In purpose to investigate what highly educated employees born from 1981 and forward found motivating this basic qualitative study is based on interviews regarding nine individual’s perceptions about their work and employers. Nine interviews were conducted with individuals born between 1981 to 1994 regarding motivation at work, which led to six themes being presented, “Developing”, “Feeling secure”, “Good leadership”, “Experience of autonomy”, “Identifying with values” and “Thrive in the organizational structure”. The results were analyzed based on previous research regarding intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and studies of individuals born between 1980 and late 1990. It could be concluded that the participants preferred development, challenge and leadership to permanent employment and high wages. / I syfte att undersöka vad som motiverar högutbildade arbetstagare födda från 1981 och framåt har den här grundläggande kvalitativa studien baserats på intervjuer med individer om deras uppfattning om arbete och arbetsgivare. Nio personer födda mellan 1981 och 1994 blev intervjuade gällande upplevelser av motivation i arbetet varav sex teman lyftes fram, “Att utvecklas”, “Känna trygghet”, “Ett bra ledarskap”, “Upplevelse av autonomi”, “Identifiera sig med värderingar” och “Trivas i organisationsstrukturen”. Resultaten analyserades utifrån tidigare forskning om intern och extern motivation och studier av individer födda från 1980 och framåt. Det kunde antas att studiens deltagare värderade utveckling, utmaning och ledarskap framför en fast anställning och hög lön.

This dissertation studies internal and external factors affecting firm outcomes. The first two chapters explore the sources of variation in managerial skill within an Indian life insurance firm. The existing literature has investigated the association between managerial productivity and management practices across firms, but has largely overlooked how individual traits and skills affect managerial performance. Intra-firm variation in managerial productivity allows us to study managerial skill without the confounded effects of variation in management practices. The third chapter models how external technological change affects competition between media firms, and what that implies for information availability in a society. For the first two chapters, I use a novel dataset drawn from a life insurance firm in India, with 211 managers, each leading a sales team of insurance agents. Chapter 1 studies the sources of large variation in performance across teams. I find that the performance of newly recruited agents is positively correlated with the managers' past team productivity index. I also observe that when agents move across teams in the firm's internal labor market, there is no change in the output of such agents, except when they join the team of a high performing manager (in the top decile of team performance). This allows me to infer that most managers differ from along their recruiting skill, whereas the high performers are able to provide some form of managerial contribution to productivity such as training, supervision or guidance. Chapter 2 examines the dynamics of managerial skills in this firm. I distinguish between internally-hired managers who were working previously as agents in the firm, and externally-hired managers, who joined the firm directly as managers. I find that the teams of internally-hired managers are 14% more productive, but that the teams of externally-hired managers catch up in a span of six to seven years. Among different mechanisms, I find evidence that the managers differ in the recruitment of good workers and also in the contribution to the output of their workers. Further, I find evidence that the externally-hired managers learn how to recruit good workers. This is the first study to show evidence supporting learning-by-doing on part of managers. The third chapter, co-authored with Benjamin Ogden, develops a model of endogenous media polarization- or, product differentiation among news sources- to study how this affects political outcomes. We show that under internet-based technology, where users provide additional values when they are served their preferred content, media firms would have an incentive to skew their content, leading to divergence. However, the degree of divergence will depend on the distribution of audience. Under reasonable restrictions on the distribution of voters, informed political choices are implemented. The model demonstrates why increasing media polarization does not necessarily lead to incorrect political outcomes and may in fact create conditions for correct policy choice.

