pain management and nurses’ stress management are discussed as some challenges encountered in the implementation of palliative care.

Like elsewhere in Europe, the tides of nationalist right-wing rhetoric in Sweden have become instrumental in generating a wave of anti-liberal and anti-immigration sentiments in politics and media. In particular, one branch of right-wing alternative media has become a breeding ground for normalizing such rhetoric. Does the anti-immigration stance in such media disguise racist inclinations? In this thesis we examine the discourse of three right-wing alternative media sites in Sweden to explore the possible employment of different types of racism in their articles. By taking the constructivist viewpoint and adopting the post-colonial conceptions of the 'Self' and the 'Other', racist discourse was analyzed and characterized as either biological or cultural. From these two theories, we derived concepts concerning descriptions of contemporary and ideal Swedish society that will be used as further indicators of racist discourses. In this single case study, 94 articles from Fria Tider, Nya Tider, and Samhällsnytt were analyzed on the topics of immigration, integration and crime through a qualitative content analysis. The results show that most of the articles contain cultural racist discourse.

Bakgrund: Enligt olika lagar och styrdokument betonas sjuksköterskans ansvar kring att hålla sig uppdaterad om den senaste forskningen och att arbeta evidensbaserat. Ett sätt att hålla sig uppdaterad om den senaste forskningen är att läsa vårdvetenskapliga tidskrifter. Problem: Tidsbrist och andra omgivande faktorer hindrar ibland sjuksköterskan från att vara forskningskonsument. Ett sätt att underlätta för sjuksköterskor som forskningskonsumenter, är att åskådliggöra vårdvetenskapliga tidskrifter. Syfte: Att beskriva den publicerade forskningen i Nordic Journal of Nursing Research, under en treårsperiod. Metod: Kvalitativ innehållsanalys enligt Elo och Kyngäs. Resultat: Praktiska/kliniska frågor var vanligast gällande ämnesområde och sjukhusvård berördes i flest artiklar. Sverige var det land som flest studier genomfördes i, samt det land som flest artikelförfattare var hemmahörande i. Ett sjuksköterskeperspektiv var mest framträdande i artiklarna. Kvalitativ ansats, kvalitativ innehållsanalys och enkäter dominerade gällande artiklars metoder. I majoriteten av artiklarna saknades ett teoretiskt perspektiv. Slutsats: Forskningen i NJNR har främst berört en nordisk kontext, med olika typer av vetenskaplig evidens och där det teoretiska perspektivet i många artiklar varit frånvarande. NJNR som tidskrift lyfter många intressanta och varierande ämnen för sjuksköterskor att ta del av, som speglar det komplexa omvårdnadsfältet. / Background: Different laws and regulatory documents emphasize nurses’ responsibilities on being updated with current research and to pursue evidence-based practice. One way to stay updated with current research, is to read nursing journals. Problem: Lack of time and other surrounding factors often constrain nurses from being consumers of research. Visualising nursing journals is one way to support nurses as consumers of research. Aim: To describe the published research in Nordic Journal of Nursing Research, during a period of three years. Method: A qualitative content analysis according to Elo and Kyngäs. Result: Practical/clinical issues was the most common subject matter and hospital care represented most of the articles. Sweden represented most authors and was the country where most studies were conducted in. A nursing perspective was prominent. Regarding methods used, a qualitative approach, qualitative content analysis and questionnaires represented many articles. A theoretical framework was absent in most of the articles. Conclusions: The research in NJNR, has mainly concerned a nordic context, with varying types of scientific evidence and with an absent of theoretical framework in several articles. Nurses can take part of NJNR as a nursing journal that concerns several varying and interesting topics regarding the complex field of nursing.

