Leung Ping-Fai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 62-64). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.iii / Table of Content --- p.iv / List of Appendices --- p.v / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Literature Review --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- Public Goods and Taxation --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2 --- Public Goods as Intermediate Goods --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3 --- Wage Differentials and Unemployment --- p.18 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- The Basic Model and Effects of Public Inputs --- p.22 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- "Public Inputs, Financing Constraints and National Welfare: The Tariff Case" --- p.30 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- "Public Inputs, Financing Constraints and National Welfare: The Quota Case" --- p.43 / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Concluding Remarks --- p.55 / Chapter Chapter 7. --- Appendices --- p.57 / References --- p.62

Submitted by Jailda Nascimento (jmnascimento@pucsp.br) on 2016-09-22T18:53:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Josefa Neves Rodrigues.pdf: 1669524 bytes, checksum: 16d78855cd1ddb648ec8ccd5c91a65e4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-22T18:53:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Josefa Neves Rodrigues.pdf: 1669524 bytes, checksum: 16d78855cd1ddb648ec8ccd5c91a65e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnologia / The present Master’s research has as its objective to analyze the policies of affirmative actions in the University of São Paulo on the assumption of meritocracy. This debate has been arousing polemics and raising matters regarding the importance of racial quotas implementation in this institution, claimed by social movements, specifically by the Black Awareness Center (NCN) and the Black Occupation. The affirmative action policies in Brazilian higher education have become a reality and have as an objective to fight against historical discrimination committed against black people, as well as constituting themselves as an instrument of social justice. Concerning Human Rights, racial inequality is seen as a violation of equality and difference. The affirmative actions, designated to the black population, are justified not only for the immensurable historical losses, but also, above all, for educational and political losses. / A presente pesquisa de mestrado tem como objetivo analisar as políticas de ação afirmativa na Universidade de São Paulo sobre o pressuposto da meritocracia. Esse debate vem suscitando polêmicas e levantando questões sobre a importância da implementação de cotas raciais nessa instituição, reivindicadas pelos movimentos sociais, especificamente pelo Núcleo de Consciência Negra (NCN) e Ocupação Preta. As políticas de ação afirmativa na educação superior brasileira tornaram-se uma realidade e têm como objetivo combater a discriminação histórica perpetrada contra os negros, assim como se constituírem como um instrumento de justiça social. No âmbito dos Direitos Humanos, a desigualdade racial é vista como uma violação da igualdade e da diferença. As ações afirmativas, destinadas à população negra, justificam-se não apenas pelas perdas históricas incomensuráveis, mas, sobretudo, pelas perdas educacionais e políticas.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-02-16T12:31:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Moreira da Costa.pdf: 1278189 bytes, checksum: abbfc4abcc23562bc190e6ef05acb9c0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-16T12:31:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Moreira da Costa.pdf: 1278189 bytes, checksum: abbfc4abcc23562bc190e6ef05acb9c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-10 / This dissertation focuses on the philosophical aspects of political and racial affirmative action programs adopted by our legal system. It will be analyzed the historical construction of the understanding of equality, and the beginning of its adoption in the legal systems. A parallel is due to be drawn between the positive and negative aspects of adopting affirmative action programs, in order to investigate the purpose conferred on its constitutionality before the principle of equality stamped in Article 5, caput, of our Constitution. In addition, the origin and use of such programs by the United States are seen as a comparative questioning the actual extensions of these programs in Brazil / A presente dissertação foca nos aspectos filosóficos da política e dos programas de cotas raciais adotados pelo nosso ordenamento jurídico. Existe a preocupação em analisar uma construção histórica da igualdade, bem como o início de sua adoção nos sistemas normativos. Um paralelo é traçado entre os aspectos favoráveis e contrários à adoção da política e dos programas de cotas raciais, com o objetivo de investigar o propósito conferido à sua constitucionalidade perante o princípio da igualdade, estampado no artigo 5o, caput, da Constituição Federal. Será pontuada a origem e utilização das ações afirmativas pelos Estados Unidos da América como um fato comparativo questionador das reais extensões de referidos programas no Brasil