Most of the seafloor is soft sediment, so hard substrata are isolated and island-like. In this dissertation, I explore how species distribution patterns on isolated marine hard substrata resemble terrestrial island communities, drawing on classical island biogeography theory and assembly rules, and describe how benthic invertebrate communities assemble in these island-like habitats. Higher species richness occurred on larger substrata (dropstones and shipwrecks), paralleling terrestrial island communities. However, while larger islands have greater habitat diversity and primary productivity, marine hard substrata are simpler habitats. Greater elevation in the benthic boundary layer may expose fauna to faster current, higher food supply and larval flux. Substrata located closer together had more similar communities, another pattern that resembles terrestrial islands. Dropstone fauna had a clumped distribution, indicating that larvae may disperse among substrata located close together, resulting in similar communities. In Svalbard fjords, benthic megafaunal communities were significantly different between Arctic- and Atlantic-influenced fjords. Depth and temperature had the greatest influence, with the highest diversity occurring in cold Rijpfjorden and on the north Svalbard shelf. Recruitment in Svalbard fjords was spatially and temporally variable, with lower recruitment in Rijpfjorden than in Atlantic-influenced fjords and lower recruitment at greater depth. Most of the recruits in Svalbard fjords were fast-growing, poor-competitive opportunists. On shipwrecks, communities showed two mechanisms of colonization: mobile fauna with long-dispersing planktotrophic larvae, and encrusting fauna with lecithotrophic larvae. Encrusting species reproduce asexually to cover the wreck surface, and philopatry may build up dense populations, leading to uneven communities. On terrestrial islands, non-random co-occurrence is attributed to interspecific competition, but for marine substrata, there may not be a relationship. Fauna were distributed randomly on settlement plates in Svalbard fjords, even when interspecific competition was observed. On dropstones, some morphotypes co-occurred non-randomly in the absence of overgrowth competition. Non-random co-occurrence on isolated marine hard substrata may be a result of restricted larval dispersal (for pairs co-occurring less than by chance) or epibiontism (for pairs co-occurring more often than by chance). While species distribution patterns on island-like marine hard substrata resemble terrestrial islands, the mechanisms are not necessarily the same.

The development and implementation of AI is rapidly growing in the Nordic countries, yet the perception and information of AI is still limited. This paper will look deeper into the managerial aspects of implementing AI as part of the recruitment system, specifically the selection process and machine learning in text mining. The data gathering of this research has been conducted via interviews with Linköping's municipality, as well as collecting secondary data from public reports and scientific articles. Afterwards, the data was then scrutinized through theoretical analysis, using frameworks from different academic researches. A set of aspects was found, which affects the implementation of AI in an organisation in Sweden. A managerial view was taken to find a deeper significance on why an understanding of these aspects is necessary when implementing AI as a part of company's recruitment processes. However, while other elements other than the ones identified in this thesis do exist, a coherent picture of the process and the affecting variables can be thoroughly explained through these specifically chosen viewpoints. The paper concludes with drawing a bigger image of the AI in recruitment and selection processes, and the implications of it to an organisation considering to implement AI as part of these processes in near future. The thesis can be seen as a recommendation to any establishment that is making the decision of adopting the usage of AI as part of recruitment.

Thesis advisor: Diana C. Pullin / Framed in the context of increased media attention focused on a shortage of qualified candidates for the superintendency of public school districts, this study examines the thought process of educational leaders who are in a position to pursue the superintendency. A review of the literature explored the increasing challenges of the position itself, and examined business and psychology literature concerning applicant attraction and the concept of fit including the factors that may attract and deter potential applicants. Qualitative research methods were used to illuminate the thought process that accompanies consideration of the superintendency. The following research questions were considered: what factors, including job desirability and accessibility, influence the pursuit intentions of individuals qualified to be superintendent, and, how does the mix of motivators and inhibitors impact the decision to pursue or not to pursue the position? Twelve in-depth interviews were conducted with graduates of a doctoral program in educational leadership, all currently working as educational leaders in public school districts. Coded transcripts from the interviews highlighted the importance of perceived positional and organizational fit, the use of a common mental checklist to conceptualize fit, and the weight that is applied to different factors. Data also pointed to the ways in which female and racial/ethnic minorities experience the pursuit process differently, especially in terms of their access to pipeline networks. Recommendations are made for professional associations of educational leaders, search agencies and school districts, and higher education. / Thesis (EdD) — Boston College, 2012. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Educational Leadership and Higher Education.

