Les péri-implantites se caractérisent par une destruction inflammatoire irréversible des tissus qui entourent l’implant dentaire. Leur pathogénie est proche des parodontites, maladies inflammatoires chroniques d’étiologie bactérienne entrainant une destruction irréversible de l’os alvéolaire soutenant les dents. Cependant, la réponse inflammatoire et la résorption osseuse diffèrent entre péri-implantites et parodontites. De plus, les traitements conventionnels non chirurgicaux ne sont pas efficaces pour le traitement des péri-implantites. L’objectif de notre travail est d’analyser les différences entre les médiateurs inflammatoires et cataboliques des tissus péri-implantaires en comparaison aux tissus parodontaux malades après une thérapie conventionnelle non chirurgicale. Nous avons bâti une collection biologique d’explants humains de tissus conjonctifs péri-implantaires ou parodontaux malades. Une analyse Multiplex des milieux conditionnés et histologiques des explants a révélé une expression accrue de l’inhibiteur de métalloprotéase TIMP-2, de l’interleukine IL-10 et du RANK-L dans les tissus péri-implantaires. En accord avec une revue de littérature que nous avons mené dans la seconde partie de notre travail, notre hypothèse est que ces différences s’expliqueraient, tout du moins en partie, par la présence de particules de titane au niveau des tissus péri-implantaires. Notre travail participe à la compréhension de la pathogenèse de la maladie et concourt à l’identification de biomarqueurs potentiels pour le pronostic ou le développement d’approches thérapeutiques. / Peri-implantitis lesions present an irreversible destruction of the peri-implant surrounding tissues. The pathogenic pathway of peri-implantitis is close from the one of periodontitis which is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by a bacterial biofilm leading to irreversible supportive bone destruction around teeth. Still, the inflammatory process and the bone destruction differ between the two diseases. In addition, conventional non-surgical treatments are not effective for the treatment of peri-implantitis. The aim of our work is to analyze the differences between inflammatory and catabolic mediators of peri-implant tissues compared to diseased periodontal tissues after conventional non-surgical therapy. We have constructed a biological collection of human explants of peri-implant or periodontal connective tissue. Multiplex assays of the conditioned media and histological analysis of the explants revealed an increased expression of the TIMP-2 metalloprotease inhibitor, interleukin IL-10, and RANK-L in the peri-implant tissues. In agreement with a review of literature that we conducted in our work, our hypothesis is that these differences can be explained, at least partly, by the presence of titanium wear particles in the peri-implant tissues. Our work contributes to the understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease and contributes to the identification of biomarkers.

Introducción: analizamos la relación entre fracturas y densidad mineral ósea (DMO) y los SNP (polimorfismos de un solo nucleótido) rs3102735 (163 A/G), rs3134070 (245 T/G) y rs2073618 (1181 G/C) de OPG, el SNP rs2277438 SNP de RANKL, el SNP rs7121 (393 T/C) de GNAS1 y del SNP rs219780 del gen CLDN14 en pacientes con HPP (hiperparatiroidismo primario) esporádico. Métodos: reclutamos 298 pacientes con HPP y 328 voluntarios sanos en un estudio transversal. Analizamos historia de fracturas o litiasis renal, parámetros bioquímicos, DMO en columna lumbar, cadera total, cuello femoral y radio distal y genotipado de los SNP mencionados. Resultados: no encontramos diferencias entre los genotipos de ninguno de los SNP estudiados en relación con la frecuencia de fracturas en HPP o en sujetos control. La DMO fue menor en el radio en los HPP homocigotos para el alelo menor en comparación con el resto de grupos en los SNP de OPG (163 A/G) y (245 T/G) pero no en sujetos control. En el resto de los SNP estudiados no encontramos diferencias entre genotipos y DMO en los sujetos con HPP o control excepto en el SNP de OPG (1181 G/C) en sujetos control con mayor DMO lumbar en el grupo CC respecto del GG. Conclusiones: los sujetos con HPP y homocigotos para el alelo menor (GG) en los SNP rs3102735 (163 A/G) y rs3134070 (245 T/G) de OPG tienen menor DMO en el radio distal. El resto de SNP estudiados no parecen influir en la diferente expresión de las manifestaciones óseas del HPP. / Background: we analyze the relationship between fractures and BMD (bone mineral density) and the rs3102735 (163 