Aucune étude systématique dans le domaine de la linguistique française n’a porté spécifiquement sur le morphème etc. Nous proposons de cerner les enjeux de cet objet linguistique et littéraire problématique, en diachronie puis en synchronie. Notre travail s’ouvre sur les questions de l’origine et la morphosyntaxe de etc. En effet, l’histoire de la langue permet d’observer le processus de figement partiel de la séquence « coordonnant + adjectif substantivé » et dans un même temps, de distinguer deux grands types d’emplois du morphème. Ces deux types d’emplois établissent un critère de classement pertinent pour toute étude synchronique portant sur la question du etc. De fait, si l’emploi de etc. correspond toujours à une pratique de l’interruption, il intervient soit à la fin d’une énumération, soit entre deux segments textuels. Cette partition nécessite deux niveaux d’analyse, le premier syntaxique, le second lié aux enjeux énonciatifs du texte.Nous avons donc appliqué ce principe de classement aux 350 occurrences de etc. appartenant à un corpus de six textes stendhaliens : De l’Amour, Racine et Shakespeare, Promenades dans Rome, Le Rouge et le Noir, Lucien Leuwen, Vie de Henry Brulard. Le cœur de notre travail se présente à la fois comme un classement de la totalité des occurrences du morphème et comme une analyse des enjeux d’occurrences choisies, à l’échelle phrastique ou textuelle. Une telle étude permet d’aborder un certain nombre de problématiques touchant à la l’utilisation du morphème etc. : effets d’ellipses et d’échos, enjeux des réduplications du morphème, jeux sur l’implicite, logiques référentielles mises en place par l’auteur, portée des ruptures énonciatives et conséquences sur la lecture. Nous entendons enfin montrer que etc. est un ponctème rythmant dont l’impact stylistique est systématiquement exploité par Stendhal. Révélateur d’une écriture qui donne à voir autant qu’elle laisse deviner, le etc. participe de la logique moqueuse, « cryptique » et conversationnelle des textes Stendhaliens. / No systematic study in the field of French linguistics has specifically focused on the morpheme etc. The purpose of this work is to analyse the linguistic and literary issues of this problematic object, first in diachrony and then in synchrony. Our study begins with the question of the origin and of the morphosyntax of etc. Through the history of the language we can observe the partial fossilisation of the sequence ‘coordinating conjunction + nominalised adjective’; we can also identify two main types of use of the morpheme. These two types establish a relevant criterion for the classification of any synchronic study on the issue of etc. If the use of etc. always corresponds to a practice of interruption, it can either take place at the end of an enumeration or in between two segments of text. This partition requires two levels of analysis, a syntactic one and one related to the enunciative issues of the text.We applied this ranking principle to 350 occurrences of etc. belonging to a compilation of six Stendhalian texts: De l’Amour, Racine et Shakespeare, Promenades dans Rome, Le Rouge et le Noir, Lucien Leuwen, Vie de Henry Brulard. The core of our work consists in both establishing the typology of the occurrences of this morpheme as well as the analysis of issues prompted by selected occurrences, on a phrasal or textual level.This study addresses a number of issues relating to the use the morpheme etc.: effects of ellipses and echoes, issues of reduplication of the morpheme, effects of the implicit, referential logics set up by the author, scope of the enunciative ruptures and their effects on the reader. Finally we intend to show that etc. is a beating ‘puncteme’ (acting as a modulating ‘punctuation mark’) whose rhythmical and stylistic impact is systematically exploited by Stendhal. Etc. is an essential part of the mocking, ‘cryptic’ and conversational logic of the works of Stendhal, revealing a writing which lets the reader see as much as it lets him guess.

This thesis: „The Optimization of the During Contract Chosen Through Company" focuses on the optimization during the engagement in custom manufacturing. This thesis is divided into a theoretical part which contains specific terms related to the course of the contract. The practical part describes the current status of the company and management of custom manufacturing by internal analysis. The findings from the analysis are subjects to the chapter "Design Changes", which introduce my own solutions to the problems. These amendments should lead to efficiency and optimizing the passage of the contract now.

