<p>The essay discusses a process of change at probationservice office. The purpose of the change was to decrease specialisation and increase flexibility of the probation officers. The change encountered several problems where the correctional supervisor was percieved to act unsurely and indecisively whilst parts of the staff constructed and implimented several courses of action to prevent the process of change.</p> / <p>Uppsatsen behandlar en förändringsprocess på ett frivårdskontor. Förändringen syftade till att minska specialiseringen och öka flexibiliteten hos frivårdsinspektörerna. Förändringsprocessen stötte på flera problem där kriminalvårdsinspektören upplevdes agera osäkert och veligt samtidigt som delar av personalgruppen konstruerade och använde sig av flertalet handlingsstrategier för att motverka förändringen.</p>

<p>I denna kvalitativa uppsats har syftet varit att få en förståelse av hur arbetslösa ungdomar kan uppleva sin situation. Datainsamlingen har skett genom tio intervjuer med arbetslösa ungdomar i åldrarna 20-25 år och som varit arbetslösa i minst tre månader. Två teoretiska perspektiv har använts vid analysen, Marie Jahodas deprivationsteori och Mikael Nordenmarks PEN-modell.</p><p>Resultaten av intervjuerna har vi valt att presentera i form av porträtt där vi försökt lyfta fram olika citat av ungdomarnas upplevelser av arbetslöshet. Genom porträtten kan man utläsa att ungdomarna upplever den ekonomiska situationen som svår. Att inte ha råd med ett eget boende och därmed bli kvarboende hos föräldrar, är en av konsekvenserna av arbetslösheten. Även upplevelser av stress, sömnsvårigheter, oro, tristess och en frustration över att bara gå hemma förekommer i ungdomarnas berättelser. Även skam är något som uppkommer i ungdomarnas berättelser, men då arbetslöshet är ett så vanligt förekommande fenomen i dagens Sverige är det dock nämnvärt att även upplevelser av inte känna någon skam alls förknippad med sin arbetslöshetssituation också förekommer i berättelserna.</p><p> </p> / <p>The purpose of this qualitative study has been to get an understanding of how unemployed young people can experience their situation. The data was collected through ten interviews with unemployed young people between ages 20-25 years and who had been unemployed during a time of at least three months. Two theoretical perspectives have been used for our analysis, Marie Jahoda´s deprivationtheory and Mikael Nordenmark´s PEN-model.</p><p>The results of the interviews have we presented through portraits. Trough citations we have tried to emphasize young people´s different experiences of unemployment. From the portraits you can deduce that the young people experience their economic situation as difficult. One of the consequences of unemployment was the lack of money required to move to an own place and therefore been forced to remain in their parental home. Even experiences like stress, sleeping difficulties, anxiety, drabness and a frustration of just being at home occur in their stories. Shame is also something that emerge in the interviews, but then unemployment is so commonly existent phenomena in today´s society it´s worth mentioning that experiences like not feel any shame at all of being unemployed, even existed in the young people´s stories.</p><p> </p>

I denna kvalitativa uppsats har syftet varit att få en förståelse av hur arbetslösa ungdomar kan uppleva sin situation. Datainsamlingen har skett genom tio intervjuer med arbetslösa ungdomar i åldrarna 20-25 år och som varit arbetslösa i minst tre månader. Två teoretiska perspektiv har använts vid analysen, Marie Jahodas deprivationsteori och Mikael Nordenmarks PEN-modell. Resultaten av intervjuerna har vi valt att presentera i form av porträtt där vi försökt lyfta fram olika citat av ungdomarnas upplevelser av arbetslöshet. Genom porträtten kan man utläsa att ungdomarna upplever den ekonomiska situationen som svår. Att inte ha råd med ett eget boende och därmed bli kvarboende hos föräldrar, är en av konsekvenserna av arbetslösheten. Även upplevelser av stress, sömnsvårigheter, oro, tristess och en frustration över att bara gå hemma förekommer i ungdomarnas berättelser. Även skam är något som uppkommer i ungdomarnas berättelser, men då arbetslöshet är ett så vanligt förekommande fenomen i dagens Sverige är det dock nämnvärt att även upplevelser av inte känna någon skam alls förknippad med sin arbetslöshetssituation också förekommer i berättelserna. / The purpose of this qualitative study has been to get an understanding of how unemployed young people can experience their situation. The data was collected through ten interviews with unemployed young people between ages 20-25 years and who had been unemployed during a time of at least three months. Two theoretical perspectives have been used for our analysis, Marie Jahoda´s deprivationtheory and Mikael Nordenmark´s PEN-model. The results of the interviews have we presented through portraits. Trough citations we have tried to emphasize young people´s different experiences of unemployment. From the portraits you can deduce that the young people experience their economic situation as difficult. One of the consequences of unemployment was the lack of money required to move to an own place and therefore been forced to remain in their parental home. Even experiences like stress, sleeping difficulties, anxiety, drabness and a frustration of just being at home occur in their stories. Shame is also something that emerge in the interviews, but then unemployment is so commonly existent phenomena in today´s society it´s worth mentioning that experiences like not feel any shame at all of being unemployed, even existed in the young people´s stories.

