Les systèmes d’échange de quotas d’émission (SEQEs) sont un instrument de régulation environnementale important et ont un rôle clef à jouer dans la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre pour l’atténuation du changement climatique. Cette thèse a une double orientation : les liaisons spatiales entre SEQEs d'une part et les échanges inter-temporels au sein d’un SEQE d'autre part.Les liaisons entre SEQEs peuvent aider à établir un futur cadre de politique climatique mondiale coût-efficient. Cependant, ces liaisons sont difficiles à mettre en place et à ce jour, peu nombreuses. Dans un premier temps, à l’aide d’un modèle simple et unifié et en se basant sur des expériences réelles de SEQEs, nous comparons différentes restrictions à l’échange comme éléments facilitants une transition vers le libre échange de quotas. Dans un deuxième temps, nous construisons un modèle qui décrit et caractérise analytiquement les effets et gains associés à des liaisons multilatérales sous incertitude. Ensuite, le modèle est calibré sur émissions historiques de différentes juridictions pour illustrer les déterminants des préférences de liaison.Les SEQEs sont sujets à de l’incertitude réglementaire, ce qui peut affaiblir leurs efficience coût dynamique et signal prix de long terme. La prévalence d’une telle incertitude peut être assimilée à une situation d’ambiguïté. Nous analysons alors les décisions inter-temporelles d’entités couvertes par un SEQE et averses à l’ambiguïté puis caractérisons les distorsions induites sur le fonctionnement du système. Nous discutons enfin de l’éclairage apportés par ces résultats en rapport aux observations faites dans les SEQEs existants. / Emissions Trading Systems (ETSs) are an important instsrument in regulating pollution and have a key role to play in reducing greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate climate change. This dissertation has a twin focus: spatial linkages between ETSs at a point in time and intertemporal trading within an ETS.Linkages between ETSs are crucial for cost-effectiveness of the future climate policy architecture. Complete linkages, however, are difficult to agree and to date, few and far between. Here, our contribution is twofold. First, using a simple and unified model and drawing on experiences with real-world ETSs, we compare alternative trade restrictions on bilateral linkages in facilitating the transition to an unrestricted link. Second, we provide a general model to describe and analytically characterize the effects and gains from multilateral linkages under uncertainty. The model is then calibrated to historical emissions of real-world jurisdictions to illustrate the determinants of linkage preferences.ETSs are subject to regulatory uncertainty, which can disrupt dynamic cost-effectiveness and undermine their long-term price signal. The prevalence of regulatory uncertainty can be assimilated to a situation of ambiguity. Here, our contribution is to analyze regulated entities’ intertemporal decisions under ambiguity aversion, characterize the induced distortions in market functioning, and discuss how these can help explain observations from existing ETSs.

No description available.

Agricultural policy within the European Union (EU) is but one of the founding pillars upon which unification was developed. Negotiated out of a post-war Europe, the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) emphasized the protection of the domestic market, through government subsidies and payment programmes, artificially raising the price of domestic products while restricting access for the foreign agricultural producers. The objective of this paper is to explore the link between the agricultural decisions made by the EU and the effects on citizens in the Least Developed Countries (LDC). To develop a comprehensive understanding of the issue at hand a review of the existing literature will be necessary, as well as an analysis of the available quantitative data. The findings revealed that the CAP is but one factor that impacts development of agriculture in LDC’s, many other factors, such as international and bi-lateral trade agreements, government institutions, and political lobbying also influence the outcome.

Antalet kvinnliga styrelseledamöter i bolag har ökat de senaste åren och studier visar att bolag med könsdiversifierade styrelser redovisar högre lönsamhet än andra företag. Flera av dessa studier är baserade på data från små, medelstora och stora börsnoterade bolag. Regeringen föreslog nyligen en kvoteringslag där kvinnor skall utgöra 40 procent av antalet styrelseledamöter i bolag med syfte att få mer jämlika styrelser. Intressant är då att studera om fördelarna med könsdiversifierade styrelser beaktas av investerare och hur marknadsaktörer agerar. I studien visas att när nominering av kvinnliga styrelseledamöter offentliggörs har det en negativ påverkan på företagets marknadsvärde, men denna påverkan är inte statistiskt signifikant. Vidare påverkas inte nomineringens inverkan på aktiekursförändringen av ett bolags branschtillhörighet. / The number of female directors of companies has increased in recent years and studies show that companies with diverse boards report higher profitability than other companies. Several of these studies are based on data from small, medium and large listed companies. The government recently proposed a quota law where women will constitute 40 per cent of the directors of companies to push for more equal boards. Hence, studying the benefits of diverse boards and its investor reactions and how the market is moving is of interest. The study shows that when the nomination of female board members is published, it has a negative impact on the company's market, but this effect is not statistically significant. Furthermore, the nomination affect does not have an impact on the stock price change regarding the company's industry affiliation.