A anestesia do paciente equino acometido por síndrome do abdômen agudo ainda é uma das situações mais desafiadoras enfrentada pelo médico veterinário anestesiologista na pratica clínica. Apesar dos inúmeros avanços alcançados na área de ventilação mecânica, monitoramento avançado do status volêmico e atendimento do paciente critico, o equilíbrio entre a melhor estratégia de ventilação, de modo a minimizar a ocorrência de shunt e espaço morto, e a otimização dos parâmetros de oxigenação e hemodinâmica para que a perfusão sanguínea para os tecidos periféricos seja mantida, ainda não foi determinada para cavalo afetado por síndrome cólica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o impacto de dois valores diferentes de pressão positiva ao final da expiração (PEEP) sobre os parâmetros de ventilação, oxigenação, hemodinâmica e consumo de fármacos vasopressores em equinos submetidos a laparotomia exploratória em decorrência de quadros de abdômen agudo de diferentes etiologias. Para isso foram utilizados 20 animais, sendo 12 machos e 8 fêmeas, pesando 431±95 kg e encaminhados para o serviço de cirurgia de grandes animais da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia de Universidade de São Paulo (FMVZ/USP). Após avaliação pré-anestésica os animais foram pré-medicados com xilazina (0,6mg/kg-1) pela via intravenosa, decorridos 10 minutos realizou-se a indução da anestesia com cetamina (2,2mg/kg-1) associada a diazepam (0,05mg/kg-1). Os animais foram então posicionados em decúbito dorsal, mantidos em ventilação mecânica por volume controlado, com volume corrente de 14mL/kg e submetidos a manobra de recrutamento alveolar por escalonamento da PEEP, de maneira crescente a cada 5 minutos até 22 cmH2O, seguida do escalonamento decrescente, de forma que os animais foram então divididos sistematicamente em 2 grupos: PEEP constante de 12 cmH2O (Grupo PEEP12, n=10) ou PEEP constante de 17 cmH2O (Grupo PEEP17, n=10) durante todo o procedimento anestésico. O grupo PEEP12 apresentou valores de pressão arterial média (PAM) e pH significativamente maiores durante todo o período após a instituição do tratamento, bem como menor consumo de dobutamina e noradrenalina para a manutenção da PAM>60 mmHg. No grupo PEEP12 houve ainda uma tendência de valores maiores de base excesso após a instituição do tratamento. Não houve diferença entre os dois grupos para os valores dos parâmetros de oxigenação no período pós anestésico. / The equine patient suffering from acute abdomen syndrome anesthesia remains one of the biggest challenges for the veterinary anesthesiologist. Despite many advances on mechanical ventilation, volemic status monitoring and critical care patient management it is still extremely difficult to achieve the balance between the best ventilation strategy to minimize the occurrence of ventilation mismatch and the optimization of cardiovascular parameters to keep blood perfusion to peripheral tissues within normal ranges. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of a stepwise increase in airway pressure recruitment and two different values of positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) on ventilatory, oxygenation and hemodynamics parameters as well as vasoactive drugs consumption on horses undergoing exploratory laparotomy. Thus, twenty client-owned horses, weighing 431± 95 kg, refered to the Large Animal Surgery Service of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, at the University of São Paulo were included on the study. The animals were premedicated with xilazine (0,6mg/kg-1) and after 10 minutes the anesthesia was induced with ketamine (2,2 mg/kg-1) and diazepam (0,05 mg/kg-1). The subjects were positioned in dorsal recumbence, maintained in volume controlled mechanical ventilation, with tidal volume of 14ml/kg. After 30 min of instrumentation the recruitment maneuver (RM) was performed by PEEP titration with increments of 5 cmH2O every 5 min up to a PEEP of 20 cmH2O followed by decremental PEEP titration until 12 cmH20 (Group PEEP12, n=10) or 17 cmH2O (Group PEEP 17, n=10) until the end of surgical procedure. The Group PEEP12 had significantly higher values of mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and pH for 100 minutes after the RM was performed. The animals in this group also needed less vasoactive drugs (dobutamine and noradrenaline) to keep the MAP>60mmHg during the whole anesthesia time. There was no difference between group PEEP12 a group PEEP 17 regarding oxygenation parameters 30 minutes after the anesthesia was ended.

