<p>Oro är ett allmänmänskligt fenomen som kan vara både till nytta och skada för oss. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om det finns någon skillnad mellan högoroare respektive lågoroare vad gäller vilken funktion oron fyller (Worry Automatic Thought Questionnaire) och orosinnehåll (Student Worry Scale), undersöka eventuella könsskillnader samt jämföra ett mått på frekvens och intensitet i den allmänna oron (Penn State Worry Questionnaire) med ett allmänt ångestmått (Beck Anxiety Inventory). Undersökningsdeltagarna utgjordes av 40 psykologistudenter och 70 polisstudenter och könsfördelningen var jämn. Signifikant samband mellan totalpoäng på PSWQ och totalpoäng på BAI erhölls. Högoroare oroade sig signifikant mer av vidskepliga skäl, för att undvika eller förhindra något ont från att hända, i förberedande syfte, för att få motivation samt som distraktion från mer emotionella saker, jämfört med lågoroare. De oroade sig signifikant mer än lågoroare över akademiska krav, arbetet, personliga relationer och vad andra tycker om dem. Högoroande kvinnor oroade sig signifikant mer än högoroande män över hälsoaspekter och vad andra tycker om dem. Lågoroande kvinnor oroade sig signifikant mer än lågoroande män över akademiska krav. Avsaknaden av flera signifikanta könsskillnader tros delvis bero på för få undersökningsdeltagare.</p>

Oro är ett allmänmänskligt fenomen som kan vara både till nytta och skada för oss. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om det finns någon skillnad mellan högoroare respektive lågoroare vad gäller vilken funktion oron fyller (Worry Automatic Thought Questionnaire) och orosinnehåll (Student Worry Scale), undersöka eventuella könsskillnader samt jämföra ett mått på frekvens och intensitet i den allmänna oron (Penn State Worry Questionnaire) med ett allmänt ångestmått (Beck Anxiety Inventory). Undersökningsdeltagarna utgjordes av 40 psykologistudenter och 70 polisstudenter och könsfördelningen var jämn. Signifikant samband mellan totalpoäng på PSWQ och totalpoäng på BAI erhölls. Högoroare oroade sig signifikant mer av vidskepliga skäl, för att undvika eller förhindra något ont från att hända, i förberedande syfte, för att få motivation samt som distraktion från mer emotionella saker, jämfört med lågoroare. De oroade sig signifikant mer än lågoroare över akademiska krav, arbetet, personliga relationer och vad andra tycker om dem. Högoroande kvinnor oroade sig signifikant mer än högoroande män över hälsoaspekter och vad andra tycker om dem. Lågoroande kvinnor oroade sig signifikant mer än lågoroande män över akademiska krav. Avsaknaden av flera signifikanta könsskillnader tros delvis bero på för få undersökningsdeltagare.

L’objet de cette recherche expérimentale est d’analyser le statut, le rôle et l’influence de la préparation mentale sur la performance individuelle du footballeur professionnel évoluant dans des équipes françaises. L’échantillon est constitué de 168 joueurs professionnels de sexe masculin ayant une moyenne d’âge égale à 25,7 (± 4,8) et issus de trois niveaux de jeu : Ligue 1, Ligue 2, National. Une équi-répartition de la population expérimentale a permis une description et une analyse détaillée des modalités de l’entraînement mental dans ce sport collectif. La méthode expérimentale retenue fut le questionnaire. Cet outil d’enquête a été construit à partir de questions fermées, avec une échelle de 1 à 9, et sous forme de classement. L’ensemble du « questionnaire joueur » porte sur 35 questions sous administration directe. Nous avons procédé à une distribution de 232 questionnaires afin d’optimiser le taux de retour qui s’est élevé à 168 unités (72,4 %). Les résultats de l’étude ont montré que la prise en charge du facteur psychologique est très peu traitée dans les clubs par des préparateurs mentaux ou des psychologues du sport diplômés et par l’entraîneur, au contraire des aspects technico-tactiques et physiques qui sont, quant à eux, traités de façon très importante par lui-même et son staff. L’absence de préparation mentale a très peu d’influence sur la performance individuelle ce qui contraint les joueurs à s’autogérer mentalement. Cette autogestion a beaucoup d’influence sur la performance individuelle et produit un effet modéré sur la performance collective. Selon la population de l’étude, le mode de prise en charge des facteurs psychologiques détermine le niveau de performance individuelle du footballeur professionnel. L’autogestion a beaucoup d’influence tandis que l’absence de préparation mentale en a très peu. Ce travail de recherche a démontré que la psychologie du sport est jugée comme un pilier de la pratique des footballeurs, mais son institutionnalisation demeure instable et fragile. L’étude a démontré que le suivi psychologique doit s’installer avec des professionnels diplômés dans les clubs français pour accompagner les joueurs dans leur quête de performance. Cette longue recherche expérimentale a