The International Monetary Fund was created to promote financial stability, global monetary cooperation, high employment, international trade and sustainable economic growth. Together with the World Bank, IMF has a "monopoly" on offering loan programs for countries in deep crises or for development projects. In this thesis, we examine the effect of IMF, i.e. loan size and quotas, on the economic growth and inflation rate, by applying a dynamic panel regression on our dataset. In addition, we look at how the IMF Quotas influence the size of the loans. Our empirical results display significant evidence that IMF loans influence the GDP growth in a positive manner, in the medium term. Both Control of Corruption and Voice & Accountability have a negative influence on the economic growth. In other words, less corruption and stronger civil rights will halt the growth level of the economy. We also determined that IMF Quotas is not a robust indicator of the loan size. It is only driven by the past loan levels. Regarding Inflation determinants, IMF loans are not affecting the Inflation in a significant manner, while FDI and Control of Corruption - do. FDI exercises a positive influence on the CPI, while perception of less corruption has a negative effect on Inflation rate. JEL Classification D73, E31, F12,...

Em 2012, foi promulgada a Lei Federal nº 12.711 (popularmente conhecida como Lei de Cotas), que instituiu a reserva de 50% das vagas nas Instituições Federais de Ensino Superior (IFES) para estudantes que tenham cursado, integralmente, o ensino médio em escolas públicas. Assim, considerando a mudança trazida pela Lei, o objetivo desta pesquisa é discutir se ela tem contribuído para uma migração de estudantes da rede particular de ensino para cursarem o ensino médio nas Escolas Técnicas Estaduais (ETECs). Foi realizado levantamento quantitativo sobre a origem escolar dos estudantes matriculados em cinco ETECs do interior paulista, entre os anos de 2008 a 2017. Os dados indicam crescimento do percentual de estudantes da rede privada nessas escolas. Discute-se se a chamada Lei de Cotas tem contribuído, de fato, para o surgimento de novos eleitos ou se pode estar colaborando para a manutenção de desigualdades / In 2012, Federal Law No. 12,711 (popularly known as the \"Quota Law\") was enacted, which established a reserve of 50% of vacancies in the Federal Institutions of Higher Education (IFES) for students who have completed a high school in public schools. Thus, considering the change brought by the Law, the objective of this research is to discuss whether it has contributed to a migration of students from the private school to attend secondary school in State Technical Schools (ETECs). A quantitative survey was carried out on the school origin of students enrolled in five ETECs in the interior of São Paulo between the years 2008 to 2017. Data indicate growth of the percentage of students in the private network in these schools. It is discussed whether the so-called \"Quota Law\" has in fact contributed to the emergence of new elected officials or may be \"collaborating\" to maintain inequalities

Esta dissertação trata dos movimentos de resistência ao questionamento judicial acerca da validade do exercício profissional de professoras negras admitidas por meio de cotas raciais em um concurso público municipal realizado na cidade de Porto Alegre, no ano de 2005. A ação judicial, protagonizada pelo Tribunal de Contas do Rio Grande do Sul (TCE/RS), considerava a política de cotas inconstitucional. O estudo problematiza como estas mulheres negras, professoras e cotistas ressignificaram suas histórias de vida e de atuação docente a partir dessa experiência. Constitui-se no campo da pesquisa em Educação, com abordagem qualitativa, utilizando estratégias metodológicas como a entrevista compreensiva (KAUFFMANN, 2013) e a análise documental e se anuncia dentro dos princípios da pesquisa ativista (D’SOUZA, 2014). Opero com a categoria raça como fundamento do fenômeno em análise, destacando-o como expressão do racismo institucional. Simultaneamente, ressalto memórias da vivência desse racismo, contadas por seis mulheres capazes de agenciar e resistir, movidas pelas histórias de seus ancestrais, de seus familiares e dos grupos do movimento negro que a elas se uniram. Ressalto como conclusão parcial o fato de que essas mulheres deixaram uma marca negra por dentro da institucionalidade, criando brechas, rompendo barreiras, avançando e retrocedendo, garantindo uma política pública que se estende até hoje aos cidadãos porto-alegrenses. Este trabalho é fruto dessas marcas e objetiva sistematizar fragmentos das diversas possibilidades epistemológicas que as professoras negras cotistas proporcionam através de suas subjetividades desestabilizadoras (GOMES, 2017). / The dissertation deals with the movements of resistance to judicial questioning about the validity of the professional exercise of black teachers, admitted through racial quotas in municipal public tender held in the city of Porto Alegre, in the year of 2005. The lawsuit, starring by the Court of Auditors of Rio Grande do Sul (TCE/RS), considered the policy of quotas unconstitutional. The study problematizes as these black women, quota teachers, resignified their stories of life and teaching acting, from this experience. It constitutes in the field of research in education, with qualitative approach, using methodological strategies such as the comprehensive interview (KAUFFMANN, 2013) and the documentary analysis. It is advertised within the principles of activist research (D'SOUZA, 2014). It operates with the race category to understand the phenomenon under analysis, highlighting it as an expression of institutional racism. Simultaneously, it highlights memories of the experimentation of this racism, told by six women, capable of acting and resisting, driven by the stories of their ancestors, their families and the groups of the black movement that joined them. As a partial conclusion, the fact that these women left black marks within the institutional framework, creating gaps, breaking barriers, advancing and receding, guaranteeing a public policy that extends to the citizens of Porto Alegre. The work is tributary to these marks and systematizes fragments of the various epistemological possibilities constructed from the destabilizing subjectivities (GOMES, 2017) of black teachers.

