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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
91

Diversity and Dynamics of Algal Viruses in the Bay of Quinte

Rozon, Robin 17 July 2013 (has links)
To initiate algal virus research in the Bay of Quinte, three stations were sampled biweekly throughout 2011. By targeting algal virus DNA polymerase, major capsid protein genes (MCP), and a Microcystis aeruginosa cyanophage (Ma-LMM01) tail sheath protein gene, PCR amplification revealed diverse and unique Phycodnaviruses (viruses of eukaryotic algae) and cyanophage. When analysed statistically, patterns of virus abundance suggested that the seasonality of any one virus cannot be generalised to predict that of other viruses, even among closely related viruses. This study also demonstrated a strong relationship between algal virus abundance and host biomass. It was found that despite the apparent heterogeneity of virus abundance across the Bay, virus abundance patterns clustered by sampling date and geographic location. By providing evidence for diverse algal viruses with complex seasonality, this work highlights significant gaps in the current understanding of Bay of Quinte phytoplankton ecology.
92

Análise da atividade metabólica de bactérias persistentes após os procedimentos endodônticos de desinfecção: estudo molecular baseado em RNA e DNA / Metabolic activity analysis of persistent bacteria after endodontic disinfection procedures: RNA- and DNA-based molecular study

Laura Cristina Leite Nardello 08 February 2018 (has links)
Micro-organismos persistentes que permanecem viáveis e em níveis elevados nos canais radiculares após os procedimentos endodônticos podem influenciar no sucesso do tratamento endodôntico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a quantidade e a atividade metabólica de bactérias persistentes utilizando métodos moleculares baseados em rDNA e rRNA. Foram selecionados 15 pacientes com infecções endodônticas primárias assintomáticas. Amostras microbiológicas foram coletadas dos canais radiculares após a cirurgia de acesso (S1), após o preparo químico-cirúrgico realizado com Sistema Reciproc e NaOCl 2.5% (S2) e após medicação intracanal com Ca(OH)2 por 14 dias (S3). As amostras dos canais radiculares foram submetidas à extração de DNA e RNA. O RNA foi submetido à reação de transcrição reversa para confecção de DNA complementar (cDNA). O efeito dos procedimentos endodônticos na redução bacteriana foi determinado por qPCR baseada em rDNA, utilizando iniciadores universais para a região 16S rRNA do domínio Bacteria e iniciadores espécie-específicos para Bacteroidaceae [G-1] sp oral taxon 272. A atividade metabólica de bactérias totais e Bacteroidaceae [G-1] sp oral taxon 272 foi calculada pela razão rRNA/rDNA baseados nos dados dos ensaios de qPCR. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste de Wilcoxon para análise quantitativa e teste de McNemar para comparação da taxa de detecção dos métodos, com nível de significância de 5%. Todas as amostras S1 foram positivas para bactérias totais, com uma mediana de 1,87 x 105 cópias de rDNA por amostra. Após o preparo químico-cirúrgico houve uma redução significativa de rDNA de bactérias totais (mediana 7,86 x 104, P = 0,01). Entretanto, não houve redução de rDNA bacteriano após a medicação intracanal quando comparada à etapa anterior (mediana 7,97 x 104, P > 0,05). Os resultados da razão rRNA/rDNA revelaram que houve uma redução do metabolismo de bactérias totais em S2 (mediana 1, P = 0,04) e um aumento do metabolismo bacteriano em S3 (mediana 2, P = 0,04). Na análise de Bacteroidaceae [G-1] sp oral taxon 272, o tratamento endodôntico não influenciou na redução nem no metabolismo bacteriano. Concluiu-se que o número total de bactérias foi drasticamente reduzido após o preparo químico-cirúrgico, assim como seu metabolismo. Entretanto, o metabolismo bacteriano aumentou após o uso da medicação intracanal com Ca(OH)2. Bacteroidaceae [G-1] sp. oral taxon 272 permaneceu metabolicamente ativo após o preparo químico-cirúrgico e medicação intracanal, participando, assim, da composição da microbiota persistente. / High levels of microorganisms that persist viable in root canals after endodontic procedures may influence endodontic treatment outcome. This study aimed to evaluate the amount and the metabolic activity of persistent bacteria using rRNA- and rDNA-based molecular methods. Fifteen patients with primary endodontic infections were selected. Microbiological samples were taken from root canals after access cavity (S1), after chemomechanical preparation with Reciproc System and 2.5% NaOCl (S2) and after intracanal medication with calcium hydroxide for 14 days (S3). DNA and RNA were extracted from root canal samples, and cDNA was synthetized using reverse transcription reaction. The effect of endodontic procedures on bacterial reduction was determined by rDNA-based qPCR using universal primers for 16S rRNA Bacteria domain and species-specific primers to Bacteroidaceae [G-1] sp oral taxon 272. The metabolic activity of total bacteria and Bacteroidaceae [G-1] sp oral taxon 272 was calculated by rRNA/ rDNA ratio estimated by qPCR. The data was analyzed by the Wilcoxon test for quantitative analysis and McNemar test for comparison of the detection rate of the methods, with 5% significance level. All S1 samples were positive for total bacteria, with a median value of 1.87 x 105 bacterial cells. After chemomechanical preparation a significant reduction of bacterial rDNA was observed (median 7.86 x 104, P = 0.01). Nevertheless, there was no bacterial rDNA reduction after intracanal medication when compared to S2 samples (median 7.97 x 104, P > 0.05). The rRNA/ rDNA ratio showed a reduction of total bacteria metabolism in S2 (median 1, P = 0,04), and an increase of bacterial metabolism in S3 (median 2, P = 0,04). Bacteroidaceae [G-1] sp oral taxon 272 analysis showed that endodontic treatment did not impact the amount and the metabolic activity of this taxon. In conclusion, the number and metabolism of total bacteria were severely reduced after chemomechanical preparation. On the other hand, the bacterial metabolism increased after intracanal dressing with Ca(OH)2. Bacteroidaceae [G-1] sp. oral taxon 272 remained metabolically active after chemomechanical preparation and intracanal dressing thus participating in the composition of the persistent microbiota.
93