I en värld som ständigt förändras och utvecklas kan det finnas ett pågående tryck hos organisationer att behålla värdefull kunskap men även att identifiera var kunskap saknas och åtgärda detta. Arbetet med detta hos organisationer kallas ofta för ”kompetensförsörjning”. Syftet med denna studie är att identifiera hur arbetet med kompetensförsörjning i vissa fall kan se ut för HR-medarbetare och chefer i en offentlig verksamhet. Studien är kvalitativ och innehåller tidigare forskning gällande Human Resources och kompetensförsörjning . I studien har fyra halvstrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med fyra respondenter som alla arbetar med HR inom offentlig sektor. Därefter har data blivit tematisk analyserat för att ge form till de olika teman som återfinns i resultatet. Resultatet påvisar att både HR-medarbetare och chefer är delaktiga i arbetet med kompetensförsörjning, men att cheferna ofta tilldelas utvalda ansvarsområden och att HR-medarbetare har det övergripande ansvaret och fungerar som en specialistfunktion. Slutsatsen påvisar att både HRmedarbetare och chefers olika kunskaper är viktiga beståndsdelar i kompetensförsörjningen men även att det finns alternativa arbetssätt som skulle vara önskvärda om tid och möjlighet funnits.

Company A has experienced high voluntary staff turnover at middle management level between 2007 and 2009. During this period 35% of middle managers have resigned and, this has resulted in significant financial costs being incurred. This research focused on understanding what factors would make the current middle managers stay in Company A’s employment and what the financial impact has been due to these resignations. The research concluded that career development, people development by line manager, feedback of own work, a line manager who teaches and coaches subordinates, and working with a knowledgeable line manager, were the top five factors that would make the current middle managers stay in Company A’s employment. The research further concludes that there was a gap between Company A’s retention initiatives and what the middle managers actually value, thus the resignations. The research has also established that the middle managers’ resignations have had a significant financial impact on the organisation.

