Prenant notre point de départ dans l’étude du rapport fantastique avec le savoir mis en évidence par Michel Foucault à propos du travail littéraire de Flaubert, nous voudrions nous interroger sur les modalités proprement contemporaines des rapports entre les écrivains et les savoirs, et tenter de caractériser précisément ces rapports dans la littérature européenne contemporaine, en nous appuyant sur les œuvres de Pierre Michon, W.G. Sebald et Antonio Tabucchi. À l’aide d’une définition pragmatique des savoirs, nous commençons par une étude des représentations de l’érudition dans la fiction, en nous concentrant sur divers personnages, secondaires ou plus importants, qui jouent tous des rôles d’intercesseurs dans la production, la transmission et la diffusion des savoirs. S’ils fonctionnent bien d’un certain côté comme des figures de l’érudition, images idéales de savoirs efficaces, ces personnages portent aussi des critiques des savoirs établis et des hiérarchies qui lui sont associées. Les lieux associés aux savoirs, bibliothèques et musées en particulier, sont également abordés selon cet angle polémique. La seconde partie de notre travail s’attache à l’étude des usages des savoirs par les écrivains que nous avons choisis, en fournissant des éléments pour une poétique des textes littéraires contemporains construits sur un rapport à l’érudition. Leur écriture seconde, s’appuyant sur une grande variété de textes, s’approprie de nombreux savoirs. Nous étudions successivement les diverses modalités des usages des paroles rapportées, que cela soit à travers l’oralité, par des citations, ou la présence des langues étrangères, pour montrer les usages particuliers des savoirs que font nos écrivains. En opposition à un usage postmoderne de l’érudition, une érudition inquiète, mettant au centre de sa dynamique une mise en commun du sens, se fait jour. / Beginning with the fantastic relation with knowledge highlighted by Michel Foucault regarding Gustave Flaubert’s literary work, we would like to bend over the contemporary modalities of the relations between knowledge and literary writers, and try to precisely characterize theses relations in contemporary European literature, basing our work on the examples of Pierre Michon, W.G. Sebald and Antonio Tabucchi. A pragmatic definition of knowledge helps us to begin with a study of the representations of erudition in the fiction, focusing upon various characters, who play an intermediary role in the production, transmission or diffusion of knowledge. If on one hand they operate as figures of erudition, ideals representations of effective knowledge, these characters on the other hand carry with them some critics of the established knowledges and the hierarchy that are associated with them. The places associated with knowledge, libraries or museums, are also studied in this polemic approach. The second part of our work studies the uses of knowledge done by the writers chosen, giving some elements for a poetic study of the contemporary literary texts that are written in a relation with knowledge. Their secondary writing, built on a wide variety of texts, assimilates various knowledges. We study successively the diverse modalities of the uses of the words reported, by the relation between the literary text and the orality, the quotations, or the presences of foreign languages, to highlight the original uses of knowledge done by our writers. Opposing a postmodern use of erudition, emerges an anxious and restless erudition, concerned by the sharing of meaning and the community it constitutes.

This thesis sets out to do mainly two things. On the one hand, I wish to provide an overview of scholarship on natural metalanguage. On the other, I want to tackle some of the most interesting problems that emerge from the recent literature on the subject. As far as my first goal is concerned, I discuss the origin of the term and the notion of 'metalanguage' in logic (Ch 1); I review and criticise the various theories of mention or quotation (Ch 2, 4, 5) because these are the main theoretical upshot, in the area of the study of natural languages, of the logicians' discussions of metalanguage. As for the second goal, I discuss the problems linked to the reference of quotational sequences (Ch 4); I devise a typology of metalinguistic utterances (Ch 6), based on a conception of semantics and pragmatics that is set out in Ch 3; I examine where a natural metalanguage "fits" with respect to the rest of the language and review a number of concerns regarding, notably, the infiniteness of the lexicon (Ch 7); I explore some of the issues raised by complex cases of alleged simultaneous use and mention (Ch 8).