The essay discusses a process of change at probationservice office. The purpose of the change was to decrease specialisation and increase flexibility of the probation officers. The change encountered several problems where the correctional supervisor was percieved to act unsurely and indecisively whilst parts of the staff constructed and implimented several courses of action to prevent the process of change. / Uppsatsen behandlar en förändringsprocess på ett frivårdskontor. Förändringen syftade till att minska specialiseringen och öka flexibiliteten hos frivårdsinspektörerna. Förändringsprocessen stötte på flera problem där kriminalvårdsinspektören upplevdes agera osäkert och veligt samtidigt som delar av personalgruppen konstruerade och använde sig av flertalet handlingsstrategier för att motverka förändringen.

The aim of this paper was to examine the specific experience of being bicultural, what ackulturation strategy the person utilized and what influenced the use of this strategy. The findings were analyzed with the help of Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of habitus and cultural capital. The empirical data was collected through qualitative interviews with four women of Chilean background, who either were born in or had been living in Sweden since childhood. The results of the interviews showed that all the respondents predominantly utilized the integration strategy, meaning that they participated in and felt a connection to both the Swedish and Chilean culture. However three of them had elements of the separation strategy and one had elements of the assimilation strategy. The respondent’s stories revealed that factors like parent’s encouragement and expectations, the Swedish society’s inaccessibility, type of residential area and knowing the Swedish language, had all influenced the use of a specific strategy. By being bicultural, the respondents had experienced the feeling of being an outsider and a pressure to assimilate, but still valued the access to two different cultures as a resource. The results can be interpreted as there being a reciprocal and significant influence between ackulturation strategy and cultural capital/habitus.

Background That men are prioritised over women has been called the “gender regime in sport”, and has in part been explained by the gender difference in performance. However, gender differences in physical performance between women and men can be debated to depend on how comparisons are made and on the fact that there are many different confounders that may influence the results. Even if attempts are made to overcome this and the groups of women and men are stated to be matched, there are still often differences in training experience in years, or differences in training load. Women tend to have less experience in ice hockey in relation to age and differences in training conditions have also been reported. The aim of this thesis was to investigate how female and male ice hockey players position themselves in their sport and to visualise the interactions between society and biology that may affect performance. Theoretical approach and methods Harding’s three perspectives (Symbolic, Structural and Individual) were applied on information from team administration as well as on results from questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and tests of puck velocity, anthropometrics, body composition, isokinetic muscle strength, ergospirometry and on-ice tests from female and male ice hockey players. Results Vast differences in structural conditions were found, for example in hockey history and in the financial situation within the teams and both women and men were aware of the gender differences in structural conditions. However these differences were not even considered when comparisons of the ice hockey performance of women and men were made. Nine out of ten female players increased puck velocity when a more flexible stick and a lighter puck were used thus indicating that poorly adjusted equipment may affect performance. Male ice hockey players were taller, heavier and stronger, had more lean body mass and a higher aerobic capacity compared to the women in absolute values as well as in relation to body weight. However, the differences diminished or disappeared when the values were expressed in relation to lean body mass. Men had higher expectations on their situation as athletes and the interviewed women described men’s ice hockey as superior to theirs and consequently male ice hockey players deserved better conditions. Conclusions The views of women and men may affect structural conditions in sport which in turn may affect possibilities in sport for the individual. Gender differences in conditions thus risk confirming the traditional views of femininity and masculinity. However, by moving outside the normal gender boundaries individuals may change the traditional views of femininity and masculinity.

The overall aim of this thesis was to describe subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) from different perspectives. Focus was on patients at the time of diagnosis, impact of the disease in comparison to other chronic diseases, factors associated with good health and quality of life (QoL), and diagnostic spirometry in clinical practice. Methods: Qualitative method, grounded theory, was used to analyse patients´ perspectives at the time of diagnosis in a primary care setting (n=10). Public health surveys in the general population were used to compare chronic diseases (n=10,755) and analyse factors associated with health outcomes in COPD (n=1,475). Medical records and spirometry reports, from primary and secondary care, were analysed to assess diagnosis of COPD in clinical practice (n=533). Results: In clinical practice, 70% of patients at the time of diagnosis of COPD lacked spirometry results confirming the diagnosis. Factors related to consequences of smoking, shame and restrictions in physical activity (PA) in particular, were described by patients at the time of diagnosis of COPD. In general subjects with COPD (84%), rheumatoid arthritis (74%) and diabetes mellitus (72%) had an activity level considered too low to maintain good health. In COPD, the most important factor associated with good health and quality of life was a high level of PA. Odds ratios (OR (95%CI)) varied from 1.90 (1.47-2.44) to 7.57 (4.57-12.55) depending on the degree of PA, where subjects with the highest PA level had the best health and QoL. Conclusions: Subjects with COPD need to be diagnosed at an early stage, and health professionals should be aware that feelings of shame could delay patients from seeking care and thus obtaining a diagnosis. The use of spirometry and the diagnostic quality should be emphasised. In patients with COPD greater attention should be directed on increasing the physical activity level, as patients with a low level of physical activity display worse health and quality of life.

Bakgrunden till undersökningen är att arbetsplatsen är en viktig arena att arbeta hälsofrämjande på, eftersom en stor del av befolkningen nås via denna och olika hälsobeteenden kan påverkas innan ohälsa uppstår. En framgångsrik strategi för att skapa hälsosammare arbetsplatser är att arbeta med friskvård. Om människor ska kunna leva hälsosamt krävs att de får möjlighet att göra det även på arbetsplatsen, då hälsa bör ses ur ett helhetsperspektiv. EduTainer har utarbetat en metod för att arbeta med friskvård på företag. Ett företag som arbetat efter denna metod, med gott resultat, är Måleriproduktion AB. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vilka faktorer som underlättar respektive försvårar för friskvårdsarbete på Måleriproduktion AB samt att studera vilka faktorer som är viktiga hos den externa aktören för att uppnå ett framgångsrikt friskvårdsarbete på arbetsplatsen. Undersökningen baseras på kvalitativ metod och intervjuer har genomförts med åtta deltagare i friskvårdsarbetet. Resultatet och slutsatserna visar att faktorer som underlättar för friskvårdsarbete är inställning, socialt stöd, motivation, förändrade rutiner och en extern aktör. Faktorer som försvårar för friskvårdsarbete är tidsbrist, brist på gemensamma aktiviteter och andra faktorer på själva arbetsplatsen. Viktiga faktorer hos den externa aktören är att den förmedlar bred information samt att upplägget är varierande med föreläsningar, individuell rådgivning, tester och uppföljning. / The background for the study is that the workplace is an important arena to work with health promotion, since a large amount of the population can be reached by the workplace and different health behaviors can be affected before ill health appears. A successful strategy for creating healthy workplaces is to work with preventive health care. If people are going to be able to live healthy lives, they need to get the opportunity to live healthy even at the workplace, because health is supposed to be seen from a holistic point of view. EduTainer has created a method, used for companies, to work with preventive health care. A company which has adopted this method, with good results, is Måleriproduktion AB. The aim of this study is to examine what factors that simplify respectively complicate working with preventive health care at Måleriproduktion AB and to study what factors that are important for the external operator to achieve a successful preventive health care-work at the workplace. The study is based on qualitative method and interviews have been made with eight participants of the preventive health care-work. The result and the conclusions show that the factors that simplify working with preventive health care-work are attitude, social support, motivation, a change of routines and an external operator. Factors that complicate working with preventive health care are lack of time, lack of common activities and other factors at the workplace itself. Important factors for the external operator are that the information is widely mediated and that the framing is varied with lectures, individual counselling, tests and follow up.

The pre-school is seen by many as the place where children get equipped for the future and the challenges there of. One of the most important aims according of the curriculum for Swedish preschools is that children get the opportunity, in interaction with the pedagogues, to develop their identity and to feel secure and satisfied with themself. Although, in the curriculum of the Swedish preschool system there is a comprehensive focus on the children’s competencies and learning, the importance that the children feel secure is not that prominent. Consequently a paradox occurs between the focus on children’s competencies and their need for care. The focus of this study is to investigate how this effects the pedagogues work with the children’s self-esteem.   The study investigates the pedagogues views on self-esteem and how they work to strengthen and develop the childrens self-esteem. A qualitative method was used, based on interviews and observations, in order to get a verified picture of the pedagogues views on the above questions. The interviews took place in a pre-school in the south part of Stockholm. The study is based on the perspective sociology of childhood.  The result shows that the pedagogues child perspective is based on the ’competent child’ where the development of the children’s self-esteem developed with confirmation of the childrens competencies and performances. The childrens self-esteem is according to the pedagogues a concept they take for granted as a ’silent perspective’, instead of something outspoken and something they discuss between one another. In conclusion, to work with children's self-esteem and to make the work as meaningful as possible, it is important that the pedagogues are aware that there are several ways to it’s development both an inner subjective and outer, which they display. The result shows that much focus is placed on developing the outer performance-based self-esteem. As a consequence little focus is laid on the emotional acknowledgment necessary for the development of the subjective or the inner self-esteem.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2010. / Härtill 4 uppsatser. Pp. 62-73: Bibliography.