The aim of my master’s thesis is to determine the factors, that influence the market rent for agricultural land in Bolehošť and its surroundings. The theoretical part discusses ways to obtain the basic price of agricultural land. Followed by derivation of market rent as a percentage part the of the price agricultural land. Another part of this work is the practical part, where are individual factors influencing the market rent analyzed first generally and then there is described the influence of individual factors directly for agricultural land in Bolehošť and its surroundings. The influence of these factors on the market rent is documented by calculations derived from a database of rent in the contracts. Followed comparison of rents depending on individual factors and their evaluation.

This research aimed to identify reliable economic data for predictive rent modelling in South Africa and Nigeria, as a contribution towards the growing debate on real estate rental forecasting from the African perspective. The data were obtained from the Iress Expert Database, Stat SA, the Central Bank of Nigeria database (CBN), the National Bureau of Statistics and World Bank. The South African economic data comprised time series for a fifteen-year period between Quarter 1 (Q1), 2003 and Quarter 4 (Q4), 2018. The Nigerian data comprised time series for a ten-year period between Quarter 1 (Q1), 2008 and Quarter 4 (Q4), 2018. The logit model was proposed among others as a macroeconomic modelling approach that captures the future rental directions based on the general economic movements and likely turning points. The model is particularly useful due to its reliance on macroeconomic and indirect/listed real estate data which are more readily available to real estate investment decision-makers. This study identified that coincident indicators and the exchange rate both have positive significant relationships with Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) listed real estate as compelling indicators for the South African market. For the Nigerian listed real estate market indicator, the model also responded to interest rate, the consumer price index and the Treasury Bill Rate (TBR) as reliable indicators. In addition to this, analysis revealed the logit regression framework as an improvement to naïve or ordinary linear rent models in these emerging African real estate markets. The use of macroeconomic modelling proved to be a viable alternative to scarce comparable transaction data which serve as the bedrock of traditional real estate investment appraisal. Thus, a forecasting model for early detection of turning points in commercial real estate rental values in South Africa and Nigeria was developed for use in real estate investment decisions. The study concluded that not all economic indicators lead the listed real estate market. The relationship between the macroeconomy and listed real estate is largely significant, but this could be a positive or negative relationship. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / African Real Estate Research (AFRER) for IREBS Foundation. / Construction Economics / MSc / Unrestricted

Syftet med uppsatsen är att utveckla och utvärdera en alternativ modell för hyressättning av statliga ändamålsfastigheter. Arbetet är avgränsat till att omfatta fem kulturinstitutioner i Stockholm som bedriver sina verksamheter i byggnader förvaltade av Statens Fastighetsverk. Dessa är Nationalmuseum, Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, Historiska museet, Dramaten och Operan. / This essay develops and evaluates an alternative rent-setting model for public special purpose properties. The report is limited to cover the relationship between the National Property Board and five of their tenants within the cultural sphere that are subject to cost-based rent.