A/G), rs3134070 (245 T/G) and rs2073618 (1181 G/C) SNPs of the OPG, the rs2277438 SNP of the RANKL, the rs7121 SNP (393 T/C) of GNAS1 and the rs219780 of CLDN14 in patients with sporadic PHPT (primary hyperparathyroidism). Methods: We enrolled 298 Caucasian patients with PHPT and 328 healthy volunteers in a cross-sectional study. We analyzed history of fractures or renal lithiasis, biochemical determinants, BMD measurements in the lumbar spine, total hip, femoral neck and distal radius, and genotyping for the SNPs to be studied. Results: Regarding the frequency of fractures we found no differences between genotypes in any of the SNPs studied in the PHPT or in the control subjects groups. Significant lower BMD in the distal radius was found in the minor allele homozygotes (GG) compared to heterozygotes and major allele homozygotes in both OPG rs3102735 (163 A/G) and OPG rs3134070 (245 T/G) SNPs in those with PHPT but not in control subjects. We found no difference between genotypes of the rest of the SNPs studied in PHPT or control subjects with the exception of SNP OPG rs2073618 (1181 G/C) in control CC subjects which showed higher lumbar BMD than GG ones. Conclusions: Subjects with PHPT and minor homocygote genotype (GG) for the OPG rs3102735 (163 A/G) and OPG rs3134070 (245 T/G) SNPs have lower BMD in the distal radius. All the other SNPs studied do not appear to influence the different expression of HPP in bone.

Das RANKL/RANK/OPG-System spielt eine entscheidende Rolle in der Steuerung der Osteoklastendifferenzierung und -aktivierung durch Osteoblasten/ Knochenmarkbindegewebszellen im Rahmen des Knochenremodelings. Osteoblasten/Knochenmarkbindegewebszellen exprimieren RANKL. Dieses hat im Körper zwei Rezeptoren: RANK und OPG. RANKL kann durch Bindung an RANK auf Osteoklasten/Osteoklastenvorläuferzellen in Gegenwart von M-CSF seine osteoklastenstimulierende Wirkung entfalten. Der ebenfalls von Osteoblasten gebildete „decoy“-Rezeptor OPG blockiert als freies Protein durch Bindung an RANKL dessen Interaktion mit RANK und verhindert somit die Osteoklastogenese und Osteoklastenaktivierung. Das RANKL/RANK/OPG-System erfüllt im Körper noch weitere Funktionen im Immunsystem, in der Organentwicklung lymphatischer Gewebe und in der Entwicklung der laktierenden Brustdrüse. Viele Zytokine greifen hemmend oder aktivierend in die Osteoklastogenese ein. Sie können dies zum einen durch die Beeinflussung des RANKL/OPG-Verhältnisses, zum anderen durch direkte Interaktion mit Osteoklasten/Osteoklastenvorläuferzellen tun. Zytokine, die die Osteoklastogenese begünstigen, werden vor allem bei inflammatorischen Prozessen ausgeschüttet. Zusammen mit dem, bei diesen Zuständen von aktivierten T-Zellen produzierten RANKL kann dies längerfristig zu einem Knochenverlust führen, welcher sich im klinischen Bild der Osteoporose äußert. Aus den in der vorliegenden Dissertation durchgeführten Untersuchungen ergeben sich folgende Schlussfolgerungen: 1. Monozyten der Zelllinie RAW 264.7 lassen sich, wie bereits in der Literatur beschrieben, durch Zugabe von M-CSF und RANKL zu osteoklastenähnlichen Zellen differenzieren. 2. Die Osteoklastogenese lässt sich anhand der Veränderung verschiedener osteoklastenspezifischer Parameter charakterisieren. Es zeigt sich bei den mit M-CSF und RANKL stimulierten Monozyten eine erhöhte Transkription von CTR (Calcitoninrezeptor)- und TRAP (tartratresistente saure Phosphatase)-mRNA, eine erhöhte Expression des CTR-Proteins, eine erhöhte TRAP-Aktivität und eine Formierung TRAP-positiver mehrkerniger Riesenzellen, die in diesen Eigenschaften Osteoklasten entsprechen. Die zusätzliche Zugabe von TGF-b1 in Kombination mit M-CSF und RANKL resultiert in einer verstärkten Expression von CTR-mRNA und CTR-Protein. TRAP-mRNA-Expression und TRAP-Aktivität bleiben davon unbeeinflusst. 3. Als funktionelles Merkmal der in vitro differenzierten Osteoklasten können ihre Fähigkeit zur Ausbildung von Aktinringen und die Resorption von mineralisiertem Kollagen nachgewiesen werden. 4. Im Verlauf ihrer Differenzierung sekretieren Osteoblasten unterschiedliche Mengen an OPG. Das Maximum der Synthese liegt bei Tag 11. Freies RANKL lässt sich in Überständen von MC3T3-E1-Osteoblasten nicht nachweisen. 5. Das von Osteoblasten in das Medium abgegebene OPG ist in der Lage, die durch RANKL induzierte Osteoklastogenese von RAW-Monozyten zu hemmen. 6. In Kokulturen von MC3T3-E1-Osteoblasten und RAW-Monozyten kann keine Osteoklastogenese beobachtet werden, wahrscheinlich durch Fehlen der RANKLExprimierung oder zu starke OPG-Sekretion durch Osteoblasten. Besonders in der westlichen Welt mit ihrer hohen Lebenserwartung haben Krankheiten mit Knochenverlust sowie bösartige Neubildungen mit Knochenbefall eine große medizinische Bedeutung. Die Beeinflussung des RANKL/RANK/OPG-Systems bietet eine vielversprechende Möglichkeit zur Entwicklung hochwirksamer und nebenwirkungsarmer Medikamente zur Behandlung dieser Zustände.