[pt] A Extração e Atribuição de Citações é a tarefa de identificar citações de um texto e associá-las a seus autores. Neste trabalho, apresentamos um sistema de Extração e Atribuição de Citações para a língua portuguesa. A tarefa de Extração e Atribuição de Citações foi abordada anteriormente utilizando diversas técnicas e para uma variedade de linguagens e datasets. Os modelos tradicionais para a tarefa consistem em extrair manualmente um rico conjunto de atributos e usá-los para alimentar um classificador raso. Neste trabalho, ao contrário da abordagem tradicional, evitamos usar atributos projetados à mão, usando técnicas de aprendizagem não supervisionadas e redes neurais profundas para automaticamente aprender atributos relevantes para resolver a tarefa. Ao evitar a criação manual de atributos, nosso modelo de aprendizagem de máquina tornou-se facilmente adaptável a outros domínios e linguagens. Nosso modelo foi treinado e avaliado no corpus GloboQuotes e sua métrica de desempenho F1 é igual a 89.43 por cento. / [en] Quotation Extraction and Attribution is the task of identifying quotations from a given text and associating them to their authors. In this work, we present a Quotation Extraction and Attribution system for the Portuguese language. The Quotation Extraction and Attribution task has been previously approached using various techniques and for a variety of languages and datasets. Traditional models to this task consist of extracting a rich set of hand-designed features and using them to feed a shallow classifier. In this work, unlike the traditional approach, we avoid using hand-designed features using unsupervised learning techniques and deep neural networks to automatically learn relevant features to solve the task. By avoiding design features by hand, our machine learning model became easily adaptable to other languages and domains. Our model is trained and evaluated at the GloboQuotes corpus, and its F1 performance metric is equal to 89.43 percent.

The aim of this study is to contribute to ongoing studies on the Acts of the Apostles, particularly in the area of the manner in which the NT writer quotes and interprets the OT. Many scholars have studied the use of the OT in the NT, though few have investigated the explicit quotations in Acts. The discussion confines itself to an examination of the nine explicit quotations in Stephen’s speech of Acts 7 which are identified with introductory formulae, i.e.: (7:3 from Gn 12:1; 7:6-7 from Gn 15:13-14; 7:27-28 from Ex 2:14; 7:33-34 from Ex 3:5, 7-8, 10; 7:35 from Ex 2:14; 7:37 from Dt 18:15; 7:40 from Ex 32:1, 23; 7:42-43 from Am 5:25-27; and 7:49-50 from Is 66:1-2). The study first seeks to situate the quoted texts in their original context, after which attention is paid to their appearance in Stephen’s discourse in Acts. Specific attention is given to the question of the presence of a possible independent Lukan Textvorlage which might underlie these quotations. To this end, firstly an overview of the differences between the pertinent OT textual traditions (e.g., MT, LXX, etc), and the NT is provided. This clearly establishes the nature of the changes and modifications present in Luke’s reading of his original material. Secondly and finally, the discussion seeks to provide an assessment of Luke’s theological and hermeneutical framework, reflected within the OT quotations of Stephen’s defense. Through the method referred to above, best depicted as consisting of text-historical, methodological and hermeneutical aspects (Steyn 1995:31-37), this study makes the following observations: Firstly, most of the explicit quotations in Ac 7 are not found anywhere else in the NT, except for the book of Acts. Only the 8th quotation from Am 5:25-27 in Ac 7:42-43 occurs in CD 7:14-15, but the quotation from CD differs from the meaning of the original context. It seems clear that these quotations are attributable to Luke himself via his LXX version - although it is possible that Luke might have used either the LXX or the MT in a few places. Secondly, when Luke relates the quoted texts from his LXX version of the OT to his new hearers, most of the changes that Luke made are likely to be expected within the change in context between that of Luke and the original source of the quotation. That is, the grammatical and stylistic changes were made by Luke, although the possibility of the changes being due to his Vorlage, should not altogether be excluded. Luke’s cautious theological and hermeneutical intention is also to be detected in Stephen’s speech. However, it is true that the original meaning is not significantly altered by these changes. At last, it may be assumed that Luke is the author of the changes to these quotations. Thirdly and finally, Luke’s theological intentions for applying the quotations are revealed as follows: God as the subject of the history has been constantly at work for his people. However, his people repetitively reject God’s servants and go against God’s words given through them. The climax of this pattern is found in the killing of Jesus and Stephen (Ac 7:52, 60). Nonetheless, God continues to be working to accomplish his salvific plan for his people, regardless of the hostile attitude of the Israelites toward God himself as well as his messengers. At last, it results in his salvific activity (endless love) ‘to the ends of the earth’ (Ac 1:8), viz., even to the Gentiles through his numerous witnesses again. This study comprises of seven chapters according to the flow of the narrative, which are designed as follows: the Abraham Story (chapter 2); the Joseph Story (chapter 3); the Moses Story (chapter 4); the Temple (chapter 5); Stephen’s Indictment (chapter 6). In addition, chapter 1 presents the introduction, and chapter 7 describes the synthesis and conclusion. / Thesis (PhD (New Testament Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / New Testament Studies / PhD / unrestricted