The Swedish residential rental system and market has been discussed and criticized diligently the past years. A reformed rental law was therefore the 1 stof January 2011 implemented. This has the purpose to better reflect the consumer’s priorities with a more market related rental determination. With this change, it is of interest to compare it to another rental system, with market rents. In the German rental system, free rental setting is allowed in new leases. This thesis aims to evaluate and compare the rental system in Sweden and Germany. The comparison was done after reading several reports, articles and literature as well as interviews with Swedish and German actors. Results show that the reformed Swedish law will not lead to major changes, though it might lead to a more adequate rental determination system. The analysis of the German system, with its free rental setting for new leases show that is better functioning than the Swedish. It is however positive that the new Swedish law incorporates more market related variables, even though the determination of a market rent is quite complex. A free rental setting allocates diversity in the market and contributes to a heterogeneous market, as it is possible to meet different consumers demand. The rental market can be expanded though, with a free rental setting when subletting condominiums. A conclusion from the analysis is that Sweden should strive to adopt a German system with free rental setting in new leases.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This thesis investigates socio-spatial trajectories of class formation and processes of accumulation from below and above on redistributed farmland, the ‘New Qwaqwa Farms’ in the Eastern Free State province of South Africa, from the mid-1980s to 2016. Class formation trajectories of the studied land beneficiaries are traced across localised historical geographies and political contexts, from apartheid to the current democratic dispensation, that is, from the land beneficiaries’ recent ancestral history as labour tenants on white-owned farmland, and subsequent systematic expulsions from farmland, to their Bantustan labour reserve resuscitations as mainly nonagricultural petty commodity producers, and later targeting for land reform, as one measure of redistribution. The study adopted a mixed-methods survey, combining indepth qualitative and quantitative data, informed by critical realism and historical materialism within Marxist agrarian political economy. This methodology was retrospective, circumspective and prospective in unravelling agricultural households’ livelihood trajectories over time and space. The state’s targeting of classes of labour and fragments of the middle class as beneficiaries of land reform in the area of study has materialised into heterogeneous land reform outcomes centred on differentiated farming systems, farming scales, and farm labour requirements. Research findings suggest class differentiation of a sample of 62 cases of family farms into agricultural households engaged in social reproduction (50%), simple reproduction (26%), and accumulation (24%). The first two categories, constituting 76% of the sample, are essentially small-scale capitalist enterprises engaged in constrained and successful reproduction of capital – some of these households can be theorised as an impoverished landed property for their reliance on farm-rental income, combined with marginal farming, and precarious off-farm work for social reproduction. These are small-scale capitalist enterprises on the basis of the capital-wage relation. Their farm production rest upon small livestock herd reproduction and generalised renting out of arable and grazing land. A minority of these small-scale capitalist farms use solely family labour and can thus be defined as petty commodity producers on the basis of their embodiment of the capital-wage relation in one soul or family. The third category constitutes agricultural households on upward trajectories of capital accumulation from below and above, through expanded reproduction of mixed-farming systems, expressed in intensive farming of small but capitalised farms, as well as extensive farming expressed in livestock expansion/accumulation and renting in of additional grazing land, plus capital intensive crop expansion on non-irrigated land and renting in of additional arable land by some of the top 24% of the sample. These research findings illuminate heterogeneous land reform outcomes centred on improved access to land for widening the base of social reproduction for classes of labour, and attendant simple reproduction of small-scale capitalist farms. This heterogeneity also includes the function of land reform for accumulation of capital for the black middle class who can muster off-farm capital resources into expanded farm reproduction on their own and without accumulation from above, demonstrated by some accumulators in the area of study. Accumulation from above is taking place on some of the studied land reform farms, often through intersections with economic histories of accumulation from below, exposing the contradictions of capitalism and attendant compulsions of accumulators to accumulate capital by any means necessary. The downside of accumulation from above, however, through capture of public agricultural subsidy in the area of study, is that the collective 76% of the sample at the lower ends of social differentiation and those accumulators excluded from extraeconomic accumulation, are barred from accessing state subsidy that benefit a few politically-connected farmers. Whether class alliances across those excluded from accessing state subsidy will materialise into overt political action in demanding a share of public goods from the local ruling elite remains to be seen. These research findings contribute to a heterogeneous understanding of land reform which is sensitive to differentiated livelihood outcomes. Prospectively, this suggests much-needed government policy tailored to different classes of farmers in post land reform localities.