No description available.

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As doenças periodontais (DP) afetam os tecidos de suporte dos dentes e são desencadeadas por micro-organismos gram-negativos anaeróbios presentes no biofilme periodontal. A evolução da doença é influenciada pela resposta inflamatória e imunológica do hospedeiro e envolve a participação de diversos tipos celulares, que atuam no micro ambiente local modulando a resposta do hospedeiro em busca do controle da infecção. Acredita-se que citocinas inflamatórias, quimiocinas e seus receptores estão envolvidos na migração celular para os tecidos periodontais, contudo, pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos de determinação de resistência ou susceptibilidade às DP; ou no desencadeamento do dano tecidual decorrente da resposta. Neste projeto, avaliou-se o papel das células CCR5+ na DP experimental induzida pela inoculação oral de Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans em camundongos C57BL/6 wild type e camundongos CCR5-knockout. Os resultados mostram que a maioria das células CCR5+ possuem fenótipo compatível com células T do subtipo Th1, devido a co-expressão de CD3 e CXCR3; além de co-expressarem RANKL. Na ausência das células CCR5+, houve uma significativa diminuição da migração de células inflamatórias totais e RANKL+ para os tecidos periodontais, diminuição da reabsorção óssea alveolar, diminuição dos níveis de expressão de citocinas pró-inflamatórias TNFα-, IL-1β e IFN-γ, assim como diminuição na expressão de MMP-1, MMP-2 e MMP-13. Sua ausência não interferiu no controle da infecção periodontal apesar da diminuição dos níveis de iNOS. Estes resultados conduzem à conclusão de que a maioria das células CCR5+ são células T do subtipo Th1, que atuam como importantes moduladoras das citocinas TNFα-, IL-1β e IFN-γ, das metaloproteinases de matriz MMP-1, MMP-2 e MMP-13, e que também expressam e modulam a expressão de RANKL, tendo participação importante na imunopatogenese da DP experimental, sem interferir no controle da infecção periodontal. Estes fatos tornam as células CCR5+ potenciais alvos para intervenção terapêutica visando ao controle das doenças periodontais. / The periodontal diseases (PD) affect the supportive tissues of the teeth and are triggered by periodontopathogens present in the dental biofilm. The clinical outcome is highly influenced by the host inflammatory and immune response with participation of many cellular types, that act in the local microenvironment modulating the host response to control the infection. Inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and its receptors are thought to be involved in the cellular migration to the periodontal tissues, but there is little knowledge about the mechanisms of determination of resistance or susceptibility to the PD and in the triggering of tissue damage by immune response components. This study evaluated the role of CCR5+ cells in the experimental PD induced by oral inoculation of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in C57BL/6 wild type mice and CCR5-knockout mice. The phenotypic analysis of inflammatory infiltrate demonstrated that the most of CCR5+ cells coexpress CD3 and CXCR3, suggesting a phenotype compatible with Th1-type cells, and also co-express RANKL. In the absence of CCR5+ cells there was a significant overall reduction of inflammatory cells and RANKL+ cells influx to the periodontal tissues, reduction in the alveolar bone resorption, reduction in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα-, IL-1β and IFN-γ expression, as a reduction in the expression of MMP-1, MMP-2 and MMP-13. The absence of CCR5+ cells did not impair the control of periodontal infection, despite the reduction of iNOS levels. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that the most of CCR5+ cells are Th1 cells, which act as important modulators of TNFα-, IL-1β and IFN-γ, MMP-1, MMP- 2 and MMP-13 levels, and which also express and modulate the expression of RANKL, playing an important role in the immunopathogenesis of experimental PD, without impairing the control of periodontal infection. These facts point to CCR5+ cells as potentials targets to therapeutic interventions aimed to control periodontal diseases.