A hipoventilação secundária ao procedimento anestésico é comum na prática anestésica, e, sendo assim, o emprego de técnicas de ventilação mecânica é adotado como forma de minimizar e/ou evitar os efeitos deletérios da hipoventilação. Porém, o uso de ventiladores mecânicos não é isento de risco, e atelectasias podem se formar mesmo quando são utilizados. Para análise em tempo real do pulmão, a técnica de tomografia por impedância elétrica vem sendo empregada em conjunto com outros meios de monitoração, tendo se demonstrado um meio útil de avaliação da ventilação pulmonar de maneira não invasiva, passível de ser utilizada à beira do leito e sem emissão de radiação. Estudos utilizando o tomógrafo de impedância elétrica em cães são escassos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a ventilação de cães submetidos à anestesia inalatória e à ventilação mecânica utilizando a técnica de tomografia por impedância elétrica. Foram utilizados onze cães com peso superior a 16 kg e classificados como baixo risco anestésico (ASA I ou II). Os animais receberam acepromazina e meperidina como medicação pré-anestésica, propofol como indutor e isofluorano na manutenção da anestesia. Foram mantidos em ventilação mecânica controlada a pressão, com FiO2 de 0,6 e pressão de pico de 10 cmH2O durante os primeiros 90 minutos de anestesia. Foram então realizadas manobras de recrutamento alveolar e instituição de pressão positiva ao final da expiração (PEEP) de 5 cmH2O, e os animais foram avaliados por mais 35 minutos. Os parâmetros foram avaliados 30, 60 e 90 minutos após a indução da anestesia e 5 e 35 minutos após o recrutamento e instituição da PEEP. Apesar de não ter havido diferença estatisticamente significativa nos parâmetros de oxigenação e distribuição da ventilação, foi visível a melhora clínica e nas curvas de oxigenação e impedância. As curvas de impedância geradas a partir dos dados obtidos pelo tomógrafo de impedância elétrica acompanharam as curvas de melhora na oxigenação. O fato de, no estudo, terem sido utilizados animais hígidos e submetidos à ventilação mecânica e FiO2 de 0,6 desde o início pode ter contribuído para não ter havido melhora estatisticamente significativa, embora clinicamente visível. As manobras de recrutamento utilizadas também foram conservadoras em comparação aos outros trabalhos realizados. Infere-se que, se utilizássemos animais doentes e com FiO2 de 1, poderíamos ter obtido um grau maior de atelectasias nos primeiros 90 minutos de anestesia e/ou, se tivéssemos utilizado manobras de recrutamento menos conservadoras, poderíamos ter obtidos melhora estatisticamente significativa após as manobras e instituição da PEEP. A tomografia de impedância elétrica parece ser um bom meio de monitoração do pulmão em tempo real em cães submetidos à anestesia inalatória. / Hypoventilation secondary to anesthesia is common and, therefore, the use of mechanical ventilation techniques is adopted in order to minimize and/or prevent the deleterious effects of hypoventilation. However, the use of mechanical ventilators has risks, and atelectasis can develop even when they are used. For real-time analysis of the lung, the technique of electrical impedance tomography has been used in conjunction with other means of monitoring, having demonstrated to be useful for assessing pulmonary ventilation in a noninvasively way, and also can be used at the bedside and without radiation emission. There are not many studies using electrical impedance tomography in dogs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ventilation of dogs subjected to inhalation anesthesia and mechanical ventilation using the technique of electrical impedance tomography. We used eleven dogs weighing more than 16 kg and classified as low anesthetic risk (ASA I or II). The animals were premedicated with acepromazine and meperidine, anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. Ventilation was then instituted with FiO2 of 0.6 and peak pressure of 10 cm H2O during the first 90 minutes of anesthesia. Alveolar recruitment maneuvers were realized and pressure positive end- expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 5 cmH2O was initiated. The animals were evaluated for more 35 minutes then. The parameters were measured at 30, 60 and 90 minutes after induction of anesthesia and 5 and 35 minutes after recruitment. Although there was no statistically significant difference in the parameters of oxygenation and ventilation distribution, clinical improvement was visible as was the oxygenation and impedance curves. The impedance curves generated from the data obtained with the electrical impedance tomograph followed the improvement in oxygenation curves. The fact that in this study we used healthy animals undergoing mechanical ventilation with FiO2 of 0.6 right from the beginning, may have contributed to no improvement statistically significant but clinically visible. Recruitment maneuvers used were also conservative in comparison to other papers. We think that, if we used animals and patients with FiO2 of 1, we could have obtained a higher degree of atelectasis in the first 90 minutes of anesthesia and/or, if we had used less conservative recruitment maneuvers, we could have obtained statistically significant improvement after maneuvers and institution of PEEP. The electrical impedance tomography seems to be a good means of real time monitoring the lung of dogs undergoing inhalation anesthesia.

The aim of my work is to analyze students' awareness of assessment centers (AC). In the theoretical part, I explain the concept of AC and describe AC techniques. The practical part consists of two questionnaires. The first one was filled in by students of Czech universities and my goal was to determine whether they know what the term AC means and what the main tasks are. The second questionnaire was sent among JOSZEF program graduates who had participated in a two-day AC in Austria. In this case my intention was to get opinions on specific tasks that we performed, and the overall impression of the AC.