O objetivo desse trabalho é identificar se a Lei de Cotas, Lei sancionada pelo governo brasileiro em 2012 que reserva 50% das vagas em todas as universidades federais para alunos que estudaram o ensino médio integralmente em escolas da rede pública, tem impacto sobre a probabilidade de migração para a rede pública dos alunos matriculados em escola privadas no ensino básico. Como antes de 2012 a maior parte das universidades federais brasileiras já adotavam alguma ação afirmativa, analisamos com maior profundidade, a partir da metodologia de Diferenças-em-Diferenças, o impacto da Lei em dois estados: Minas Gerais e São Paulo. Em Minas Gerais, estado onde a Lei representa uma mudança institucional significativa no acesso ao ensino superior público, estimamos um aumento de 20% na probabilidade média de migração da coorte tratada. Já em São Paulo, onde essa mudança não ocorre no mesmo nível, o aumento estimado é inferior a 8%. Estimamos ainda que, tanto em Minas Gerais, quanto em São Paulo, a Lei de Cotas tem menor impacto sobre os alunos provenientes de escolas privadas de maior qualidade / This thesis intends to identify if the Law of Social Quotas, Law enacted by the Brazilian government in 2012 that guarantees 50% of the seats in all federal universities for students who studied all high school period in public schools, has an impact on the school choice of students enrolled in private elementary schools. As before 2012 most Brazilian federal universities already had adopted some affirmative action, we analyze, building on a Diff-Diff methodology, the impact of the Law in two states: Minas Gerais and São Paulo. In Minas Gerais, state where the law represents a significant institutional change in the access to public higher education, we estimate a 20% increase in the average probability of migration of the treated cohort. In São Paulo, where this change does not occur at the same level, the estimated increase is below 8%. We also estimate that both in Minas Gerais and São Paulo the Law have lower impact on students from higher quality private schools.

A presente pesquisa, que investigou os diferentes desafios que podem ser enfrentados por alunos cotistas negros em relação à permanência em uma universidade pública, teve como lócus a Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), Campus São Paulo, e foi conduzida com alunos dos cursos de Ciências Biomédicas, Enfermagem, Fonoaudiologia e Medicina. Para isso, foram realizados um questionário online e entrevistas, os quais buscaram examinar, do ponto de vista dos alunos, como se dá a convivência no ambiente acadêmico, de que forma se estabelecem as relações com colegas, professores e qual o papel do apoio institucional e como esses fatores podem afetar a decisão de permanecer na universidade. A metodologia da pesquisa sobre a permanência dos alunos cotistas negros se baseou em estudos realizados por Tinto (1993), Bean (1980), Cabrera (1994, 1996) e Azzi, Mercuri e Moran (1995). A análise teve como referência estudos realizados por Zago (2006), Belettati (2011) e Ezcurra (2009), que têm como foco a experiência de ingresso de estudantes de camadas populares no ensino superior. A análise também considerou as desigualdades raciais vivenciadas por alunos negros em todos os níveis de ensino, os mecanismos atuantes de racismo institucional que as perpetuam, além de apresentar um panorama das ações afirmativas, na modalidade cotas, a partir dos autores Guimarães (2003), Munanga (2001), Mohelecke (2002). Os dados levantados apontaram que grande parte dos desafios se encontram no âmbito financeiro, como moradia, transporte, alimentação e na necessidade de ações ou programas que contribuam para o desenvolvimento acadêmico, além do reconhecimento e da valorização do pertencimento racial, com espaços e instâncias dentro da universidade para encontros, discussões e apoios entre pares. / The present research that investigated the different challenges faced by black students to study in a public university, which had as a locus the Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), Campus São Paulo, and was carried out with students of the courses of Biomedical Sciences, Nursing, Speech Teraphy, and Medicine. For that, an online questionnaire and interviews were carried out, which sought to examine, from the students\' point of view, their relationships with colleagues, teachers and the role of institutional support and how these factors may affect the decision to remain in university. The methodology of research on the retention of black students was based on studies conducted by Tinto (1993), Bean (1980), Cabrera (1994, 1996) and Azzi, Mercuri, and Moran (1995). The analysis was based on studies carried out by Zago (2006), Belettati (2011) and Ezcurra (2009). This study also considered the racial inequalities experienced by Blacks students at all levels of education, the mechanisms of institutional racism that perpetuate them, as well as presenting a broad perspective of affirmative actions, in quota modality, from authors such as Guimarães (2003), Munanga (2001), Mohelecke (2002). The data showed that most of the challenges are in the financial sphere, such as accommodation,, transportation, and the need for actions or programs that contribute to academic development, as well as the recognition and appreciation of racial belonging, with the existence of spaces and instances within to meet, discuss, and peers support.

Wong Pak Kai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1989. / Bibliography: leaves [59-61]