Bakgrund: Enligt tidigare forskning utgör sociala medier en hälsopåverkan på äldre barn och ungdomar utifrån bland annat nedsatt välbefinnande, låg självkänsla, beroende och internetmobbning. Det saknas i nuläget forskning kring om lågstadiebarn använder sociala medier och vilka negativa och positiva aspekter som i sådana fall finns med användningen. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa skolsköterskors erfarenheter av lågstadiebarns användning av sociala medier. Metod: En empirisk kvalitativ design tillämpades. Sex skolsköterskor i två städer i sydvästra Sverige deltog. Semistrukturerade intervjuer utfördes och analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysarbetet ledde fram till tre huvudkategorier: Barnen befinner sig i ett digitaliserat samhälle, Användningen kan innebära en risk för yngre barn och Vikten av begränsning. Skolsköterskorna erfarenhet var att sociala medier kan påverka barnen genom att bland annat leda till stress, beroende, fysisk inaktivitet och sömnbrist. Barn som blir utsatta för mobbning beskrevs kunna nås dygnet runt via sociala medier. Användningen upplevdes även kunna vara utvecklande och lärorik. Slutsats: Skolsköterskorna upplevde att lågstadiebarn använder sig av sociala medier trots att de ej uppnått aktuella åldersgränser. Användningen beskrevs öka med åldern och förekom främst i hemmet. Mer forskning krävs för att belysa lågstadiebarns användning av sociala medier och dess påverkan för ett fortsatt hälsofrämjande arbete. / Background: Previous research on social media constitutes a health impact on children and adolescents based on reduced well-being, low self-esteem, addiction and internet bullying. There is currently no research on primary school children’s use of social media and negative and positive aspects. Aim: The aim was to highlight school nurses' experiences of the use of social media by primary school children. Method: An empirical qualitative design was applied. Six school nurses in two cities in southwest Sweden participated. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analyzed with a qualitative content analysis. Results: The analysis led to three main categories: Children in a digitized society, The use could lead to risks and Importance of limitation. School nurses considered that social media affect the children by conduce to stress, addiction, physical inactivity and sleep deprivation. Also, children who were exposed to bullying could be reached 24 hours a day. Social media could also be developing and educational. Conclusion: The school nurses experienced that primary school children use social media despite current age limits. The use increased with age and occurred mainly in the homes. More researched is needed about the social media use by primary school children and its impact to continue health promotion.

This thesis examines how and to what extent humanitarian aid organizations strategically focus on gender roles following disasters, and how they contribute to potential changes in gender roles. The case selected for the study is Nepal after the 2015 earthquakes where the reports of four international humanitarian aid organizations were examined through a qualitative content analysis. The thesis aims to provide a contribution to the disaster risk reduction literature with a special focus on the possibilities to use disasters as catalysts for changes in traditional gender roles. As humanitarian organizations are major actors in the aftermath of disasters, the purpose is to evaluate their efforts and connect that to previous literature in the field. As a theoretical foundation two contrasting theories are incorporated in the study, the first is the idea that a disaster can be a ’window of opportunity’ for changes in gender roles whereas the other one is that vulnerable people is often left more vulnerable after a disaster due to secondary consequences, a so called double disaster.  The main findings of the study demonstrate that none of the four international humanitarian organizations incorporated a gendered perspective in their aid efforts following the earthquakes in Nepal 2015. The organizations seldom separate women from men in their reports, demonstrating an unawareness of the gender power structures at play. Few activities had a potential to empower women and the ones that did lacked a long-term perspective to enhance gender equality and lower vulnerability.

This study is sponsored by Minor Field Study (MFS) scholarships from the University of Borås, funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). Thailand is a densely populated developing country situated in Asia. The relatives are the most important social network in Thailand. People all over the world, including Thai people are in need of aftercare when they have left the hospital. In Thailand this care mostly executed by relatives.There is not much research done that shows the patient‟s perspective of home care in Thailand so it is important to do this study. The aim of the study is to illuminate the Thai patients‟ perspective of being cared in their own home. The qualitative interviews were made with six patients at a hospital in Bangkok. The authors had one in beforehand-prepared question, but had to put in some stimulating questions in all of the interviews. To describe and analyze the result the authors did qualitative content analysis. The criteria to take part in this study were that the interviewees were Thai, over 25 years old and had experiences of being cared in their own home, by relatives or by professionals.The result is presented with meanings units, codes, sub-categories, categories and content areas. The content areas are; the patient does not experience any problems with home care and the patient experience problems with home care. The categories are good experiences and naturally and hard experiences. The authors then made sub-categories and named them; safety, family as caregiver is expected, solidarity, grateful, sense of guilt, insecure and hard to be dependent.The authors found out that all the interviewees experienced home care as something naturally, when it is a part of life to be cared by your relatives in Thailand. This expression fits in under the first content area, but some of the interviewees also expressed feelings that fit in under the opposite content area. In the end of the study the authors discusses different choices that they have done, and the consequences that followed with them, in a discussion of the method. Even the use of an interpreter is discussed in this part. In the discussion of the result the authors discusses the most interesting parts of the result and verify this with references from scientific articles. One thing that the authors found out was that home care in Thailand can be expressed with both positive and negative experiences from the same person. / Program: Sjuksköterskeutbildning

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