The present research focuses on cultural realia and possible ways of their translation. The concept of realia is defined in the research as well as several classification schemes of realia and translation strategies suggested by various linguists are presented. The examples of cultural realia are selected from J.K. Rowling's book "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets" and its translations into Lithuanian and German. / Darbe nagrinėjamos kultūrinės realijos ir galimi jų vertimo būdai. Pateikiamas realijos apibrėžimas ir kelios realijų klasifikacijų schemos bei įvairių kalbininkų siūlomos vertimo strategijos. Kultūrinių realijų pavyzdžiai surinkti iš J.K. Rowling knygos "Haris Poteris ir paslapčių kambarys" ir jos vertimo į lietuvių ir vokiečių kalbas.

This thesis examines the translation of cultural elements from Norwegian to Italian. The analysis is made on the basis of theories of translation studies and focuses on the realia found in the contemporary Norwegian novel Svøm med dem som drukner, written by Lars Mytting and published by Gyldendal in 2014. The initial hypothesis of the work was that in the Italian translation the geographical-cultural aspects would be dominant and the plot and psychological aspects subdominant; that is, a hierarchy of dominants opposite of that of the original in Norwegian. The thesis presents the results of analytical parallel reading of the original Svøm med dem som drukner and the Italian version Sedici Alberi from 2017, translated by Alessandro Storti. During the parallel reading words and phrases specific to the Norwegian language culture (realia) were collected and grouped according to the type of realia (geographical, ethnographical or political/social as suggested by Osimo) and the translation strategy used (transcribing, creation of a new word or calque, using a different related word from the source language etc. as suggested by Osimo). While some of the strategies lead to bringing the translation close to the original (adequacy), others make the word or phrase, to a varying extent, consistent with the target culture (acceptability). The results obtained confirm the original hypothesis that Sedici Alberi would be an “adequate” translation. Further work in this area could focus on the analysis of style and language in the same translation, to see whether also these aspects conform with the translation being “adequate”.

In this thesis the translation of cultural elements from Italian to Swedish is examined. The study is based on the analysis of the realia found in the Italian novel Le otto montagne, which was written by Paolo Cognetti and published in 2016 by Einaudi. The analysis is based on theories of translation studies. The thesis presents the results of analytical parallel reading of the original Le otto montagne and the Swedish version De åtta bergen, which was translated by Malin Emitslöf and published by Contempo förlag in 2018. The original hypothesis was that the strategies chosen by the translator would show tendencies to aim for an adequate translation of the culture specific elements and the names. During the parallel reading phrases and words specific to the Italian language culture (realia) were collected. The elements of realia which were found were first grouped according to type of realia. The next step was to determine which method had been used by the translator, to render the specific element of realia into Swedish. The results obtained do not fully verify the original hypothesis, that the strategies chosen by the translator would in general show tendencies to aim for an adequate translation of the culture specific elements. However, when the culture specific element in question was connected to specific domains or subjects, this tendency to aim for an adequate translation was more distinct. These subjects were for instance traditional life in the mountains, alpinism etc, i.e. subjects with a strong connection to the mountains. As a complement to the results of the parallel reading, Malin Emitslöf, the translator, was asked to answer a number of questions regarding the translation, her background, etc. Her very helpful and comprehensive answers can be found in the appendix of this thesis. The answers to the questions in the interview suggest that the translator did not choose strategies or model readers consiously, but rather made the various choices during the translation process based on intuitive experience from previous work with translation, extensive exposure to the two language-cultures, the gut feeling, and a good instinct for language. Further work in this area could focus on the comparison of the translation of the elements of realia in the book (i.e. Le otto montagne) into different languages, for instance Swedish and Spanish. Another suggestion would be to compare the methods and experiences of two different translators, Malin Emitslöf e Aija Cirulis, by doing interviews with them both. They both have experience from translating a novel written by Paolo Cognetti, into Swedish. La Cirulis recently translated the book “Senza mai arrivare in cima” by Cognetti, into Swedish. (Contempo 2020). It would be interesting to make a comparison between their experiences, their methods and their strategies.

This thesis is concerned with the analysis of sets of German language textbooks intended for the second grade of elementary school dating from the nineties until now from the point of view of the historical development of the mediation of language culture and background. The theoretical part clarifies the terms substantial for the issue in question, it describes the historical development of language culture and background teaching, individual approaches to the mediation of language culture and background and while doing so, it follows the fundamental publications concerning the didactics of language culture and background and also crucial works regarding the analysis of textbook sets. The practical part describes the design of the research, its division to stages, the sample of the textbooks analysed and the establishing of the criteria according to which the textbooks will be analysed. On the basis of thus established criteria, nine textbook sets have been analysed. The method utilised was content and comparative analysis. The fundamental part of this thesis presents the results and the final evaluation. The objective of this thesis was to grasp the development of the mediation of language culture and background in the chosen sample of German language textbooks intended for the second grade of...