Detecção e contagem de Staphylococcus aureus causador da mastite bovina em amostras de leite pelo método de quantificação da reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real / Detection and counting of bovine mastitis causative Staphylococcus aureus in milk samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction method

Bruno Garcia Botaro 08 February 2012 (has links)
Os objetivos do presente estudo foram os de verificar a validade do método de reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (qPCR) para detectar e quantificar o Staphylococcus aureus em amostras de leite conservadas com bronopol oriundas de quartos mamários bovinos subclinicamente infectados, e de avaliar os efeitos da presença e da quantidade de células da bactéria sobre a contagem de células somáticas (CCS), a composição do leite (lactose, gordura, proteína bruta, proteína verdadeira e caseína), e a produção de leite de quartos mamários bovinos subclinicamente infectados pelo patógeno. Para a quantificação do S. aureus e das células somáticas bovinas por meio do qPCR, foi utilizado leite cru bovino para o preparo dos padrões como meio de diluição da inoculação seriada de células somáticas e do S. aureus ATCC 29213, e construídas as equações log10UFC = 37,86 23,54 log10CtSAU e log10CCS = 49,3 - 34,0 log10CtBMCB, com base nos resultados obtidos pelas metodologias de referência para cada procedimento. Para testar a equivalência dessas equações aos respectivos métodos de referência, determinar a sensibilidade e especificidade analíticas e a repetibilidade do método proposto, foram coletadas amostras de leite dos quartos mamários de 60 animais de 2 rebanhos leiteiros da região de Pirassununga dos quais se determinou previamente a ocorrência de casos subclínicos de mastite por S. aureus. Dos quartos mamários também foram mensuradas as produções e coletadas amostras de leite para análise de composição, diagnóstico da mastite, e determinação da sensibilidade e especificidade diagnósticas do procedimento de qPCR estabelecido no estudo. Cada amostra foi submetida à análise de composição, CCS, cultura microbiológica, contagem em placas do S. aureus, processadas para a extração do DNA genômico bovino e do S. aureus, e submetida à reação de qPCR. Para análise da concordância entre os resultados obtidos pelos métodos de referência para o diagnóstico da mastite por S. aureus e o de qPCR foi utilizado o teste Kappa. Para avaliação da equivalência das contagens obtidas pelos métodos de referência do S. aureus e de células somáticas bovinas, foi utilizado o teste das diferenças de Bland-Altman. Para a identificação do efeito da infecção subclínica pelo S. aureus sobre a composição e produção de leite do quarto mamário afetado foi utilizada a análise da variância num delineamento em parcelas subdivididas em faixas. Para estimar o grau de relação entre as contagens de S. aureus, a CCS, produção e composição do leite produzido pelo quarto mamário afetado foi utilizado o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. A correlação entre os resultados de contagem de células somáticas bovinas determinados pelos métodos de rotina e de qPCR para a quantificação de células somáticas apresentou coeficiente r = - 0,978 (P < 0,001). A correlação entre os resultados da contagem do S. aureus ATCC 29213 determinados pelos métodos de rotina e de qPCR para a quantificação do patógeno apresentou coeficiente r = - 0,989 (P < 0,001). A especificidade analítica do qPCR para a detecção do S. aureus em amostras de leite frente a Escherichia coli, Enterococcus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, os estafilococos coagulase-negativa, e as espécies coagulase-positiva Staphylococcus hyicus e Staphylococcus intermedius foi de 100%. O método de qPCR aplicado à detecção de Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 em amostras de leite é replicável e apresentou sensibilidade analítica com limite de detecção para a faixa de 10 UFC/mL à 4,2 x 106 UFC/mL. Em amostras de leite conservadas com bronopol provenientes de quartos mamários subclinicamente infectados, o S. aureus pôde ser detectado, mas não pôde ser quantificado pelo método de qPCR. Nessas amostras, a CCS pôde ser determinada de forma equivalente ao método de rotina. A CCS independe da contagem de S. aureus