<p>From July 2005 on, the new Swedish Corporate Governance Code will be applied gradually by companies listed on the stock exchange or any authorized financial market in Sweden. The Code has been drawn up in order to clarify and to improve the self-regulation in Swedish companies. The need for codified self-regulation standards has been considered as urgent due to negative trends on the market such as the last few years’ corporate scandals in domestic and international trade and industry. The sought-after consequence is to clarify the mission framework for corporate directors.</p><p>Ch. 15, section 1 of the Swedish Corporate Act (Aktiebolagslagen) regulates the internal and external damages liability of corporate directors. In order to decide whether or not they have broken a rule or neglected to follow their responsibilities, and thereby contracted damages liability, a so-called culpa judgement is to be made. Virtue of the culpa judgement is foremost found in Ch. 8 of the Swedish Corporate Act, regulating the tasks of the corporate directors.</p><p>The Stockholm Stock Exchange has decided to incorporate the Code in their quotation prerequisites. This means that all quoted companies have to comply to the Code or, when compliance is not possible, explain the cause of divergence.</p><p>My purpose with this master thesis is to investigate in what way the new Corporate Governance Code affects the culpa judgement, as well as to discuss in what conditions the Stockholm Stock Exchange can handle the code as a disciplinary instrument towards the quoted companies.</p> / <p>Från juli 2005 skall den nya svenska koden för bolagsstyrning successivt börja tillämpas av bolag vars aktier kan handlas på börs eller annan auktoriserad marknadsplats i Sverige. Koden har utformats i syfte att förtydliga och förbättra självregleringen i svenska bolag. Behovet av kodifierade självregleringsnormer har ansetts stort inte minst med tanke på de senaste årens bolagsskandaler i svenskt och internationellt näringsliv. Följden blir, hoppas man, bland annat att bolagens styrelser och verkställande direktörer skall kunna arbeta efter tydligare ramar i sina uppdrag.</p><p>Genom ABL 15:1 regleras styrelseledamots och vd:s interna och externa skadeståndsansvar. För att kunna avgöra huruvida de brutit mot eller underlåtit att genomföra sina förpliktelser, och därigenom ådragit sig ett skadeståndsansvar, görs en s k culpabedömning. Ledning för culpabedömningen hämtas främst från bolagsledningens arbetsuppgifter såsom de är formulerade i ABL 8 kap.</p><p>Stockholmsbörsen har beslutat att införliva koden i sina noteringskrav. Detta innebär att samtliga noterade bolag måste följa kodens regler eller, när så inte är möjligt, avge en förklaring till varför så inte skett.</p><p>Föremålet för min uppsats är att utreda på vilket sätt den nya koden för bolagsstyrning påverkar culpabedömningen, samt diskutera Stockholmsbörsens förutsättningar att hantera koden som ett disciplinärt instrument gentemot de noterade bolagen.</p>

From July 2005 on, the new Swedish Corporate Governance Code will be applied gradually by companies listed on the stock exchange or any authorized financial market in Sweden. The Code has been drawn up in order to clarify and to improve the self-regulation in Swedish companies. The need for codified self-regulation standards has been considered as urgent due to negative trends on the market such as the last few years’ corporate scandals in domestic and international trade and industry. The sought-after consequence is to clarify the mission framework for corporate directors. Ch. 15, section 1 of the Swedish Corporate Act (Aktiebolagslagen) regulates the internal and external damages liability of corporate directors. In order to decide whether or not they have broken a rule or neglected to follow their responsibilities, and thereby contracted damages liability, a so-called culpa judgement is to be made. Virtue of the culpa judgement is foremost found in Ch. 8 of the Swedish Corporate Act, regulating the tasks of the corporate directors. The Stockholm Stock Exchange has decided to incorporate the Code in their quotation prerequisites. This means that all quoted companies have to comply to the Code or, when compliance is not possible, explain the cause of divergence. My purpose with this master thesis is to investigate in what way the new Corporate Governance Code affects the culpa judgement, as well as to discuss in what conditions the Stockholm Stock Exchange can handle the code as a disciplinary instrument towards the quoted companies. / Från juli 2005 skall den nya svenska koden för bolagsstyrning successivt börja tillämpas av bolag vars aktier kan handlas på börs eller annan auktoriserad marknadsplats i Sverige. Koden har utformats i syfte att förtydliga och förbättra självregleringen i svenska bolag. Behovet av kodifierade självregleringsnormer har ansetts stort inte minst med tanke på de senaste årens bolagsskandaler i svenskt och internationellt näringsliv. Följden blir, hoppas man, bland annat att bolagens styrelser och verkställande direktörer skall kunna arbeta efter tydligare ramar i sina uppdrag. Genom ABL 15:1 regleras styrelseledamots och vd:s interna och externa skadeståndsansvar. För att kunna avgöra huruvida de brutit mot eller underlåtit att genomföra sina förpliktelser, och därigenom ådragit sig ett skadeståndsansvar, görs en s k culpabedömning. Ledning för culpabedömningen hämtas främst från bolagsledningens arbetsuppgifter såsom de är formulerade i ABL 8 kap. Stockholmsbörsen har beslutat att införliva koden i sina noteringskrav. Detta innebär att samtliga noterade bolag måste följa kodens regler eller, när så inte är möjligt, avge en förklaring till varför så inte skett. Föremålet för min uppsats är att utreda på vilket sätt den nya koden för bolagsstyrning påverkar culpabedömningen, samt diskutera Stockholmsbörsens förutsättningar att hantera koden som ett disciplinärt instrument gentemot de noterade bolagen.