Cette étude s’interroge sur la construction de la référence dans le genre discursif récit de voyage. Ce genre se signale en effet par une posture énonciative commune : les énonciateurs voyageurs,placés dans un contexte d’asymétrie entre langue et culture, ont à rendre compte derealia (espèces naturelles, artefacts, pratiques sociales) qui ne sont pas systématiquement lexicalisés dans leur langue, ou pour lesquels ils ne possèdent pas de compétence dénominative.Aussi présentent-ils souvent l’opération de référence comme problématique. Pour rendre compte de la manière dont les énonciateurs s’y prennent en contexte pour référer « malgré tout », la thèse analyse les procédures de nomination et de catégorisation des realia exotiques dans un corpus de récits de voyageurs français en Afrique noire durant la période coloniale. Elle met en place une sémantique discursive articulant les trois ordres de la langue, de la textualité et du discours. Le travail bâtit tout d’abord une typologie des formats de nomination exploités dans le corpus, et montre ainsi que les pratiques discursives de nomination sont adossées au système de la langue. Cette première procédure référentielle est complétée par des opérations séquentielles de délimitation des catégories ; on met en lumière les contraintes textuelles qui pèsent sur cette seconde procédure. On analyse ensuite les effets discursifs produits par l’utilisation de ces ressources linguistiques, en les articulant avec la dimension générique, les positionnement sénonciatifs et idéologiques. Les outils d’analyse construits sont enfin appliqués pour caractériser des exploitations discursives particulières dans deux textes contrastés du corpus. / The present study explores how reference is constructed in the discursive genre specifiedas travel narrative. A hallmark of the genre is a common posture towards the production of thetext where enunciator-travellers are placed in an asymmetric context between language and cultureand have to give an account of realia (natural species, artefacts, social practices) which are not systematically lexicalized in their own languages or for which they do not have naming competence. They thus tend to present referencing as problematic. In order to describe how incontext enunciators manage to reference “against all odds”, the present dissertation analysesnaming and categorization procedures of exotic realia in a corpus of travel accounts by Frenchtravellers to Black Africa in the colonial period. A discursive semantics is set up based on thepatterning of the three orders, language, textuality and discourse. The present work first builds upa typology of naming patterns implemented in the corpus and is able to show that discursivepractices concerned with naming rest on the language as a system. This first referencing procedureis followed by sequential operations to delimit categories; textual constraints on this secondprocedure are shown up. There follows the analysis of the discursive effects that result from theuse of such linguistic resources and this is done through articulation with the generic dimensionand the enunciative and ideological stances. Finally the analytic tools that have been devised areapplied to the characterization of specific discursive processes in two contrasting texts from thecorpus.