Alterações morfológicas no tecido ósseo têm sido descritas nos usuários de hipoglicemiantes orais da classe das tiazolidinedionas (TZDs). Hipotetiza-se que alguns genes relacionados com a osteogênese e osteoclastogênese podem ser influenciados pelo tratamento farmacológico, entretanto, o exato mecanismo ainda não está bem esclarecido. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito da pioglitazona no remodelamento ósseo através de genes envolvidos na osteoclastogênese em indivíduos recentemente diagnosticados com DM2 e modelos animais, com a finalidade de identificar marcadores genéticos sensíveis de alterações ósseas. Foram convidados para participar do estudo 199 indivíduos (100 diabéticos e 99 normoglicêmicos), no ambulatório de dislipidemias do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. Os indivíduos diabéticos foram tratados com pioglitazona (15, 30, 45, 45 mg/ dia/ via oral) por 16 semanas. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue, antes e após o tratamento para avaliações laboratoriais, extração de DNA genômico e de RNA total. Os polimorfismos e a expressão do mRNA nas células sanguíneas foram determinados pela PCR em tempo real através do sistema TaqMan®. Para o estudo em modelo animal após a indução da dieta hiperlipídica por 32 semanas, foram utilizados 12 camundongos machos da linhagem C57BL/J6, os quais foram divididos em três grupos: controle (n=4); diabéticos induzidos pela dieta hiperlipídica (DH, n=4) e diabéticos induzidos pela dieta hiperlipídica e tratados com pioglitazona 35mg/Kg/dia por 16 semanas (DHP, n=4). Para os grupos experimentais foram colhidos: amostras de sangue, para exames laboratoriais; fêmures, para a extração do RNA total; e tíbias, para determinação dos parâmetros histomorfométricos. Os pacientes DM2 apresentaram diminuição nas concentrações séricas de osteocalcina e na expressão de OPG e aumento na expressão de VDR em comparação ao grupo NG (p<0,05). A expressão de RANKL e IL6 foi maior entre as mulheres, enquanto que a expressão de PPARG foi maior entre os homens com DM2 em comparação ao grupo NG (p=0,032). Pacientes DM2 antes do tratamento apresentaram glicemia e expressão do mRNA de IL6 negativamente associados ao cálcio ionizado, enquanto que as transcrições de TNFA e VDR foram associadas positivamente e negativamente com bALP respectivamente (p<0,05). O tratamento com pioglitazona reduziu a glicemia de jejum, glicemia pós-prandial, insulina, HOMA-IR, triglicerídeos, VLDL-C, tALP e bALP e aumentou a HDL, tACP, TNF-&#945; e a transcrição de OPG (p<0,05). A glicemia basal associou-se positivamente com o cálcio ionizado. A expressão basal de OPG foi associado negativamente com tALP, enquanto que a expressão basal de TNFA foi associada positivamente com tALP e negativamente com tACP. A expressão basal IL6 foi associada positivamente com tALP, enquanto que a expressão basal de VDR foi associada negativamente com osteocalcina e positivamente com bALP em resposta ao tratamento (p<0,05). O polimorfismo RANK rs1805034 foi associado com redução na transcrição do gene RANK nos indivíduos DM2 e com o remodelamento ósseo após o tratamento com pioglitazona (p<0,05). O polimorfismo RANKL rs9525641 foi associado com aumento da transcrição gênica de RANKL nos indivíduos NG e DM2 e melhora da resposta farmacológica nos indivíduos DM2 tratados com pioglitazona (p<0,05). O polimorfismo rs3102735 do gene OPG foi associado com aumento da formação óssea nos indivíduos DM2 antes e após o tratamento (p<0,05). O genótipo CG do polimorfismo OPG rs2073618 foi associado com alteração da transcrição de OPG no grupo DM2 pré e pós-tratamento (p<0,05). O polimorfismo PPARG rs1801282 foi associado com menor risco para o desenvolvimento de diabetes (p<0,05). O polimorfismo PPARG rs2972162 foi associado com melhora da resistência insulínica nos indivíduos DM2 tratados com pioglitazona (p=0,017). O polimorfismo ESRI rs9340799 foi associado com redução da formação óssea nos indivíduos DM2 (p=0,038). Nos