L’incise de citation a mauvaise réputation dans le champ narratif, où elle est pourtant fort utile pour indiquer la source des répliques : elle soulève de nombreuses polémiques, tant sur le plan de la théorie que de la pratique. Peu traitée par les études grammaticales, elle est souvent fustigée par les discours normatifs dès qu’elle s’écarte du prototypique dit-il, au nom de transgressions de certaines règles syntaxiques et logiques, décourageant les auteurs qui déplorent sa monotonie de la déjouer par des variations distributives et lexicales. Ce travail vise à exposer les difficultés analytiques soulevées par cette forme, qui voit bon nombre de ses réalisations rejetées comme incorrectes, et à s’interroger sur les fondements de tels jugements. Le parcours diachronique d’un vaste corpus narratif invite à reconsidérer sa monotonie, en rendant compte de son histoire, qui est celle d’une diversification formelle et fonctionnelle : bien plus que simple escorte du dialogue qui se contenterait d’en indiquer les actants, elle possède de nombreux rôles textuels qui font d’elle un enjeu narratorial et esthétique. / Interpolated clauses have a bad reputation in the narrative field, although they are very useful in indicating the source of lines ; they arouse numerous theoretical as well as practical controversies. Seldom dealt with in grammatical studies, they are often censured by normative discourses whenever they stray from the prototypical he said, as they transgress certain syntactic and logical rules. This censure discourages those authors who lament their monotony from trying to avoid this thanks to distributive and lexical variations. This study aims at showing the analytical difficulties that are raised by this form – many variants of which are rejected as incorrect –, and seeks to question the bases of such judgments. Looking at a vast, diachronic corpus of narrative texts invites us to qualify its monotony by accounting for its history, one of formal and functional diversification : interpolated clauses do not accompagny dialogues simply to point out their speakers, they have many textual roles that put them at the centre of narratorial and aesthetic issues.

The master's thesis deals with the purchasing process of network trade within its information system. The thesis focuses in more detail on the individual purchasing activities that take place in the purchasing process. The aim of the analysis of these activities is to find critical points and propose appropriate improvements. The submitted proposals and changes in the information system contribute to streamlining the purchasing process and ultimately to effective management of supplier-customer relationships and customer satisfaction.

The thesis monitors the distribution logistics of company CommScope at the local and corporate level. The aim of this work is the optimization of the current state and the proposal to use the combined mode of transport for the largest customer in Europe. The theoretical part is focused on the current method of arranging transport and carrier choise. The practical part is a detailed analysis of the road transport from manufacturer to the customer and proposal for using an alternative mode of combined transporport is formulated.