My diploma essay is devoted to games as away of education which can be used in Czech realia education of adult foreigners. A part target is to describe the situation among teachers of Czech as a foreign language. In the focus of interest, there are questions how to treat Czech realia education, which ways of education to use and how to feel the game as a way of studying while using in this type of education. The main target of my essay is to find out how successful the suggested revision and motivation games are in the Czech realia education and if they can bring something new for students. The first part of my diploma essay is devoted to realia description, their classification and problems connected with organisation of this education type. In the rest of chapters, the game is treated as a way of education which can be even used in Czech realia studies. In the empiric part of my essay, I used an electronic questionnaire to find out the opinions of teachers of Czech as a foreign language which they have on Czech realia studies and using game there. The research dates serve as further motivation item for realisation of the second research which is devoted to suggestion of revision and motivation games for Czech realia studies, their practising and evaluation from the point of view to school results...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:45:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mainly Reinhardt Vieira dos Santos Ramalho.pdf: 2370241 bytes, checksum: 0f6a5822990ef31cfdf2f037d0450824 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-14 / This paper aims to study the usage of American TV series in English as a foreign language classes through the gathering of chunks of language. Though we start this dissertation from the description of the communicative and its innovative principles by presenting the communicative competence and its four divisions strategic, grammatical, discursive and sociolinguistic based on researches like Hymes (1972), Brown (2000), Richards (2006), Richards e Roberts (1986) and Savignon (1983; 1991). Besides we describe the importance of the realia in a communicative class. As well as we discuss the lesson of the communicative approach and the four abilities reading, writing, speaking and listening. Still talking about the communicative lesson we discuss about teaching grammar, vocabulary and culture. The choice of using TV series is justified because they are a rich source both linguistic and cultural of the English language (North American) and we can find a plenty of examples chunks of language, collocations, phrasal verbs, and idioms. In our analysis we gathered not only the linguistics but also the cultural references of the first episode of Gilmore Girls by using software known as Unitex® that searches the chunks in the script selected and finally we propose some activities based on the analysis. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o uso de seriados de televisão norte-americanos em aulas de inglês como língua estrangeira por meio do levantamento dos chunks da língua inglesa. Iniciamos, então, esta dissertação pela descrição da CLT e seus preceitos inovadores apresentando competência comunicativa e suas quatro subdivisões competência estratégica, gramatical, discursiva e sociolinguística com base nos estudos de pesquisadores como Hymes (1972), Brown (2000), Richards (2006), Richards e Roberts (1986), Savignon (1983; 1991). Além disso, em nossa pesquisa, descrevemos o uso de realia em sala de aula, e em nosso recorte optamos pelos seriados norte-americanos. Ainda falando sobre a CLT, discorremos acerca da aula comunicativa apresentando suas características, bem como discutimos as quarto habilidades linguísticas: a leitura (reading), a escrita (writing), a habilidade oral (speaking) e habilidade de ouvir (listening), tratamos, igualmente, do ensino de gramática (teaching grammar), de vocabulário (teaching vocabulary), e cultura acompanhadas de sugestões de atividades relacionadas ao uso de seriados. A justificativa da escolha de seriados norte-americanos deu-se por se tratar de uma rica fonte cultural e linguística e dos chunks da língua inglesa e suas subdivisões collocations, phrasal verbs e idioms está centrado na cultura americana. Em nossa análise, fizemos o levantamento das referências culturais e linguísticas de um episódio do seriado Gilmore Girls - Pilot (Episódio Piloto) - utilizando o programa de computador Unitex® que realiza uma varredura no texto e localiza os chunks of language no roteiro do episódio e, por fim apresentamos algumas atividades baseadas na análise feita.

The purpose of this study is to find out to what extent and what frequency realia is highlighted in Spanish textbooks for year 7–9. As realia is a wide concept this study has focused on geography, history and music. For this study, a content analysis of both texts and images in teaching materials for year 7-9 has been conducted in order to detect what types of realia are being highlighted and how. The results showed that both teaching materials give a large amount of realia hence a comparison has also been made. In conclusion, all the books in both series do highlight realia, however, they do so in different ways. This means that it matters for the realia education which teaching material is used on an everyday basis, but also that, regardless of what series is used for teaching, the other can serve as a complement. / Syftet med den här studien är att få reda på i vilken bredd och med vilken frekvens man tar upp realia i textböcker i spanska för årskurs 7–9. Då realia är ett vitt begrepp har studien fokuserat på geografi, historia och musik. För undersökningen har en innehållsanalys av både texter och bilder i läromedel i spanska för årskurs 7–9 genomförts för att ta reda på vilken typ av realia som tas upp och hur. Resultatet visade att båda läromedelsserierna ger en stor mängd realia och en jämförelse mellan läromedlen har också gjorts. Som slutsats kan man se att alla böcker i serierna tar upp realia men att det görs på olika sätt. Detta bidrar till att valet av läromedel för den vardagliga undervisningen spelar roll för undervisningen av realia men även att oberoende av vilken av dessa serier man använder kan den andra fungera som komplement till undervisningen.

Resumé This master thesis is focused on description and summary of information about Czech politics, geography, sport, culture and Czech character which may be met by foreigner in selected textbooks for foreigners. The goal is to determine whether and how these findings correspond to the research about Czech culture and differences between national cultures, done by some scientists. The aim is to provide information in which way are shown in selected textbooks topics as power distance, role of man an woman in society, how are in textbooks described people from the point of age, if there is taken shape of competitiveness or cooperation, how the Czech ethnics is described, view on own history, what is the image of foreigners in textbooks and how is presented Czech culture. Works wonders whether the manner and content of the information presented about Czech culture can be understood by a foreign ethnic group, which is currently living in the Czech Republic.

Resumé This master thesis is focused on description and summary of information about Czech culture and Czech character which may be met by foreigner in selected textbooks for foreigners. The goal is to determine whether and how these findings correspond to the research about Czech culture and differences between national cultures, done by some scientists. The aim is to provide information in which way are shown in selected textbooks topics as power distance, role of man an woman in society, how are in textbooks described people from the point of age, if there is taken shape of competitiveness or cooperation, how the Czech ethnics is described, view on own history, what is the image of foreigners in textbooks and how is presented Czech culture. Works wonders whether the manner and content of the information presented about Czech culture can be understood by a foreign ethnic group, which is currently living in the Czech Republic.