viáveis, mas foi observada correlação linear e negativa entre o número total de células do patógeno e a CCS. A mastite subclínica pelo S. aureus aumentou a CCS nos quartos mamários, mas não alterou a composição do leite. A doença diminuiu a produção de leite e de gordura dos quartos mamários anteriores acometidos pela infeção, mas não se observou efeito da interação entre o posicionamento da glândula e a infecção sobre a produção de leite. Houve correlação entre as concentrações de lactose (r = 0,42; P = 0,0051), de gordura (r = 0,46; P = 0,0016), de produção de gordura (r = 0,49; P = 0,001), e de leite com produção ajustada para o teor de 3,5% de gordura (r = 0,41; P = 0,006), e o número de S. aureus presentes na amostra de leite. / The objectives of this study were to verify the validity of the real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to detect and quantify Staphylococcus aureus in bronopol-preserved milk samples from subclinically infected mammary quarters, and to assess the effects of the presence and amount of the pathogen on the somatic cell count (SCC), the composition of milk and milk yield of bovine mammary quarters subclinically infected by the pathogen. In order to quantify S. aureus and bovine somatic cells through qPCR, raw bovine milk was used as a means of serial inoculation media of somatic cells and S. aureus ATCC 29213. From that, equations based on the reference methods for each procedure were built, log10UFC = 37,86 23,54 log10CtSAU and log10CCS = 49,3 - 34,0 log10CtBMCB, respectively. To test their equivalence with the reference methods, determine the analytical sensitivity and specificity, and repeatability of the proposed method, milk was sampled from quarters of 60 animals from two dairy herds in Pirassununga, where subclinical S. aureus mastitis cases had been previously diagnosed. Also, quarter milk yield had been measured and samples collected for milk composition analysis, diagnosis of mastitis, sensitivity and specificity of the procedure established in the study had been determined. Each sample was subjected to composition analysis, SCC, microbiological culture, plate counting of S. aureus, DNA extraction, and subjected to qPCR reaction. Agreement between results from reference methods and qPCR for the diagnosis of mastitis by S. aureus was assessed by Kappa test. Equivalence between S. aureus, SCC scores obtained by reference and qPCR was assessed with Bland-Altman procedures. The effect of S. aureus subclinical infection on milk composition and milk yield of affected quarters was measured using a strip plot design. To estimate the degree of relationship between the counts of S. aureus, SCC, yield and composition of the milk from affected quarters was assessed by the Pearson Correlation. Correlation between SCC determined by routine methods and qPCR was r = - 0.978 (P <0.001). Correlation between S. aureus ATCC 29213 determined by routine methods and qPCR was r = - 0.989 (P <0.001). Analytical specificity of qPCR to detect S. aureus in milk samples against Escherichia coli, Enterococcus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, coagulase-negative staphylococci and coagulase-positive species, Staphylococcus hyicus and Staphylococcus intermedius was 100%. The use of the qPCR to detect S. aureus ATCC 29213 in milk samples is replicable. Analytical sensitivity detection limit of the method ranged from 10 CFU/mL to 4.2 x 106 CFU/mL. S. aureus could be detected, but not quantified by qPCR in bronopol-conserved milk samples from subclinically infected quarters. In these samples, SCC could be determined by qPCR as it had been done by routine method. SCC was not dependent on S. aureus viable cells, but a negative linear correlation between the total number of cells of the pathogen and SCC was observed. S. aureus subclinical mastitis increased quarters SCC, but did not change milk composition. The disease decreased quarter milk and fat yield, but no interaction effect was observed between the gland positioning and S. aureus subclinical infection on milk production. Correlations between lactose (r = 0.42, P = 0.0051), fat (r = 0.46, P = 0.0016), fat yield (r = 0.49, P = 0.001), and 3.5% fat adjusted milk yield (r = 0.41, P = 0.006), and the number of S. aureus present in the milk sample were observed.
94