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:21:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriano Batista Castorino.pdf: 1259193 bytes, checksum: 2cf2ccfac69905ab899656c34d658155 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-28 / This thesis is the result of a job that was made in the Universidade Federal do Tocantins, with the quota program for indigenous students. The outline that guides this work is designed to broaden the research I did on this same topic for my dissertation, made in April 2011. Therefore, in August 2011 beginning the doctoral program in which I developed the following text. For this, I decided to broaden the scope of analysis and I dedicated myself to find mechanisms that would allow me to meet other indigenous education projects. After then, I went to the Faculdade Indígena Intercultural da Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso. In addition, the proposed project a trip to Mexico to meet some projects intercultural universities in that country. I also looked for mechanisms that would allow me to go to Mexico. There met the Universidade Intercultural do Chiapas. My initial goal in developing this work is to meet the trajectory, or the life trajectories of indigenous students entering the university. So do not put the focus in the discussion of models of education offered. Before I make a tour of the very idea of the university in the western world. I opt for this method to elucidate that independent of the university or higher education model, there are elements that do not change, as the predominance of meritocracy and closed curricula. From this premise, turn me on experiences with indigenous students with whom I noticed as there is a discontinuity in their ways of seeing the world from the moment they enter the university. The impact of vocational training, the idea of profession somehow alters the relationship with the culture and way of life of the village. In UFT, I travel with some students to their villages and realize the amount of nostalgia that has the home and their relatives. In Unemat could live with students who stay longer than 30 days outside their villages. It is notoriously difficult to remain in the classroom after days away from home. In Unich realized how this is a recurring fact of the absence of family and relatives, even if there is a university almost exclusively indigenous / Esta tese resulta de um trabalho que levei a termo na Universidade Federal do Tocantins, com o programa de cotas para estudantes indígenas. O recorte que orienta este trabalho foi concebido no sentido de ampliar a pesquisa que fiz sobre esse mesmo tema para a minha dissertação, defendida em abril de 2011. Por isso, em agosto de 2011 inicio o programa de doutorado no qual desenvolvi o texto que segue. Para isso, resolvi ampliar o escopo de análise e me dediquei a encontrar mecanismos que me possibilitasse conhecer outros projetos de educação indígena. Nesse sentido, fui conhecer a Faculdade Indígena Intercultural da Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso. Além disso, propus no projeto uma viagem ao México, para conhecer alguns projetos de universidades interculturais daquele país. Também busquei mecanismos que me possibilitasse ir ao México. Por lá conheci a Universidade Intercultural de Chiapas. O meu objetivo inicial em desenvolver esse trabalho é conhecer a trajetória, ou as trajetórias de vida dos estudantes indígenas que ingressam na universidade. Por isso, não ponho o foco na discussão dos modelos de educação ofertados. Antes, faço um percurso da própria noção de universidade no mundo ocidental. Opto por essa metodologia para elucidar que independente do modelo de universidade ou de educação superior, há elementos que não mudam, como a predominância da meritocracia e dos currículos fechados. Partindo dessa premissa, me ative nas vivências com os estudantes indígenas com os quais percebi como há uma descontinuidade nas suas maneiras de ver o mundo a partir do momento que ingressam na universidade. O impacto da formação profissional, da ideia de profissão de alguma maneira altera a relação com a cultura e modo de vida da aldeia. Na UFT, pude viajar com alguns estudantes para suas aldeias e perceber a dimensão da saudade que tem de casa e de seus parentes. Na Unemat pude conviver com estudantes que ficam mais 30 dias fora de suas aldeias. É notória a dificuldade de permanecer nas aulas depois de dias longe de casa. Na Unich percebi como é recorrente esse fato da ausência da família e dos parentes, ainda que lá a universidade seja quase que exclusivamente indígena

Essa tese de doutorado tem como principal objetivo avaliar os dez anos da política de ações afirmativas na UFRGS, em especial as cotas raciais, aprovada pela Decisão do Consun em 2008 atendendo a demanda do movimento negro e de outros seguimentos sociais que demandaram por essa política. A questão central da pesquisa busca investigar: como foi a trajetória acadêmica dos alunos cotistas negros na UFRGS, considerando as categorias de inserção, adaptação e empoderamento. Os ex-alunos cotistas concederam entrevistas de como sentiram essa política a partir do recorte racial (negros) nas áreas biológicas humanas e exatas, sendo esses oriundos dos cursos de ciências sociais, enfermagem, história e ciências contábeis. O referencial teórico dialoga com Freire, Santos, Munanga, Zitkoski, Davis, Oliven e outros. Além da base teórica, a tese contempla as legislações das ações afirmativas e os diálogos com os direitos humanos nas mais variadas formas incluindo a democratização da universidade, educação pública e as questões de etnia, gênero e sexualidade. Essa pesquisa de campo junto aos alunos cotistas negros trouxe à tona inusitadas situações de preconceitos e discriminações por parte de seus colegas e professores pois a universidade que tem em sua apresentação o comprometimento com o futuro, com a consciência crítica e com o respeito às diferenças, imprimiu nesses marcas contraditórias à sua missão. Entre os prazeres e os dissabores dos alunos cotistas nesse ambiente elitizado e hostil, destacam-se: os percursos acadêmicos de forma solitária entre os cotistas, as dificuldades de se reconhecerem inicialmente e expressarem sua negritude, os preconceitos contra a religiosidade e sexualidade onde, na instituição, inúmeras vezes foram tolhidos do direito de dizerem a sua palavra. Os ex-cotistas após diplomados fizeram significativas sugestões direcionadas aos alunos e professores no que tange ao respeito das legislações específicas protetivas dos direitos raciais, que ainda tem sido violados. Também sugeriram que seja alterada a forma de acolhimento/atendimento/acompanhamento dos cotistas raciais a partir de atividades específicas sobre a lei de cotas e o combate ao preconceito. A continuidade das pesquisas desse tema sugere um aprofundamento na forma da abordagem do aluno cotista racial por parte da universidade, incidindo na área da formação dos docentes da universidade e maior flexibilização do currículo, abrindo espaço junto ao departamento jurídico da instituição para registros e acompanhamentos das queixas dos cotistas raciais. Essas negras mulheres e negros homens transformaram suas adversidades em superação alçando vôos como os personagens de Fernão Capelo, pois avaliam as cotas como uma política que vem dando certo que necessitada de ajustes, porém, deve seguir como tem feito também na pós-graduação, incluindo cada vez mais os variados segmentos sociais na universidade pública, onde hoje esses se percebem como sujeitos empoderados na luta pela transformação social. / This doctoral thesis has as its main objective to evaluate the ten years of affirmative action policies at Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS in Brazil’s acronym), with special focus on racial quotas, which were approved by an university council decision in 2008, meeting the long standing demands of the Afro-Brazilian and other social movements The central question of this research is to investigate the following: what has been the academic trajectory of the black students who joined UFRGS through affirmative action quotas, considering the parameters of Insertion-adaptation and empowerment. Former black students provided interviews on how they felt under these policies from a racial perspective, as students from humanities, biology, social sciences, nursing, history and accounting. The theoretical reference includes names such as Freire, Santos, Munanga, Zitkoski, Davis, Oliven and others. In addition to the theoretical basis, the thesis deals with affirmative action legislation and human rights dialogues in a variety of ways, including university democratization, public education, ethnicity, gender and sexuality issues. This field of research of Afro-Brazilian students under affirmative actions brought to the surface unusual situations of prejudice and discrimination on the part of their colleagues and professors, cohorts of the same university that has a tradition of commitment with the future, the critical thinking and the respect for the differences, therefore exposing contradictory remarks to its mission. Among the advantages and disadvantages of quota students in this elitist and hostile environment were: a solitary academic experience among quota students, the difficulties of initially recognizing and expressing their ethnicity, prejudices against their religiosity and sexuality, when in many times they were denied the right to speak their minds. Former quota students, now alumni, made significant suggestions directed at current students and teachers regarding laws in place to protect racial rights, and how those laws have still been violated. Those alumni also suggested that the way of receiving, assisting, accompanying students should be changed based on specific activities on the affirmative action law and the fight against prejudice. The ongoing research on this topic suggests a deeper approach from the university towards the racial quota student, focused on training university professors and on greater flexibility in the academic curriculum, opening communication channels with the legal department of the institution to register and follow-up complaints from quota students with the university. These black women and men turned their adversities into opportunities, taking off such as the characters of Fernão Capelo. Such feat comes from the fact those students perceive the quotas as a policy that is going on the right direction. While there are needs for adjustments, these policies should follow through also in other spaces such as postgraduate degrees, with broader social outreach, touching other segments on the public university, leading those individuals to be perceived as empowered subjects in the fight for social transformation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:55:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriano Batista Castorino.pdf: 1259193 bytes, checksum: 2cf2ccfac69905ab899656c34d658155 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-28 / This thesis is the result of a job that was made in the Universidade Federal do Tocantins, with the quota program for indigenous students. The outline that guides this work is designed to broaden the research I did on this same topic for my dissertation, made in April 2011. Therefore, in August 2011 beginning the doctoral program in which I developed the following text. For this, I decided to broaden the scope of analysis and I dedicated myself to find mechanisms that would allow me to meet other indigenous education projects. After then, I went to the Faculdade Indígena Intercultural da Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso. In addition, the proposed project a trip to Mexico to meet some projects intercultural universities in that country. I also looked for mechanisms that would allow me to go to Mexico. There met the Universidade Intercultural do Chiapas. My initial goal in developing this work is to meet the trajectory, or the life trajectories of indigenous students entering the university. So do not put the focus in the discussion of models of education offered. Before I make a tour of the very idea of the university in the western world. I opt for this method to elucidate that independent of the university or higher education model, there are elements that do not change, as the predominance of meritocracy and closed curricula. From this premise, turn me on experiences with indigenous students with whom I noticed as there is a discontinuity in their ways of seeing the world from the moment they enter the university. The impact of vocational training, the idea of profession somehow alters the relationship with the culture and way of life of the village. In UFT, I travel with some students to their villages and realize the amount of nostalgia that has the home and their relatives. In Unemat could live with students who stay longer than 30 days outside their villages. It is notoriously difficult to remain in the classroom after days away from home. In Unich realized how this is a recurring fact of the absence of family and relatives, even if there is a university almost exclusively indigenous / Esta tese resulta de um trabalho que levei a termo na Universidade Federal do Tocantins, com o programa de cotas para estudantes indígenas. O recorte que orienta este trabalho foi concebido no sentido de ampliar a pesquisa que fiz sobre esse mesmo tema para a minha dissertação, defendida em abril de 2011. Por isso, em agosto de 2011 inicio o programa de doutorado no qual desenvolvi o texto que segue. Para isso, resolvi ampliar o escopo de análise e me dediquei a encontrar mecanismos que me possibilitasse conhecer outros projetos de educação indígena. Nesse sentido, fui conhecer a Faculdade Indígena Intercultural da Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso. Além disso, propus no projeto uma viagem ao México, para conhecer alguns projetos de universidades interculturais daquele país. Também busquei mecanismos que me possibilitasse ir ao México. Por lá conheci a Universidade Intercultural de Chiapas. O meu objetivo inicial em desenvolver esse trabalho é conhecer a trajetória, ou as trajetórias de vida dos estudantes indígenas que ingressam na universidade. Por isso, não ponho o foco na discussão dos modelos de educação ofertados. Antes, faço um percurso da própria noção de universidade no mundo ocidental. Opto por essa metodologia para elucidar que independente do modelo de universidade ou de educação superior, há elementos que não mudam, como a predominância da meritocracia e dos currículos fechados. Partindo dessa premissa, me ative nas vivências com os estudantes indígenas com os quais percebi como há uma descontinuidade nas suas maneiras de ver o mundo a partir do momento que ingressam na universidade. O impacto da formação profissional, da ideia de profissão de alguma maneira altera a relação com a cultura e modo de vida da aldeia. Na UFT, pude viajar com alguns estudantes para suas aldeias e perceber a dimensão da saudade que tem de casa e de seus parentes. Na Unemat pude conviver com estudantes que ficam mais 30 dias fora de suas aldeias. É notória a dificuldade de permanecer nas aulas depois de dias longe de casa. Na Unich percebi como é recorrente esse fato da ausência da família e dos parentes, ainda que lá a universidade seja quase que exclusivamente indígena

The majority of previous research in the field of board diversity was dedicated to the direct link between board gender diversity and firm performance. Grounded in Agency- and Resource dependence theory, this thesis expands on this research and examines the main relationship including the influence of two additional factors: educational level of female directors and mandatory board gender quotas. Analyzing a sample of 454 European firms (3,871 firm-year observations) over the period 2007-2017, a positive relationship between board gender diversity and firm performance is found. Furthermore, the results suggest that educational levels or board gender quotas do not affect this relationship. The effects on firm performance differ depending on whether legislative measures or voluntary initiatives are in place, i.e. in contrast to legislative quotas, voluntary initiatives enhance firm performance.

The driving question of this compilation thesis is whether quotas for political assemblies represent an effective tool for breaking down gender inequality in the political sphere. To put it differently, focus is on the possibilities for policy-makers to engineer equality. As a response to persistent patterns of male dominance in political decision-making, approximately 100 countries, both democratic and authoritarian, have adopted these affirmative action measures. The introductory section presents an argument as to why we should focus on certain impacts in order to be able to answer the question about the effectiveness of quotas. It suggests that the point of departure for empirical assessments of quota policies should be the normative arguments for supporting the reform, and the effects that normative theorists and quota advocates expect from these measures. The three studies that make up the core of the thesis build on previous empirical research on quotas, and examine some of their possible effects at both the elite level and mass level. Study I theoretically scrutinizes how the procedures for selecting women to political office shape these women's legislative autonomy, and thereby their possibilities to substantively represent women. The study identifies mainly two factors as important: a large body selecting the candidates and a rule-bound and thus bureaucratized selection procedure. Study II empirically tests the claim that women elected through quotas are more likely to suffer from institutional constraints in the legislature, and thereby have a harder time working for the benefit of women, than other female representatives. By conducting a comparative case-study of two Mexican state legislatures, no support is found for this hypothesis. Quotas have also been justified because of their likely impacts on female citizens' perceptions about politics. Study III addresses this issue by performing a statistical analysis on the impacts of quotas on Latin American women's political attitudes and behavior. In contrast to previous research on the topic, the study finds little proof of positive impacts of quotas on women's political engagement. Taken together, the thesis does not provide a clear-cut answer to the question as to whether it is possible to engineer equality within politics. However, it sheds new light on the complexities of quota impacts, and it qualifies and nuances the picture for those who expect quotas to be an overall solution for problems of gender inequality.

With signing of Agreement on Textile and Clothing which entered into force in 1995, it was decided to abolish quantity limitations applied by the developed countries since the second half of 20th century. By this way, restrictions in the developed country markets against the developing countries would be lifted gradually in a ten year period and the liberalization in textile and clothing markets would be realized from 2005 onwards. This would provide smooth access to major markets for all the developing and least developed countries. However, China&rsquo / s accession to WTO in 2001 created a breakthrough in this assumption. Hereafter, China increased its shares in the developed countries&rsquo / markets at the expense of other developing countries. One of the matters wondered most during this period was how would the developing and least developed countries, that had quota-free entrance to the developed countries&rsquo / markets, perform against China. This study focuses on the export performances of developing and least developed countries, that have had preferential trade agreements with European Union and the United States of America, against China in those markets.

The thesis consists of three papers, summarized as follows. "Female Policymakers and Educational Expenditures: Cross-Country Evidence" This paper investigates the influence of women in politics on decision-making using public educational expenditures as the outcome of interest. The results suggest that an increase in the share of female legislators by one percentage point increases the ratio of educational expenditures to GDP by 0.028 percentage points. The effect of female legislators on educational policies is strengthened accounting for forms of government, but not influenced by left-wing government, electoral rules, parliamentary system and non-marriage. Moreover, this study supports the hypothesis that the identity of the legislator matters for policy. "Women in Politics: A New Instrument for Studying the Impact of Education on Growth" This paper tests the growth model of distance to the technological frontier, which states that an economy closer to the technological frontier should invest more in skilled labor since innovation is a skill-intensive activity. In contrast to Vandenbussche, Aghion, and Meghir (henceforth VAM) (2006), I use the proportion of female legislators as an instrument for skilled labor, instead of lagged educational expenditures. The results with the new instrument are consistent with the theoretical prediction and the previous results of VAM (2006). "Do Gender Quotas Influence Women's Representation and Policies?" This paper investigates the effect of applying gender quotas on policy decisions. The results show that an increase in the share of female legislators by one percentage point increases the ratio of government expenditure on health and social welfare to GDP by 0.18 and 0.67 percentage points, respectively. The robustness check supports that the effect of quotas on female legislators is likely to be translated into the influence of female policymakers on social welfare.