In this thesis, we analyze the impact of the decentralization of price and leadtime decisions made by the marketing and production departments, respectively, in a make-to-order firm. We first study a monopoly environment, and find that in the decentralized setting, the total demand generated is larger, leadtimes are longer, quoted prices are lower, and the firm profits are lower as compared to the centralized setting. We show that coordination can be achieved using a transfer price contract with bonus payments, where both departments receive a fraction of the total revenues generated as a bonus payment. In the second study, we extend this work to a duopoly environment, where two firms compete on the basis of their price and leadtime quotes in a common market. We find that under intense price competition, firms may suffer from a decentralized structure, particularly under high flexibility induced by high capacity, where revenue based sales incentives motivate sales/marketing for more aggressive price cuts resulting in eroding margins. We take the parameters of the demand models in the first two studies as constant, while estimating those parameters based on historical data is a very important problem in practice. In the last study of this thesis, we address the challenges encountered in estimating the price sensitivity of customers shifting focus to the passenger travel industry. We explore how to obtain better price elasticity estimates through an empirical study with an emphasis on the endogeneity problem, which arises as a result of the simultaneous determination of supply and demand. We show that if one does not account for endogeneity, price elasticities may induce an upward-sloping demand curve suggesting that high price produces high demand, or may be biased downward to the extent that elastic demand curves are incorrectly classified as inelastic. We show the improvement in price elasticities through an instrumental variable approach.

<p>The purpose of this study is to investigate the distribution of medieval ballads as semiotics of intertextuality in modern Swedish literature, here represented by August Strindberg, Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Kerstin Ekman and Katarina Frostenson. They are famous authors from different epochs, ranging from the period called “the modern breakthrough” in the 1880s until the postmodernism of the present time. My aim is to expose their attraction to medieval balladry, and their different ways of using form, language and style from this old poetry in poems, prose and plays, explicit as well as implicit.</p>