Análise do transcritôma e proteôma do colmo de cana-de-açúcar relacionada ao metabolismo da sacarose / Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of sugarcane culm relationaded to sucrose metabolism

Luis Felipe Boaretto 21 December 2011 (has links)
A cana-de-açúcar é uma importante cultura na economia brasileira, tanto pela produção de açúcar como pela produção de biocombustíveis, contabilizando mais de US$ 20 bilhões por ano, colocando o Brasil como o país produtor mais importante deste mercado. Por outro lado, a cana-de-açúcar atingiu o limite na produção de sacarose, um efeito da exploração da estreita base de genes utilizados nos cruzamentos dos programas de melhoramento convencional. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a dinâmica da acumulação de sacarose nos colmos da cana-de-açúcar, através da investigação da expressão gênica nos parênquimas de estocagem dos colmos das plantas de cana-deaçúcar durante o desenvolvimento, utilizando técnicas de transcritômica e proteômica. A variedade SP80-3280 foi cultivada em condições de casa de vegetação e os internós de 4-a-9 foram coletados aos 4, 7 e 10 meses de idade. Com o intuito de aumentar o conteúdo de sacarose, as plantas de 10 meses de idade foram submetidas a um período de estresse hídrico antes da coleta. Para todos os internós foram avaliados o conteúdo de açúcares solúveis e os internós 5 e 9 foram usados para análises do transcritoma e proteoma. Os perfis de expressão dos genes envolvidos no ciclo da sacarose para 4, 7 e 10 meses de idade foram estudados utilizando-se qPCR. A técnica da proteômica de 2D-PAGE foi utilizada para a comparação do perfil de expressão das proteínas entre os internós maduros, nas idades de 7 e 10 meses, e os spots selecionados foram identificados por LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS. O total de açúcares solúveis no parênquima de estocagem aumentou cerca de 2,5 vezes quando comparamos os internós maduros do colmo das plantas de 7 e 10 meses de idade. Este aumento pode ser explicado pela mudança da expressão dos genes envolvidos no metabolismo da sacarose. Sinais endógenos e exógenos à planta são responsáveis por dispararem o mecanismo de síntese da sacarose, o qual é frequentemente regulado pelas enzimas. Nós identificamos 81 proteínas de 7 e 10 meses, as quais incluem proteínas diferencialmente expressas e preferencialmente expressas. Os dados gerados pelo perfil de expressão gênica e análise do proteoma foram comparados no sentido de entender o mecanismo molecular envolvido no processo de acúmulo de sacarose. / Sugarcane is a important crop in the Brazilian economy for both, sugar and green biofuel production, accounting for more than US$ 20 billions/year, placing Brazil as the most important country in this trade. On the other hand sugarcane has reached a limit in sucrose production, an effect of the narrow gene pool used in current commercial breeding programs. Our objective was to assess the dynamics of sucrose accumulation in sugarcane stalks, by investigating the gene expression in the storage parenchyma of sugarcane plants during development, using transcriptomic and proteomic approches. Sugarcane variety (SP80-3280) was cultivated under greenhouse conditions and internodes 4-to-9 were harvested at 4, 7 and 10 months. In order to increase the sugar content, 10 month old plants were subjected to a period of water stress before sampling. All internodes were analyzed to evaluate the soluble sugars content, the internodes 5 and 9 were used in transcriptomic, and 9 was used in proteomic analyses. Expression profiles of genes involved in sucrose cycling from the 4, 7 and 10 month old plants were studied using qRT-PCR. Proteomic approaches (2D-PAGE) were done by comparing protein expression profiles between mature internode in 7 and 10 month, and the selected spots were identified by LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Total soluble sugars in the storage parenchyma increased around 2,5-fold when 7 and 10 month old internodes were compared. This rise could be explained by a change in the expression of genes involved in sucrose metabolism. Endogenous and exogenous signals trigger the mechanism of sucrose synthesis which is often regulated by enzymes and signaling sugars. We identified 81 proteins from the 7 and 10 month old which included differentially expressed and exclusive spots. The data from the gene expression and proteome analyses are compared in order to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in sucrose storage.
95