tenté d’apporter une nouvelle pierre à l’édifice de la préparation mentale dans le football. / The aim of this experimental research is to analyze the status, role and impact of mental preparation on the individual performance of professional footballers playing in French teams. The sample population comprises 168 male professional footballers, with an average age of 25.7 (+/- 4.8 years), playing in three French leagues: Ligue 1, Ligue 2 and National. An equidistribution of the sample population enabled a detailed analysis and description of the different types of mental preparation in this team sport. A questionnaire was used as the experimental method. The “player questionnaire” comprised 35 self-administered closed questions, and players were asked to position their answers on a ranking scale of 1 to 9. 232 questionnaires were distributed, in order to receive a significant number of responses; 168 units were completed and returned to us (return rate of 72.4%). Psychological factors are rarely addressed in football clubs, whether by sports psychologists, mental trainers, or managers. In contrast, great stock is given to the physical, technical and tactical aspects of the game by managers and their staff. The lack of organized mental preparation means that this mode of preparation has little influence on individual performance, so players have to manage the mental side of their game themselves. This self-management has a considerable influence on individual performance, but only a moderate influence on team performance. According to the sample population, the way in which psychological factors are addressed affects the individual performance levels of professional footballers. While self-management has considerable influence, the lack of mental preparation results in little influence. This research demonstrates that while sports psychology is deemed to be an essential part of training footballers, its formal use as a practice in clubs remains patchy and inconsistent. The study shows that psychological monitoring needs to be implemented in French clubs, with certified professionals helping players to improve their performance levels. This long experimental research has striven to contribute to awareness about and practice of mental preparation in football.

Os indivíduos diferem em suas preferências quanto ao horário para alocar períodos de sono e de atividade. Essas diferenças inter-individuais se devem, parcialmente, ao relógio biológico que controla funções relacionadas à expressão gênica, secreção hormonal, temperatura corporal, funções cognitivas e comportamentais como o ciclo sono-vigília. O presente estudo cronobiológico teve como objetivo principal avaliar em uma amostra populacional de estudantes universitários da região sul do Brasil, a distribuição dos cronotipos e estudar a relação entre cronotipo e as seguintes variáveis: ponto médio de sono nos dias livres e nos dias de atividade (estudo), bem como avaliar a consistência interna, confiabilidade e concordância entre o Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ) e o Questionário de Cronotipo de Horne e Östberg (HO) para identificar cronotipos. Com a análise discriminante dos parâmetros de sono para o cronotipo vespertino destaca-se a importância de se obter preditores mais fáceis para a tipologia vespertina visto que essa característica tem sido associada a alguns riscos de transtornos comportamentais e mentais. Duzentos e quarenta e quatro estudantes universitários (59.0% mulheres), com idade de 17-35 anos, foram analisados através de um estudo transvesal. O Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (MCTQ) foi usado para avaliar os parâmetros de sono nos dias livres e de trabalho (estudo) e o Morningness/Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) para avaliar os cronotipos. Os dados foram analisados através da curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic curve) e de uma análise discriminante. As variáveis que apresentaram os mais altos coeficientes discriminantes foram: o ponto médio de sono nos dias livres (0.89) e o início do sono nos dias livres (0.86). Testando os valores de diagnóstico da fase do ponto médio de sono para identificar o tipo vespertino observou-se que a área sob a curva ROC foi de 76%. Este estudo mostrou uma boa sensibilidade e especificidade para identificar o cronotipo vespertino com esses parâmetros de sono. Conclui-se, portanto, que estes parâmetros sejam úteis para identificar o cronotipo vespertino podendo ser usados para propósitos de pesquisa e na prática clínica. / Individuals differ in their preferences to allocate the time periods of sleep and activity. These inter-individual differences are due partly to the biological clock that controls functions related to gene expression, hormone secretion, body temperature, cognitive and behavioral functions such as sleep-wake cycle. This chronobiological study aimed to evaluate a sample of university