[pt] Extração de Citações consiste na identificação de citações de um texto e na associação destas com seus autores. Neste trabalho, apresentamos um Extrator de Citações Diretas e Indiretas para o Português. A tarefa de Extração de Citações já foi abordada usando diversas técnicas em diversos idiomas. Nossa proposta difere das anteriores, pois construímos um modelo de Aprendizado de Máquina que, além de indetificar citações diretas, também identifica as citações indiretas. Citações indiretas são difíceis de serem identificadas num texto por não conter delimitações explícitas. Porém, são mais frequentes do que as delimitadas e, por essa razão, possuem grande importância na extração de informação. Por utilizarmos um modelo baseado em Aprendizado de Máquina, podemos facilmente adaptá-lo para outras línguas, bastando apenas uma lista de verbos do dizer num dado idioma. Poucos foram os sistemas propostos anteriormente que atacaram o problema das citações indiretas e nenhum deles para o Português usando Aprendizado de Máquina. Nós construímos um Extrator de Citações usando um modelo para o algoritmo do Perceptron Estruturado. Com o objetivo de treinar e avaliar o sistema, construímos o corpus QuoTrees 1.0. Nós anotamos este corpus a fim de atacar o problema das citações indiretas. O Perceptron Estruturado baseado no agendamento de tarefas ponderado tem desempenho F1 igual a 66 por cento para o corpus QuoTrees 1.0. / [en] Quotation Extraction consists of identifying quotations from a text and associating them to their authors. In this work, we present a Direct and Indirect Quotation Extraction System for Portuguese. Quotation Extraction has been previously approached using different techniques and for several languages. Our proposal differs from previous work, because we build a Machine Learning model that, besides recognizing direct quotations, it also recognizes indirect ones in Portuguese. Indirect quotations are hard to be identified in a text, due to the lack of explicit delimitation. Nevertheless, they happen more often then the delimited ones and, for this reason, have an huge importance on information extraction. Due to the fact that we use a Machine Learning model based, we can easily adapt it to other languages, needing only a list of verbs of speech for a given language. Few were the previously proposed systems that tackled the task of indirect quotations and neither of them for Portuguese using a Machine Learning approach. We build a Quotation Extractor using a model for the Structured Perceptron algorithm. In order to train and evaluate the system, we build QuoTrees 1.0 corpus. We annotate it to tackle the indirect quotation problem. The Structured Perceptron based on weight interval scheduling obtains an F1 score of 66 percent for QuoTrees 1.0 corpus.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Em nosso trabalho, investigamos as representaÃÃes sociais construÃdas por cinco alunas da educaÃÃo de jovens e adultos do Projeto SESC Ler de Fortaleza acerca de seu processo de aprendizagem formal e inicial da leitura e da escrita, bem como de aspectos que tal processo envolve, como, por exemplo, a vida sem saber ler e escrever. Com o intuito de aproximar campos teÃricos diferentes - a teoria das representaÃÃes sociais de Serge Moscovici (2007), a AnÃlise do Discurso de linha francesa e os pressupostos da intertextualidade de Genette (1982), revistos por PiÃgay-Gros (1996) - tomamos as representaÃÃes sociais como prÃticas discursivas, na medida em que ambas orientam as aÃÃes dos sujeitos, ancorando-se na memÃria discursiva e na memÃria coletiva para se constituÃrem atravÃs de um constante dialogismo entre os diversos textos e discursos jà existentes. Para analisÃ-las, delimitamos os espaÃos discursivos que nos foram relevantes por meio da seleÃÃo de trechos dos relatos das alunas e verificamos as posiÃÃes discursivas assumidas em suas enunciaÃÃes. A partir daÃ, recorremos Ãs relaÃÃes de copresenÃa de alusÃo e de citaÃÃo, para, atravÃs delas, em uma anÃlise qualitativa intertextual e interdiscursiva, identificarmos as representaÃÃes sociais formadas. Ao todo, foram encontrados onze aspectos que caracterizam as representaÃÃes sociais, sendo trÃs representaÃÃes como nÃcleo central e oito caracterÃsticas embasadoras, organizadas conforme as noÃÃes de sistema central e perifÃrico (ABRIC, 1994). As alunas discorrem sobre o que as levaram a voltar para a escola, sobre as motivaÃÃes para aprender a ler e a escrever, sobre o que a aquisiÃÃo da leitura e da escrita promove, sobre como à a vida sem saber ler e escrever, dentre outras representaÃÃes construÃdas. / In our research we investigate the social representations built by five students of a project called SESC Ler, in Fortaleza, about their initial and formal process of learning how to read and write, as well as about some aspects that this process involves, as living without knowing how to read and write. Aiming the approximation of different theoretical fields - Serge Moscoviciâs (2007) theory of Social Representations, the Discourse Analysis of French orientation, and Genetteâs (1982) intertextuality purposes, reviewed by PiÃgay-Gros (1996) - we consider the social representations as discursive practices, because both orientate the action of the persons and both lean on the discursive and collective memories to be built through a constant dialogism among the several texts and discourses which already exist. To analyze them, we delimited the relevant discursive spaces of the studentsâ narratives and we verified the discursive positions they assumed in their enunciations. Then, through a qualitative intertextual and interdiscursive analysis using the copresence relations of allusion and quotation, we identified eleven different aspects which characterize the social representations; from them we identified three social representations and eight characteristics that support them, which were organized according to the notions of central and peripheral systems (ABRIC, 1994), and which verse about the initial and formal process of learning how to read and write as a whole. The students relate about what made them come back to the school, about the motivations of learning how to read and write, about what the acquisition that reading and writing promote, as well as about life without knowing how to read and write and other social representations which were built.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the distribution of medieval ballads as semiotics of intertextuality in modern Swedish literature, here represented by August Strindberg, Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Kerstin Ekman and Katarina Frostenson. They are famous authors from different epochs, ranging from the period called “the modern breakthrough” in the 1880s until the postmodernism of the present time. My aim is to expose their attraction to medieval balladry, and their different ways of using form, language and style from this old poetry in poems, prose and plays, explicit as well as implicit.

Ce travail décrit les différentes formes que prennent les emprunts à l'épopée dans les comédies d'Aristophane afin de définir le rapport construit par la comédie entre les deux genres littéraires, entre dérision comique et hommage littéraire, ruptures et continuités idéologiques, filiations et innovations poétiques. / This study tries to describe the various forms of Aristophanic borrowing to epic poetry, in order to define the relationship between the two genres: mockery or homage to the poet, ideological break or continuity, poetic filiation or innovation?