Análise in vitro da expressão de genes de adaptação e de patogenicidade de Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli em presença de fluido vascular de cana-de-açúcar / In vitro analysis of the expression of adaptation and pathogenicity genes of Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli in the presence of sugar cane vascular fluid

Lilian Luzia Beloti 17 July 2008 (has links)
O raquitismo das soqueiras da cana-de-açúcar (RSD) é causado pela bactéria Leifsonia xyli subp. xyli (Lxx), sendo uma das principais doenças dessa cultura. O seqüenciamento do genoma da Lxx trouxe novas perspectivas para um melhor entendimento de sua biologia, permitindo a elaboração de suposições sobre seus mecanismos de patogenicidade e adaptação. Estudos preliminares realizados em nosso laboratório mostraram que a adição de fluido vascular de cana-de-açúcar no meio de cultura promove um crescimento mais rápido da bactéria in vitro. Esses resultados levantaram a hipótese de que alguma substância sinalizadora presente no fluido vascular poderia ativar ou reprimir genes da bactéria relacionados ao reconhecimento do hospedeiro. Sendo assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi analisar in vitro o perfil de expressão gênica de possíveis genes relacionados à patogenicidade e adaptação de Lxx quando cultivada em presença de fluido vascular de cana-de-açúcar em períodos de cinco e vinte minutos. Desta forma, duas variedades de cana-de-açúcar, uma suscetível e outra resistente a Lxx, foram analisadas. O nível transcricional dos genes de interesse foi avaliado por PCR quantitativo em tempo real (RT-qPCR) pelo sistema SYBR® Green. Os genes hipotéticos de patogenicidade estudados codificam para uma celulase (celA) e uma protease (pat-1), que são homólogos a genes de Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Os genes supostamente envolvidos na adaptação ao hospedeiro foram os envolvidos na produção de peroxidase (per) e arginase (arg), relacionados com a resistência ao estresse oxidativo e supressão dos mecanismos de defesa do hospedeiro, respectivamente. No tratamento com fluido vascular da variedade suscetível apenas os genes celA e arg tiveram expressão induzida após cinco minutos de exposição ao fluido. Em presença de fluido vascular da variedade resistente, os genes celA e pat-1 foram positivamente regulados somente no período de cinco minutos, enquanto que o gene arg manteve regulação positiva nos dois períodos observados. O gene per foi reprimido em todos os tratamentos, exceto em fluido vascular da variedade resistente por vinte minutos. No período de vinte minutos, com exceção do gene celA todos os outros genes tiveram a expressão negativa em presença de fluido vascular da variedade suscetível. Estes resultados indicam que substâncias presentes no fluido de cana-de-açúcar atuam como sinais reguladores da expressão gênica em Lxx e esta regulação talvez seja necessária para adaptação e consequentemente colonização no hospedeiro. / Sugarcane ratoon stunting disease (RSD) is a major disease in that crop and is caused by the bacteria Leifsonia xyli subp. xyli (Lxx). Its genome sequencing brought new perspectives for a better understanding of its biology, allowing the elaboration of suppositions concerning its pathogenicity and adaptation mechanisms. Preliminary, studies showed that the addition of 20% vol / vol of sugarcane vascular fluid in the cultivation medium promotes a faster growth of the bacteria in vitro. These results raise the hypothesis that some signalizing molecule/substance in the vascular fluid does activate or repress the bacteria genes related to the host´s recognition.Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze in vitro the profile of gene expression of possible related genes to pathogenicity and adaptation of Lxx when cultivated in the presence of sugarcane vascular fluid in periods of five and 20 minutes. Two sugarcane varieties where analyzed, one susceptible and one resistant to Lxx. The transcription of the genes of interest was evaluated by quantitative real time PCR (RT-qPCR) by the SYBR® Green system. The hypothetic pathogenicity genes studied encode a cellulase (celA) and a protease (pat-)1, that are homologous to the Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis genes. The genes supposedly involved in the adaptation to the host where the ones involved in the production of peroxidase (per) and arginase (arg), related to the resistance of the oxidative stress and suppression of the host\'s defense mechanisms, respectivelyWith the Lxx susceptible variety\'s vascular fluid, only celA and arg genes had their expression induced after a five minutes exposure to the fluid. In presence of the resistant variety\'s vascular fluid, celA and pat-1 genes where positively regulated only in the exposure period of five minutes, while the arg gene maintained a positive regulation in both observed periods. The per gene was repressed in all treatments, except in the presence of the resistant variety\'s vascular for 20 minutes. In the 20 minutes period, with the exception of the celA gene, the other genes had negative expression in the presence of vascular fluid of the susceptible variety. These results indicate that substances present in the sugarcane fluid act as regulating signals for the Lxx gene expression and this regulation may be necessary for the adaptation and consequently colonization on the host.
96