camundongos, após a indução da dieta hiperlipídica por 32 semanas, observou-se aumento do peso, da glicemia, do colesterol total, da expressão do mRNA de RANK, RANKL, IL6 e TNFA em fêmures e aumento de Tb.Sp e diminuição de BV/TV em comparação ao grupo controle (p<0,05). O tratamento com pioglitazona diminuiu a expressão de TNFA (p=0,028). As medidas histomorfométricas não alteraram-se após o tratamento (p>0,05). Os resultados sugerem que o estado hiperglicêmico e o tratamento influenciam os marcadores bioquímicos e moleculares. Os polimorfismos dos genes RANK, RANKL, OPG e ESRI parecem estar envolvidos no remodelamento ósseo independentemente da hiperglicemia e do tratamento e os polimorfismos do gene PPARG parecem estar envolvidos com menor risco para desenvolver diabetes e com a melhora da resistência insulínica em resposta ao tratamento com pioglitazona. / Morphological changes in bone tissue have been reported in users of oral hypoglycemic class of thiazolidinediones (TZDs). It is hypothesized that some genes related to osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis may be influenced by pharmacological treatment, however, was not aware exact mechanism. The study aims was to evaluate pioglitazone effect on bone remodeling through genes involved in osteoclastogenesis in individuals newly diagnosed with DM2 and animal models, in order to identify sensibles genetics markers of bone alterations. Were invited to participate in study 199 patients (100 diabetics and 99 normoglycemic), in dyslipidemia ambulatory of Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology. Diabetic subjects were treated with pioglitazone (15, 30, 45 or 45 mg /day/oral) for 16 weeks. Blood samples were collected before and after treatment for laboratory evaluations, extraction of genomic DNA and total RNA. Polymorphisms and mRNA expression in blood cells was determined by real time PCR using TaqMan® system. For study in animal model after 32 weeks of fat diet induction, was used 12 male mice C57BL/J6, which were divided into three groups: control (n=4); induced diabetic fat diet (DH, n=4) and induced diabetic fat diet and treated with pioglitazone 35mg/Kg/day for 16 weeks (DHP, n=4). For experimental groups were collected: blood samples for laboratory tests; femurs, for extraction of total RNA; and tibias, to determine histomorphometric parameters. DM2 patients showed decrease in serum osteocalcin and OPG expression and increased VDR expression compared to NG group (p<0.05). RANKL and IL6 expression were higher among women, whereas PPARG expression was higher among men with DM2 compared to NG group (p=0,032). DM2 patients before treatment showed blood glucose and IL6 mRNA expression negatively associated with ionized calcium, whereas TNFA and VDR transcription are positively and negatively associated with bALP respectively (p<0.05). Pioglitazone treatment reduced fasting glucose, postprandial glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, VLDL-C, tALP and bALP and increased HDL, tACP, TNF-&#945; and OPG transcription (p<0.05). Basal blood glucose was positively associated with ionized calcium. Basal OPG expression was negatively associated with tALP, whereas basal TNFA expression was positively associated with tALP and negatively with tACP. Basal IL6 expression was positively associated with tALP, whereas basal VDR expression was negatively associated with osteocalcin and positively with bALP in response to treatment (p<0.05). RANK rs1805034 polymorphism was associated with RANK gene transcription reduction in subjects with DM2 and bone remodeling after treatment with pioglitazone (p<0.05). RANKL rs9525641 polymorphism was associated with increased RANKL gene transcription in NG and DM2 subjects and pharmacological response improvement in DM2 subjects treated with pioglitazone (p<0.05). OPG rs3102735polymorphism was associated with increased bone formation in DM2 subjects before and after treatment (p<0.05). CG genotype of OPG rs2073618 