Polystylism and Collage in Czech Music in the Second Half of the 20th Century by Robert Škarda Key words: czech music, collage, polystylism, postmodernism, quotation, style contraposition, team composition The topic of my thesis Polystylism and Collage in Czech Music in the Second Half of the 20th Century is the area of Czech composers' works based mainly on style contraposition, stylization of historical or jazz music and usage of quotations. My work is based on assumption of historicity of musical terminology. I consider the notions polystylism and collage as period musical terms and I attempt to reconstruct their meaning. Time definition of the thesis is delimited by the years 1960 and 2000. Lower time limit is selected regarding to nature of the topic - the 60s are the period when works and reflections belonging to the context of the notions polystylism and collage first appeared. The first part of my thesis focuses on the general mapping of the topic polystylism and collage. I summarized relevant musicology literature and I dealed with historical and teoretical relations of polystylism and collage to related terms (first of all postmodernism, montage and style), I was concerned with the context of European and American music and with question of polystylism and collage in Czech popular music....

The increasing globalization has changed the dynamics of different functions within organizations. One function is procurement which has transformed from an operational to a strategic function. This transformation now requires standardization so that the entire sourcing of products is synchronized especially concerning the Request for Quotation (RFQ) process. A theoretical gap was also identified where the researchers observed that an in-depth RFQ process has not been explicitly discussed in the literature. The aim of this study was thus to explore the practices that global multi-categorical companies use to source their products, especially concerning the request for quotations. To investigate this aim, three research questions were used that helped identify the practices that purchasers use to source products with RFQs. To answer the research questions, the researchers conducted a case study at IKEA. A qualitative approach was chosen to better study the phenomenon in-depth. Methods used for data collection involved a combination of semi-structured interviews and open-ended questionnaires. In total, seven interviews were held with the focal firm with an additional 16 answering the questionnaire. An additional six interviews were also held with purchasers external to the focal firm to complement in filling the gap in existing research. The data was analyzed through thematic analysis and benchmarking. The main findings from the research were the identification of the RFQ process used by the focal company and consultant within the field of purchasing. The RFQ process for the focal company consisted of 7 themes (Triggers to launch RFQ; Defining Scope; Finalize Scope; Making Tactics, Structure and Approach; Execute and evaluate offer; Aligning solution and confirming the purchase agreement; and follow up and feedback).  The process explained by consultants consisted of 8 themes (Preparation; Supplier identification and reduction; Making tactics and communication; Evaluate the quotations and internal alignment; Negotiations; Risk assessment and communication of results; and Feedback). These themes were highly similar to each other while at the same time providing an opportunity to identify areas that can be improved. Overall, besides contributing to filling the existing gap in the request for quotation process, this study concludes with a framework that global retail companies could adopt to procure more efficiently.

Der Beitrag präsentiert eine Fallstudie, nicht ohne dabei das nach gängiger Meinung grundsätzlich herrschende Spannungsverhältnis von Popularmusik und musikalischer Analyse zu reflektieren. Das vorgestellte Beispiel belegt, dass musikalische Gestalten in der Popmusik eine komplizierte Zeichenfunktion erfüllen können, für die melodische Wendungen und Chord changes nur einen unter mehreren Ansatzpunkten bieten. Gezeigt wird, dass auch Zitate und Intertextrelationen den Charakter der Konstituenten durchaus mitbestimmen können. Dabei treibt die musikalische Analyse von Popmusik einen Selbstauslegungsprozess voran, der in der Popkultur selbst angelegt ist. Diese Position des ›teilnehmenden Beobachters‹ kann zwar einen Mangel an Objektivität evozieren, indiziert aber nicht deren wissenschaftliche Untauglichkeit. / This article presents a case study in order to reflect upon the supposedly foundational and ever-present tension between pop music and musical analysis. The example shown illustrates that musical gestures in pop music can fulfill a complicated design function (Zeichenfunktion) in which melodic turns and chord changes offer only one of many starting points. It will be demonstrated that quotations and intertextual relations can also influence the character of constituents. Thus the musical analysis of pop music promotes a process of self-interpretation that is present in pop music itself. Admittedly this position of “participating observer” can evoke a lack of objectivity, but this does not indicate its scientific unsuitability.