A influência da antibioticoterapia na microbiota fecal de crianças em idade escolar. / The influence of antibiotic theray in fecal microbiota of schoolchildren.

Miriam Rodriguez Fernandes 12 May 2015 (has links)
De todas as influências exógenas que possam alterar a microbiota intestinal, os antimicrobianos são capazes de causar as mais rápidas e drásticas mudanças. O impacto da exposição aos antimicrobianos na microbiota intestinal causa diminuição no número de microrganismos ou mesmo supressão, dependendo do antimicrobiano utilizado, da dose e do tempo de exposição. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar de forma comparativa alguns microrganismos que compõem a microbiota fecal de crianças com e sem antibioticoterapia em idade escolar; bem como avaliar a susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos e os genes de resistência envolvidos. Foram coletadas amostras fecais não diarreicas de 30 crianças sem antibiótico (controle) e 31 de crianças com antibioticoterapia. Na análise quantitativa foi observada redução no número de cópias por g/fezes de: Bifidobacterium spp., B. fragilis, C. perfringens, E. coli, M. smithii e do filo Firmicutes nas amostras das crianças com antibióticos em relação ao grupo controle, exceto para Lactobacillus spp. e P. distasonis que apresentaram quantificação maior no grupo antibióticos quando comparados com o controle. E. coli foi isolada em 26 (86,7%) crianças controles e em 23 (74,2%) tratadas com antibióticos. A resistência foi verificada para diversas drogas no grupo controle exceto para ciprofloxacina, meropenem e tigeciclina; entretanto o grupo com antibioticoterapia apresentou elevada resistência para todas as drogas avaliadas, caracterizando os isolados desse estudo como MDR. Todos os isolados do grupo controle e antibióticos albergaram diversos genes de resistência, entretanto o gene blaKPC foi o único não detectado nos isolados do grupo controle. Desta forma, nossos dados demonstram que a antibioticoteria causa alterações qualitativas e quantitativas na microbiota intestinal; além disso, a elevada resistência as diversas classes de antimicrobianos das cepas de E. coli, bem como a presença de diversos genes de resistência ressalta a importância de cepas comensais serem MDR e albergarem esses genes. / Of all the exogenous influences that may alter the intestinal microbiota, antimicrobial agents are able to cause the more rapid and dramatic changes. The impact of exposure to antimicrobial agents on intestinal microbiota causes a decrease in the number of certain genera and species, depending on the antimicrobial agent used, dose and duration of exposure. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze comparatively some microorganisms that composing the fecal microbiota of children with and without antibiotic therapy in school age; and evaluates the antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance genes involved. Stool samples (not diarrhea) were collected of 30 children without antibiotic (control) and 31 children with antibiotic therapy. In quantitative analysis was observed decrease in the number of copies per g/feces: Bifidobacterium spp., B. fragilis, C. perfringens, E. coli, M. smithii and the phylum Firmicutes in samples of children with antibiotic therapy in relation to control group, except Lactobacillus spp. and P. distasonis that showed a higher quantification in the antibiotics group when compared with control group. E. coli was isolated in 26 (86.7 %) children controls and in 23 (74.2 %) children treated with antibiotics. The resistance was verified for several drugs in the control group except for ciprofloxacin, meropenem and tigecycline; however the group with antibiotic therapy showed high resistance to all drugs evaluated, characterizing isolates of this study as MDR. All isolates from control group and antibiotics harbored several resistance genes, however blaKPC gene was the only one not detected in isolates from the control group. Thus, our data demonstrate that the antibiotic therapy cause qualitative or quantitative changes in intestinal microbiota leading to a decrease in the diversity and the elimination of microorganisms; in addition, the high resistance the various classes of antimicrobial of the strains of E. coli, as well as the presence of several genes of resistance highlights the importance of commensal strains are MDR and harboring these genes.
97

The identification of novel regulatory elements in the promoters of heat shock response genes

Ncube, Sifelani January 2010 (has links)
Masters of Science / The main objective of this study was to investigate promoter sequences of putative HSR genes for the presence of unique regulatory elements and modules that might be involved in the regulation of HSR. In order to achieve this objective, an in silico promoter analysis strategy was devised, which focused on the identification of promoter sequences and regulatory elements, and modelling of promoter modules by using Genomatix software tools such as MatInspector and ModelInspector. Results showed that two modules (EGRF_SP1F_01 and SP1F_CEBP_01) were conserved in the promoter sequences of three well-known Hsp-genes (Hsp90, Hsp105β and αβ-crystallin). Screening the 60 target gene promoters for the presence of the two modules revealed that 12 genes (20 %) contained both modules. These included Moesin, Proline-4 hydroxylase, Poly(A) binding protein and Formin-binding protein. None of these genes had been previously associated with heat shock response. / South Africa
98

Compatibilité des bactéries phytobénéfiques Azospirillum et Pseudomonas dans la rhizosphère / Compatibility between the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria Azospirillum and Pseudomonas on roots

Couillerot, Olivier 04 December 2009 (has links)
Les bactéries rhizosphériques qualifiées de PGPR (Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria) forment des symbioses associatives avec les plantes, stimulant la croissance de ces dernières. Les PGPR présentent différents mécanismes phytobénéfiques (production de phytohormones, fixation non symbiotique de l’azote, etc.). Plusieurs PGPR sont susceptibles d’interagir avec la même plante hôte, et il est possible que leurs effets phytobénéfiques soient influencés par les interactions qu’elles auront les unes avec les autres. L’objectif de cette thèse était de caractériser la compatibilité des PGPR dans la rhizosphère d’une même plante hôte, dans le cas de modèles bactériens appartenant aux genres Azospirillum et Pseudomonas. Certains Pseudomonas phytobénéfiques produisant des métabolites antimicrobiens, comme le 2,4-diacétylphloroglucinol (DAPG), nous avons tout d’abord examiné si la capacité à produire du DAPG pouvait inhiber Azospirillum. Les expériences de confrontation réalisées in vivo avec P. fluorescens F113 et un mutant DAPG-négatif, en système gnotobiotique, ont montré que la colonisation racinaire et l’activité phytostimulatrice de certaines PGPR Azospirillum pouvaient effectivement être diminuées en présence de Pseudomonas producteurs de DAPG. Pour évaluer la colonisation racinaire par Azospirillum en sol non stérile, des outils de PCR quantitative en temps réel ont été développés et validés pour trois souches de premier plan (A. lipoferum CRT1, A. brasilense UAP-154 et CFN-535). L’utilisation de ces outils a permis la comparaison de ces trois souches d’Azospirillum, chacune co-inoculée avec la souche P. fluorescens F113 productrice de DAPG, sur du maïs cultivé en sol non stérile. Les niveaux de colonisation racinaire différaient selon la souche d’Azospirillum, et la combinaison de microorganismes phytobénéfiques conduisait à une meilleure croissance du maïs par comparaison avec des plantes non inoculées. Les résultats suggèrent que des PGPR des genres Pseudomonas et Azospirillum peuvent être compatibles dans la rhizosphère d’une même plante, même si les premiers ont le potentiel d’inhiber certains des seconds par la production de métabolites secondaires antimicrobiens / Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) can form an associative symbiosis with plants, which results in stimulation of plant growth. PGPR harbour different phytobeneficial mechanisms (non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation, phytohormone synthesis, etc.). Various PGPR can interact with the same host plant, and it is possible that their phytobeneficial effects will be influenced by the interactions between these PGPR. The objective of this doctoral work was to characterize PGPR compatibility in the rhizosphere of the same host plant, in the case of model bacteria belonging to the genera Azospirillum and Pseudomonas. Because certain phytobeneficial Pseudomonas produce antimicrobial metabolites, such as 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG), we have first examined if DAPG production capacity could be involved in Azospirillum inhibition. In vivo experiments, performed with P. fluorescens F113 and a DAPG-negative mutant in gnotobiotic systems, showed that root colonization and phytostimulation activity of certain Azospirillum PGPR was indeed affected in the presence of DAPG-producing Pseudomonas. In order to evaluate Azospirillum root colonization in non-sterile soil, real-time quantitative PCR tools were developed and validated for three prominent Azospirillum strains (A. lipoferum CRT1, A. brasilense UAP-154 and CFN-535). The use of these real-time PCR tools enabled the comparison of the three Azospirillum strains, each co-inoculated with the DAPG-producing strain P. fluorescens F113, in the rhizosphere of maize grown in non-sterile soil. Root colonization levels differed according to the Azospirillum strain, and the combination of phytobeneficial microorganisms led to enhanced maize growth in comparison with non-inoculated plants. These results suggest that PGPR belonging to the genera Pseudomonas and Azospirillum may be compatible in the rhizosphere of a same plant, even if the former have the potential to inhibit some of the latter by producing antimicrobial secondary metabolites
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Praktické aspekty analýzy jednotlivých buněk pomocí RT-qPCR / Practical aspects of single-cell RT-qPCR analysis

Žucha, Daniel January 2020 (has links)
Recent breakthroughs in the RNA quantification of single cells are rapidly transforming the view on biology and medicine. Flexibility and sensitivity of reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) make it an ideal method for quantification of single-cell material, but its limits had not been yet fully explored. In this thesis, various factors influencing RT-qPCR performance in single-cell application have been assessed, including conditions of sample collection and processing, importance of quality control, performance of reverse transcription, preamplification and role of qPCR assays. We showed that prolonged time for single cell collection as well as repeated freeze-thaw cycles had negligible effect on RT-qPCR data quality. Direct lysis routinely applied for RNA extraction from single cells may be scaled up to 256 cells. The comprehensive comparison of 11 reverse transcriptases in low RNA input conditions identified 2 best-performing enzymes. Decrease in preamplification volume as well as poor primer design resulted in the loss of sensitivity. Finally, the established workflow has been applied to profile gene expression of astrocytes in mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) identifying important components of ALS-induced changes to astrocyte transcriptome. Altogether, the thesis...
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ENVIRONMENTAL ASSOCIATIONS OF OPHIDIOMYCES OPHIODIICOLA PRESENCE, THE CAUSITIVE AGENT OF SNAKE FUNGAL DISEASE

Nicholas Gerald Friedeman (12469515) 27 April 2022 (has links)
<p>  </p> <p>Emerging pathogenic fungi have become a topic of conservation concern due to declines seen in several host taxa. One newly emerging fungal pathogen, <em>Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola</em>, has been well documented as the causative agent of Snake Fungal Disease (SFD). SFD has been found in a variety of snake species across the United States, including the Eastern Massasauga (<em>Sistrurus catenatus</em>), a federally threatened rattlesnake species. Most work to date has involved detecting SFD for diagnosis of infection through direct sampling from snakes. Attempts to detect <em>O. ophiodiicola</em> in the environment to better understand its distribution, seasonality, and habitat associations are lacking. I collected topsoil and ground water samples from four macrohabitat types in northern Michigan at a site where SFD infection has been seen in Eastern Massasauga. I used a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay targeting the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) developed for diagnosis of SFD after extracting DNA from samples. <em>Ophidiomyces</em> DNA was successfully detected in topsoil, with minimal to no detection in groundwater samples. The frequency in which <em>Ophidiomyces</em> was detected in a sample did not differ between habitats, but samples grouped seasonally showed higher detection occurring during mid-summer. Investigation of the correlation of environmental parameters on <em>Ophidiomyces</em> occurrence recovered no relationships. Our data suggests that season has some effect on the presence of <em>Ophidiomyces</em>. Differences between habitats may exist but are likely more dependent on the time of sampling and currently uninvestigated soil parameters. These findings build on our understanding of <em>Ophidiomyces</em> ecology and epidemiology and inform where snakes like the Eastern Massasauga may be encountering the fungal pathogen. Furthermore, they assist with developing conservation practices aimed at reducing <em>O. ophiodiicola </em>exposure in imperiled snake species. </p>

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