polymorphism was associated with OPG transcription change in DM2 group before and after treatment (p<0.05). PPARG rs1801282 polymorphism was associated with lower risk for diabetes development (p<0.05). PPARG rs2972162 polymorphism was associated with insulin resistance improvement in DM2 subjects treated with pioglitazone (p=0,017). ESRI rs9340799 polymorphism was associated with reduced bone formation in DM2 subjects (p=0,038). In mice, after 32 weeks of fat diet induction, was observed increase weight, blood glucose, total cholesterol and RANK, RANKL, IL6 and TNFA mRNA expression in femurs and Tb.Sp increase and BV/TV decrease compared to control group (p<0.05). Treatment with pioglitazone decrease TNFA (p=0,028). Histomorphometrics measurements not change after treatment (p>0.05). Results suggest that hyperglycemic state and treatment influence biochemical and molecular markers. RANK, RANKL, OPG and ESRI polymorphisms seens to be involved in bone remodeling regardless of hyperglycemia and treatment and PPARG gene polymorphisms seens to be associated with lower risk for diabetes development and with insulin resistance improvement in response to treatment with pioglitazone.

Das RANKL/RANK/OPG-System spielt eine entscheidende Rolle in der Steuerung der Osteoklastendifferenzierung und -aktivierung durch Osteoblasten/ Knochenmarkbindegewebszellen im Rahmen des Knochenremodelings. Osteoblasten/Knochenmarkbindegewebszellen exprimieren RANKL. Dieses hat im Körper zwei Rezeptoren: RANK und OPG. RANKL kann durch Bindung an RANK auf Osteoklasten/Osteoklastenvorläuferzellen in Gegenwart von M-CSF seine osteoklastenstimulierende Wirkung entfalten. Der ebenfalls von Osteoblasten gebildete „decoy“-Rezeptor OPG blockiert als freies Protein durch Bindung an RANKL dessen Interaktion mit RANK und verhindert somit die Osteoklastogenese und Osteoklastenaktivierung. Das RANKL/RANK/OPG-System erfüllt im Körper noch weitere Funktionen im Immunsystem, in der Organentwicklung lymphatischer Gewebe und in der Entwicklung der laktierenden Brustdrüse. Viele Zytokine greifen hemmend oder aktivierend in die Osteoklastogenese ein. Sie können dies zum einen durch die Beeinflussung des RANKL/OPG-Verhältnisses, zum anderen durch direkte Interaktion mit Osteoklasten/Osteoklastenvorläuferzellen tun. Zytokine, die die Osteoklastogenese begünstigen, werden vor allem bei inflammatorischen Prozessen ausgeschüttet. Zusammen mit dem, bei diesen Zuständen von aktivierten T-Zellen produzierten RANKL kann dies längerfristig zu einem Knochenverlust führen, welcher sich im klinischen Bild der Osteoporose äußert. Aus den in der vorliegenden Dissertation durchgeführten Untersuchungen ergeben sich folgende Schlussfolgerungen: 1. Monozyten der Zelllinie RAW 264.7 lassen sich, wie bereits in der Literatur beschrieben, durch Zugabe von M-CSF und RANKL zu osteoklastenähnlichen Zellen differenzieren. 2. Die Osteoklastogenese lässt sich anhand der Veränderung verschiedener osteoklastenspezifischer Parameter charakterisieren. Es zeigt sich bei den mit M-CSF und RANKL stimulierten Monozyten eine erhöhte Transkription von CTR (Calcitoninrezeptor)- und TRAP (tartratresistente saure Phosphatase)-mRNA, eine erhöhte Expression des CTR-Proteins, eine erhöhte TRAP-Aktivität und eine Formierung TRAP-positiver mehrkerniger Riesenzellen, die in diesen Eigenschaften Osteoklasten entsprechen. Die zusätzliche Zugabe von TGF-b1 in Kombination mit M-CSF und RANKL resultiert in einer verstärkten Expression von CTR-mRNA und CTR-Protein. TRAP-mRNA-Expression und TRAP-Aktivität bleiben davon unbeeinflusst. 3. Als funktionelles Merkmal der in vitro differenzierten Osteoklasten können ihre Fähigkeit zur Ausbildung von Aktinringen und die Resorption von mineralisiertem Kollagen nachgewiesen werden. 4. Im Verlauf ihrer Differenzierung sekretieren Osteoblasten unterschiedliche Mengen an OPG. Das Maximum der Synthese liegt bei Tag 11. Freies RANKL lässt sich in Überständen von MC3T3-E1-Osteoblasten nicht nachweisen. 