students in southern Brazil, the distribution of chronotypes and to study the relationship between chronotype and the following variables: mid- sleep on free days and days of activity (study), and to assess the internal consistency, reliability and agreement between the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ) and the Morningness/Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) of Horne and Östberg (HO) to identify chronotypes. By discriminant analysis of sleep parameters for the evening chronotype highlights the importance of obtaining easier predictors to the evening typology since such characteristic has been associated with some risks of mental and behavioral disorders.Two hundred and forty four undergraduate students (59.0% women), 17- 35 years old, were assessed in a cross-sectional study. The Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (MCTQ) was used to evaluate sleep parameters on free days and work days and the Morningness/Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) to assess chronotypes. The data were analyzed by the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve and a discriminant analysis. The variables that presented the highest discriminant coefficients were mid-sleep on free days (0.89) and sleep onset on free days (0.86). Testing the diagnostic values of mid-sleep phase to identify eveningtype it was observed that the area under the ROC curve was 76%. This study showed a good sensitivity and specificity to identify the evening chronotype with these sleep parameters. We conclude that these parameters are useful to identify evening typology and can be used both to research purposes and clinical practice.

1 ABSTRACT PHARMACY STUDENTS' QUALITY OF LIFE Student: Karolína Horáková Tutor: PharmDr. Jitka Pokladníková, Ph.D. Dept. of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Czech Republic Introduction: The quality of life of pharmacy students may change throughout their university life and differ from the quality of life of the general population. In the Czech Republic, quality of life of pharmacy students was not yet examined. Aim: The aim was to determine the quality of life of second year students at the Faculty of Pharmacy at Charles University in Hradec Králové. Secondary aim was to compare results of the Bern Subjective Well-Being Questionnaire with the short version of World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire and the Subjective quality of life analysis questionnaire. Methods: The data were collected during 2011. Questionnaires were filled in by second-year students of Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové. The Bern Subjective Well-Being Questionnaire, the short version of World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire and the Subjective quality of life analysis questionnaire were used. The data were analyzed using the MS Excel computer program. Results: The results of the questionnaires showed that most of the students rated their...

In recent years, the interest in mental strain has increased, mainly due to the increasing demands of the individual professions. The consequences of mental strain can also influence private life, so it is important to solve such situation. The diploma thesis deals with the psychological burden of the employees in a private company that produces CNC machine parts. The aim was to find out what the level of mental strain on all employees of the company is, using the method of quantitative and qualitative research. Three research questions have been identified. I have examined whether the demographic factors of the worker, the physical factors in the working environment and the way of rest after work affect the psychological burden. The investigation was carried out using three hypotheses. I assumed that a significant level of psychological burden would be present in relation to the age and that it would also vary by gender. I also expected that the differences in the level of psychological burden would be present depending on the length of the years worked in the company. A qualitative survey was conducted using sixteen open questions in a semi-structured interview. The results were divided into eleven categories and there was a mind map created for each of them. For better understanding of the mind maps, the data was extended by quantitative questionnaire research, which was implemented using standardized CBI questionnaires (Copenhagen Burnout Inventory) and the Meister questionnaire. Questionnaire survey was carried out at each workplace of the surveyed company. The data were processed statistically and graphically. Mixed research has not shown a significant level of mental strain on company employees. When compared the ratio of mental strain in relation to gender, it has shown that the strain on both men and women is the same. The length of employment in the company has not reflected into increased rates of mental strain.

Purpose The purpose of the study was to investigate if the aggression levels differs between the sports swimming, thaiboxing and slalom skiing. There is no knowledge of aggression levels in these sports in a Swedish context. Method Quantitative method was used for data collection in the study and 66 questionnaires were distributed to men and women in swimming, thaiboxing and slalom skiing. A validated questionnaire, The Aggression Questionnaire (AQ), was translated into Swedish. The factors that were investigated in the questionnaire were verbal aggression, anger, hostility and physical aggression and the questionnaire included 29 statements. In total, 65 participants answered the questionnaire and the response rate was 98 %. Descriptive statistics were used to investigate differences in aggression levels, gender, age and sport. The age of the participants was divided into three categories, under 20, from 20-29 and over 30. Results The results showed that there were significant differences in aggression levels between the different sports. The aggression levels were highest in slalom and lowest in swimming. In addition, the results showed that there is a gender difference between women and men and men had higher aggression. In total, the men in slalom had the highest levels of aggression while the women in swimming had the lowest levels. The women in thaiboxing had the highest levels of aggression among all women. Finally, the results showed that the aggression levels were lowest among those over 30 years. Conclusions This study shows that there are differences in aggression levels among sports swimming, thaiboxing and slalom, and that there are gender differences. Men in slalom skiing had the highest levels of aggression while the women in swimming had the lowest. The conclusion is that in sports with high level of aggression it is beneficial to discuss and learn how to deal with the aggression. / Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om aggressionsnivån skiljer sig mellan de olika sporterna simning, thaiboxning och slalom. Det saknas kunskap om aggressionsnivåer i dessa sporter i en svensk kontext. Metod Kvantitativ metod användes för datainsamling i denna studie och 66 enkäter delades ut till aktiva kvinnor och män i sporterna simning, thaiboxning och slalom. En validerad enkät, The Aggression Questionnaire (AQ), användes översatt till svenska. De olika faktorer som undersöktes i enkäten var verbal aggression, ilska, fientlighet och fysisk aggression. Sextiofem deltagare besvarade enkäten och svarsfrekvensen i studien var 98%. Deskriptiv statistik användes för att undersöka skillnader i aggressionsnivåer, kön, ålder och sport. Deltagarna delades upp i tre ålderskategorier, yngre än 20, mellan 20 - 29 och över 30 år. Resultat Resultaten visade att det finns signifikanta skillnader i aggressionsnivå mellan de olika sporterna. Aggressionsnivåer var högst bland slalomåkare och lägst i sporten simning. Dessutom visade resultaten att det är skillnad mellan kvinnor och män och män hade högre aggression. De slalomåkande männen hade högst i sammanlagda poäng medan kvinnorna i simning hade lägst. Thaiboxande kvinnor hade högst bland kvinnorna i den sammanlagda poängen. Avslutningsvis visade studien att personer över 30 år hade lägre aggressionsnivå än yngre. Slutsatser Studien visar att det fanns skillnader i aggressionsnivå mellan utövare i thaiboxning, slalom och simning. Männen i slalom skattade högst i alla aspekter som mätte aggression förutom fientlighet medan kvinnorna i simning skattade lägst. Slutsatser som dras är att i de sporter där det är hög aggressionsnivå kan det vara bra att jobba med sin ilska och lära sig att hantera den.

Os indivíduos diferem em suas preferências quanto ao horário para alocar períodos de sono e de atividade. Essas diferenças inter-individuais se devem, parcialmente, ao relógio biológico que controla funções relacionadas à expressão gênica, secreção hormonal, temperatura corporal, funções cognitivas e comportamentais como o ciclo sono-vigília. O presente estudo cronobiológico teve como objetivo principal avaliar em uma amostra populacional de estudantes universitários da região sul do Brasil, a distribuição dos cronotipos e estudar a relação entre cronotipo e as seguintes variáveis: ponto médio de sono nos dias livres e nos dias de atividade (estudo), bem como avaliar a consistência interna, confiabilidade e concordância entre o Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ) e o Questionário de Cronotipo de Horne e Östberg (HO) para identificar cronotipos. Com a análise discriminante dos parâmetros de sono para o cronotipo vespertino destaca-se a importância de se obter preditores mais fáceis para a tipologia vespertina visto que essa característica tem sido associada a alguns riscos de transtornos comportamentais e mentais. Duzentos e quarenta e quatro estudantes universitários (59.0% mulheres), com idade de 17-35 anos, foram analisados através de um estudo transvesal. O Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (MCTQ) foi usado para avaliar os parâmetros de sono nos dias livres e de trabalho (estudo) e o Morningness/Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) para avaliar os cronotipos. Os dados foram analisados através da curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic curve) e de uma análise discriminante. As variáveis que apresentaram os mais altos coeficientes discriminantes foram: o ponto médio de sono nos dias livres (0.89) e o início do sono nos dias livres (0.86). Testando os valores de diagnóstico da fase do ponto médio de sono para identificar o tipo vespertino observou-se que a área sob a curva ROC foi de 76%. Este estudo mostrou uma boa sensibilidade e especificidade para identificar o cronotipo vespertino com esses parâmetros de sono. Conclui-se, portanto, que estes parâmetros sejam úteis para identificar o cronotipo vespertino podendo ser usados para propósitos de pesquisa e na prática clínica. / Individuals differ in their preferences to allocate the time periods of sleep and activity. These inter-individual differences are due partly to the biological clock that controls functions related to gene expression, hormone secretion, body temperature, cognitive and behavioral functions such as sleep-wake cycle. This chronobiological study aimed to evaluate a sample of university students in southern Brazil, the distribution of chronotypes and to study the relationship between chronotype and the following variables: mid- sleep on free days and days of activity (study), and to assess the internal consistency, reliability and agreement between the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ) and the Morningness/Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) of Horne and Östberg (HO) to identify chronotypes. By discriminant analysis of sleep parameters for the evening chronotype highlights the importance of obtaining easier predictors to the evening typology since such characteristic has been associated with some risks of mental and behavioral disorders.Two hundred and forty four undergraduate students (59.0% women), 17- 35 years old, were assessed in a cross-sectional study. The Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (MCTQ) was used to evaluate sleep parameters on free days and work days and the Morningness/Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) to assess chronotypes. The data were analyzed by the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve and a discriminant analysis. The variables that presented the highest discriminant coefficients were mid-sleep on free days (0.89) and sleep onset on free days (0.86). Testing the diagnostic values of mid-sleep phase to identify eveningtype it was observed that the area under the ROC curve was 76%. This study showed a good sensitivity and specificity to identify the evening chronotype with these sleep parameters. We conclude that these parameters are useful to identify evening typology and can be used both to research purposes and clinical practice.

Os indivíduos diferem em suas preferências quanto ao horário para alocar períodos de sono e de atividade. Essas diferenças inter-individuais se devem, parcialmente, ao relógio biológico que controla funções relacionadas à expressão gênica, secreção hormonal, temperatura corporal, funções cognitivas e comportamentais como o ciclo sono-vigília. O presente estudo cronobiológico teve como objetivo principal avaliar em uma amostra populacional de estudantes universitários da região sul do Brasil, a distribuição dos cronotipos e estudar a relação entre cronotipo e as seguintes variáveis: ponto médio de sono nos dias livres e nos dias de atividade (estudo), bem como avaliar a consistência interna, confiabilidade e concordância entre o Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ) e o Questionário de Cronotipo de Horne e Östberg (HO) para identificar cronotipos. Com a análise discriminante dos parâmetros de sono para o cronotipo vespertino destaca-se a importância de se obter preditores mais fáceis para a tipologia vespertina visto que essa característica tem sido associada a alguns riscos de transtornos comportamentais e mentais. Duzentos e quarenta e quatro estudantes universitários (59.0% mulheres), com idade de 17-35 anos, foram analisados através de um estudo transvesal. O Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (MCTQ) foi usado para avaliar os parâmetros de sono nos dias livres e de trabalho (estudo) e o Morningness/Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) para avaliar os cronotipos. Os dados foram analisados através da curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic curve) e de uma análise discriminante. As variáveis que apresentaram os mais altos coeficientes discriminantes foram: o ponto médio de sono nos dias livres (0.89) e o início do sono nos dias livres (0.86). Testando os valores de diagnóstico da fase do ponto médio de sono para identificar o tipo vespertino observou-se que a área sob a curva ROC foi de 76%. Este estudo mostrou uma boa sensibilidade e especificidade para identificar o cronotipo vespertino com esses parâmetros de sono. Conclui-se, portanto, que estes parâmetros sejam úteis para identificar o cronotipo vespertino podendo ser usados para propósitos de pesquisa e na prática clínica. / Individuals differ in their preferences to allocate the time periods of sleep and activity. These inter-individual differences are due partly to the biological clock that controls functions related to gene expression, hormone secretion, body temperature, cognitive and behavioral functions such as sleep-wake cycle. This chronobiological study aimed to evaluate a sample of university students in southern Brazil, the distribution of chronotypes and to study the relationship between chronotype and the following variables: mid- sleep on free days and days of activity (study), and to assess the internal consistency, reliability and agreement between the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ) and the Morningness/Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) of Horne and Östberg (HO) to identify chronotypes. By discriminant analysis of sleep parameters for the evening chronotype highlights the importance of obtaining easier predictors to the evening typology since such characteristic has been associated with some risks of mental and behavioral disorders.Two hundred and forty four undergraduate students (59.0% women), 17- 35 years old, were assessed in a cross-sectional study. The Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (MCTQ) was used to evaluate sleep parameters on free days and work days and the Morningness/Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) to assess chronotypes. The data were analyzed by the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve and a discriminant analysis. The variables that presented the highest discriminant coefficients were mid-sleep on free days (0.89) and sleep onset on free days (0.86). Testing the diagnostic values of mid-sleep phase to identify eveningtype it was observed that the area under the ROC curve was 76%. This study showed a good sensitivity and specificity to identify the evening chronotype with these sleep parameters. We conclude that these parameters are useful to identify evening typology and can be used both to research purposes and clinical practice.

Introduction: Le traitement de la rhinite allergique (RA) est maintenant bien établi et la plupart des patients atteints par cette maladie y répondent. Néanmoins, il existe un pourcentage de patients qui ne sont pas contrôlés, malgré un traitement maximal, amenant au concept de SCUAD (Severe Chronic Upper Airway Disease), acronyme anglais pour "atteinte sévère et chronique des voies aériennes supérieures". En Chine, les données concernant la RA non contrôlée et le SCUAD sont insuffisantes. Le test de contrôle de la rhinite allergique (Allergic Rhinitis Control Test, ARCT) est un outil validé pour évaluer le contrôle de la RA et identifier la RA sévère. Néanmoins, l'ARIA (Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma, acronyme anglais pour Rhinite Allergique et son Impact sur l'Asthme) n'offre pas de définition claire du contrôle de la RA et, du fait de l'absence de critères uniformes, le choix de la pharmacothérapie varie dans différentes régions et populations. Objectif: La première étude a eu pour objectif d'évaluer la prévalence et les caractéristiques des patients avec RA non contrôlée et SCUAD à Wuhan. A partir de cette étude préliminaire, une autre étude a été mise en oeuvre, pour évaluer le rôle de l'ARCT en tant qu'outil pour guider une pharmacothérapie par paliers, dans le but d'atteindre le contrôle de la RA. Méthode : Dans la première étude, tous les patients consultant pour une RA ont été évalues en prospectif par EVA et ARCT, et mis sous traitement selon le guide ARIA. Au bout de 15 jours (J15), une interview téléphonique a permis de ré-évaluer la RA au moyen d'une échelle numérique et de l'ARCT. La RA non contrôlée était définie par un score ARCT<20. Les patients souffrant de SCUAD étaient définis par un score ≥5 à J15. Dans la 2ème étude prospective, un traitement pharmacologique standard a été proposé aux patients souffrant de RA. Les paliers allaient du palier 1 (antihistaminique H1 à la demande) jusqu'au palier 5 (corticoïde oral). La RA était traitée et évaluée tous les 15 jours par ARCT. Si le score ARCT était ≥20, maintenu pendant 15 jours, le patient terminait l'étude. Si l'ARCT était <20, le patient recevait le prochain palier de traitement, selon une démarché prédéfinie, progressive, jusqu'au palier 5. Résultats: Au total, 252 patients ont été inclus dans la 1ère étude. La RA modérée/sévère était présente en 82,9% des patients, avec un impact sur le sommeil, travail, activités sociales et physique. Les patients avec RA non contrôlée à J15 étaient ceux avec un poids plus important (P=0,042), antécédents d'infections ORL ou de prise d'antibiotiques pour infections respiratoires dans les derniers 12 mois (62,3 vs. 45,6%, P=0,018), de tabagisme (P=0,024) et de dysosmie (P=0,005). Les patients avec SCUAD avaient plus fréquemment des antécédents d'infections ORL ou de prise d'antibiotiques pour infections respiratoires (P=0,014) et de dysosmie (P=0,003) et moins fréquemment de dermatite atopique (P=0,017). 255 patients ont été inclus dans la 2ème étude. Seulement 3,2% sont restés non contrôlés à la fin de l'étude. Les patients avec une RA modérée à sévère selon ARIA, RA persistante, impact modéré à sévère sur la qualité de vie, antécédents d'asthme, rhinorrhée et toux avaient toujours besoin d'un traitement associé, ainsi qu'un traitement prolongé pour atteindre le contrôle. Après ajustement sur chacune des variables, le seul facteur de risque restant significatif était la présence d'un asthme (il était moins probable que ces patients soient contrôlés par les premiers paliers de traitement). Conclusion: Les patients ayant une RA non-contrôlée ou atteints de SCUAD sont nombreux. L'EVA et l'ARCT sont des outils simples qui peuvent être utilisés dans l'évaluation globale de la sévérité et du contrôle de la RA. L'ARCT offre un critère objectif pour guider le traitement par paliers... / Background : The treatment of Allergic rhinitis (AR) is now well established and most patients respond well to the treatment. However, there are still some patients with uncontrolled AR despite optimal maximum treatment, leading to the concept of severe chronic upper airway disease (SCUAD). In China, there are insufficient epidemiological data regarding uncontrolled AR and SCUAD. Allergic Rhinitis Control Test (ARCT) has been validated for assessing AR control and to identify severe AR. However, Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) still has no clear definition of AR control, and due to the absence of uniformed criteria, pharmacotherapy adjustment regimens varies in different areas and populations. ObjectiveThe first study aimed to assess the prevalence and the characteristics of patients with uncontrolled AR and SCUAD in Wuhan. On the basis of the preliminary study, a further study is designed to assess ARCT as a questionnaire driven stepwise pharmacological treatment to achieve AR control. Methods : In the first epidemiology study, all patients consulting for AR were prospectively assessed using VAS and ARCT and put on standardized treatment based on ARIA guidelines. After 15 days, they were reevaluated by a telephone interview using a numerical scale and ARCT. A score of ARCT <0 defined uncontrolled AR and a score ≥5 at day-15 defined SCUAD patients.In the second study, a standard pharmacotherapy regimen from step1 (oral second generation H1 antihistamine as needed) to step 5 (oral corticosteroid) was applied prospectively in a Chinese AR population. The AR patients were initiated with ARIA appropriate step treatment and assessed with ARCT every 15 days. If ARCT score was equal or above 20 and maintained for 15 days, the patient would finish the study; if ARCT score was strictly less than 20, the patient would receive higher step treatment according to a predefined open design up to step 5. Results: A total of 252 patients were included in the first study. Moderate/severe AR was diagnosed in 82.9% of the patients and they had an impact on sleep, work life, social activities and physical activities. Patients with uncontrolled ARat day-15 more frequently presented a higher weight (P=0.042), past history of ENT infection or antibiotics intake for respiratory infection in the last 12 months (P=0.018), smoking (P=0.024) and smell disturbance (P=0.005). Patients with SCUAD more frequently presented a past history of ENT infection or antibiotics intake for respiratory infection (P=0.014) and smell disturbance (P=0.003), while less commonly had atopic dermatitis (P=0.017). 255 patients were enrolled in the second study. Only 3.2% patients remained uncontrolled at the endpoint of the study. Patients with ARIA moderate/severe or persistent symptoms, moderate/severe impaired quality of life, asthma history, rhinorrhea and cough symptoms always needed up to step 4 and prolonged treatments to achieve disease control. After adjustment on each of the variables, the only factor that remained significant was asthma (less likely to be in a group controlled by the first steps’ therapies) .Conclusion: Uncontrolled AR and SCUAD patients are numerous. VAS and ARCT are simple and quantitative methods and self-completion questionnaire that can be used for a global evaluation of the severity and control of AR. ARCT offers an objective criterion for the stepwise pharmacotherapy of AR. Risk factor analysis did not reveal strong clinical characteristics that would help the physician to control AR better.