Den svenska bostadsmarknaden är i ständig utveckling och det dyker ibland upp nya alternativa boendeformer. Ett exempel på detta är införandet av ägarlägenheter 2009. En förändring som nu diskuteras i riksdagen är införandet av ett hyrköpssystem där hyreslägenheter omvandlas till hyresgästers privatägda ägarlägenheter. Införandet av en ny boendeform kan samtidigt innebära att de gällande lagarna behöver anpassas så att boendeformen passar in i det existerande systemet. I den här uppsatsen diskuteras de viktigaste förändringarna och de mest betydelsefulla ställningstaganden som behöver ske vid införandet av hyrköp i svensk rätt. De två mest betydelsefulla problemen att ta ställning till vid införandet av hyrköp är dels vilka förändringar som behöver göras i reglerna om bildandet av ägarlägenheter, eftersom de i dagsläget endast får bildas i samband med nybyggnation, dels hur hyrköp ska förhålla sig till dagens regler om köp och hyra i och med att hyrköpblir en typ av kombination av dessa. Några viktiga frågor som tas upp avseende gränsdragningen är formkraven för fastighetsköp och den löpande ersättningen som hyresgästen ska betala dels för nyttjandet, dels för köpet. Även avtalsförhållandets upphörande av olika anledningar lyfts och frågan om hur köpeskillingen ska bestämmas i ett sådant avtal som löper över en lång tid lyfts då det är av betydelse för att hitta en lösning som är lämplig för hyrköp som upplåtelseform. Ytterligare en viktig aspekt att beakta vid införandet av ett hyrköpssystem är hur hyresgästens rättsliga ställning påverkas genom övergången från hyresgäst till ägarlägenhetshavare. En sådan övergång medför viktiga förändringar för hyresgästens rätt till sin lägenhet, både på gott och ont. Eftersom det är fråga om ett förslag som diskuterats i riksdagen, men som inte har röstats igenom ännu behöver det tas ställning till hur väl införandet av ett hyrköpssystem svarar mot de intressen som riksdagen avsett att tillgodose genom den nya upplåtelseformen.

School choice dominated discourses within educational policy in the last year; some have even described 2021 as “the year of school choice.” School choice allows public education funds to follow students to the schools or services that best fit their needs. This is often summarized by its advocates as “funding students over systems.” Generally, school choice allows market forces to influence education by providing more competition in the education market. Teachers’ unions have fought against school choice measures for years, but what impact do they have? This undergraduate thesis compares 49 states to determine if the proportion of public school teachers in teachers’ unions in a given state serves as a proxy to measure the impact of unions and to discover whether teachers’ unions influenced whether a state passed new school choice legislation in 2021. By employing a binary logistic regression analysis, the results provide evidence that as the share of public school teachers who are union members increases, a state’s likelihood to pass new school choice legislation increases. This thesis gives a broad view of the impact teachers’ unions have on school choice at the state level, but more research detailing the ways unions leverage these effects and how politicians respond to teachers’ unions in their states would be valuable.

Extending Brennan and Buchanan’s model of leviathan, in which rulers represent the residual claimants of constitutionally unconstrained tax revenue, this paper presents a model in which the government provides the level of public goods that maximizes its revenue surplus as a function of the cost of emigration. To the extent that emigration is impeded, government converges toward pure monopoly provision, generating monopoly rents that facilitate the rent-seeking society. In contrast with Niskanen’s model, in which governments tend to overproduce public goods, this model suggests that governments tend toward underproduction. This result undermines the notion that government must provide public goods to overcome the underproduction of private provision; in reality, government provision may be less efficient than private provision.

El presente trabajo de investigación se realiza con el objetivo de sustentar la viabilidad de un proyecto de negocio, el cual consiste en desarrollar un Aplicativo Móvil que conecte a dos tipos de usuarios con intereses comunes. El primero, aquel que sea propietario de un vehículo y desee rentarlo de manera eventual para obtener ingresos. El segundo, personas que suelen viajar a diferentes lugares, ya sea por trabajo, turismo y/o motivos personales con necesidad de disponer de un vehículo para desarrollar sus actividades en su lugar de destino. En ese sentido, se busca brindar una oportunidad de ingreso a un sector poblacional importante al mismo tiempo solucionar un problema de un grupo considerable de personas con actividades diversas. Para ello, se realizó un análisis completo del entorno (externo, interno e industria) con la finalidad de identificar aspectos que puedan dificultar o brindar oportunidades que permitan determinar los objetivos estratégicos. Para de ello, se procederá a validar el mercado, lo cual implica realizar una investigación de mercado con la finalidad obtener información mediante metodologías cualitativas y cuantitativas para validar las hipótesis. Asimismo, se elabora un plan de marketing, de operaciones y de recursos humanos. Finalmente, se aterriza en un plan económico financiero para validar de manera integral la viabilidad del proyecto en términos económicos, de inversión y financiamiento de ser el caso. En la actualidad, existen empresas que ofrecen servicios de alquiler de vehículos de manera tradicional, por lo que realizarlo por medio de una plataforma digital será innovador y diferenciado. / This research work is carried out with the aim of supporting the viability of a business project, which consists of developing a Mobile Application that connects two types of users with common interests. The first, who owns a vehicle and wants to rent it eventually to earn income. The second, people who usually travel to different places, whether for work, tourism and personal reasons, in need of a vehicle to carry out their activities at their destination. In this sense, it seeks to provide an opportunity to enter an important population sector while solving a problem of a considerable group of people with diverse activities. For this, a complete analysis of the environment (external, internal and industry) was carried out in order to identify aspects that may hinder or provide opportunities that allow determining the strategic objectives. For this, the market will be validated, which implies conducting a market investigation in order to obtain information using qualitative and quantitative methodologies to validate the hypotheses. Likewise, a marketing, operations and human resources plan is prepared. Finally, a financial economic plan is landed to fully validate the viability of the project in economic, investment and financing terms, if applicable. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente proyecto es una plataforma web dedicada a facilitar el alquiler de espacios temporales para determinados eventos. Los propietarios de los inmuebles y los clientes son nuestros dos segmentos de clientes, en base a la investigación realizada son principalmente de Lima Moderna y provenientes del NSE “A” y “B”, ya que estos segmentos demandan un mayor número de espacios. Asimismo, se identificó que los usuarios tienen cada vez menos tiempo para acudir al local y desean que todo el proceso de alquiler sea virtual. Por ello, optan por realizar la búsqueda virtual a través de diversas plataformas web y redes sociales. En base a la tendencia de los negocios digitales se decidió desarrollar Metro Cuadrado con el fin de solucionar el problema identificado, mediante la creación de una plataforma web que conecte personas para el alquiler de espacios específicos. El proyecto mostrará los diversos espacios disponibles para alquiler en 3 categorías: terrazas, matrimonios/fiestas y conferencias/seminarios. Para poner en marcha este proyecto se hizo un análisis de la industria: consumidor, competidores y otros factores externos. Como resultado, luego de una inversión inicial de 15,249.49 soles; el proyecto genera flujos de efectivo positivos desde el segundo año, con una utilidad neta de S/ 32,107.23 y una rentabilidad de 18% para el tercer año. En base a los datos obtenidos vemos a Metro Cuadrado como una idea de negocio rentable y escalable con un valor de S/ 164,770 y un periodo de recuperación de la inversión de un año y ocho meses. / This assignment is about the development of an E-commerce platform dedicated to facilitating rental services for three categories: Weddings and parties, business conferences and rooftops. For this business opportunity we have two types of clients: The Property owners and the clients interested in renting the spaces mentioned above. Conducting an investigation, we discovered that our target of clients are mainly from “Lima Moderna” and belong to the socioeconomic levels “A” and “B”. We also identified that these clients don’t have much free time to visit every space they would like to rent and that’s why they prefer to find these type of services online but maintaining the security and the quality of the process. Therefore, they choose to purchase products and services through various E-Commerce platforms and social networks. Based on the digital startups trend, we decided to develop “Metro Cuadrado” in order to solve the identified problem, which is the lack of flexibility of renting a space for a certain amount of time. By creating this platform, we give clients the opportunity to connect with specific spaces instantly and at the same time create another source of income for the owners. For the launch of this project, the following analysis was made: consumer habits and lifestyles, competitors and other external factors. In addition, we developed strategies which contain the necessary steps to be made for the viability of this project. As a result, after an initial investment of 15,249.49 soles; the project generates a positive cash flow on the second year, with an Net Profit of S/ 32,107 and a net margin of 18% for the third year. Based on the data obtained, we see “Metro Cuadrado” as a profitable and scalable business idea with a value of S/ 164,770 and a payback period of one year and eight months. / Trabajo de investigación