5. Das von Osteoblasten in das Medium abgegebene OPG ist in der Lage, die durch RANKL induzierte Osteoklastogenese von RAW-Monozyten zu hemmen. 6. In Kokulturen von MC3T3-E1-Osteoblasten und RAW-Monozyten kann keine Osteoklastogenese beobachtet werden, wahrscheinlich durch Fehlen der RANKLExprimierung oder zu starke OPG-Sekretion durch Osteoblasten. Besonders in der westlichen Welt mit ihrer hohen Lebenserwartung haben Krankheiten mit Knochenverlust sowie bösartige Neubildungen mit Knochenbefall eine große medizinische Bedeutung. Die Beeinflussung des RANKL/RANK/OPG-Systems bietet eine vielversprechende Möglichkeit zur Entwicklung hochwirksamer und nebenwirkungsarmer Medikamente zur Behandlung dieser Zustände.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Orientador: Célia Regina Nogueira / Resumo: A regulação da remodelação óssea ocorre por meio de fatores locais e sistêmicos. Entre os fatores locais estão as citocinas: Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa B Ligand (RANKL), presente nos osteoblastos, e Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa B (RANK), presente nos osteoclastos, além de outras citocinas como o Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) que podem agir no processo de deposição e/ou reabsorção óssea in vivo. Entre os fatores sistêmicos que participam da remodelação óssea estão os hormônios estrógeno (E2) e triiodotironina (T3). O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a ação do E2, infrafisiológico (simulando a menopausa) e T3, suprafisiológico (simulando hipertireoidismo) em osteoblastos humanos derivados de células troncos mesenquimais (CTMs) na síntese proteica de RANKL e TNF-α. Os osteoblastos foram incubados por 72 horas na presença de E2 em dose fisiológica (E2F/10-8M) e infrafisiológica (E2I/10-9M), e T3 em dose fisiológica (T3F/10-9M) e suprafisiológica (T3S/10-8M), e quantificada a matriz mineralizada óssea e a síntese proteica de RANKL e TNF-α por Western Blot. A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada pelo teste de variância ANOVA complementada pelo teste de Tukey, sendo o nível de significância considerado p<0,05. O tratamento de E2 em dose E2F (1,96± 0,48; p<0,05) e E2I (3,18±0,31; p<0,001) elevou a síntese proteica de RANKL comparado ao controle (C) (1,00±0,32), e de TNF-α em dose de E2F (3,61±0,45; p<0,05) e E2I (2,45±0,07; p<0,05) também ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The regulation of bone remodeling is intermediated by local and systemic factors. The cytokines are among the local factors: Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa B Ligand (RANKL), present in osteoblasts, and Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa B (RANK), present in osteoclasts, in addition to other cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) that can act in the process of bone deposition and/or resorption in vivo. Hormones are among the systemic factors involved in bone remodeling, estrogen (E2) and triiodothyronine (T3). The aim of the study was to verify the action of E2, infraphysiological (simulating menopause) and T3, supraphysiological (simulating hyperthyroidism) in human osteoblasts derived from mesenchymal stem cells (CTMs) in the protein synthesis of RANKL and TNF-α. Osteoblasts were incubated during 72 hours in the presence of E2 at physiological dose (E2F/10 -8 M) and infraphysiological (E2I/10 -9 M), and T3 at physiological (T3F/10 -9 M) and supraphysiological (T3S/10-8 M) and quantified the bone mineralized matrix and the protein synthesis of RANKL and TNF-α by Western Blot. Statistical analysis of the data was performed by the ANOVA variance test complemented by the Tukey test, and the significance level was considered p<0.05. The treatment of E2F in E2F dose (1.96 ± 0.48, p<0.05) and E2I (3.18 ± 0.31; p <0.001) increased RANKL protein synthesis compared to control (C) (1.00 ± 0.32), and TNF-α in the dose of E2F (3.61 ± 0.45; p<0.05) and E... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre