This thesis deals with no delay gear shifting. The first part is devoted to theoretical introduction. The next part describes comprehensive approach to vehicle dynamics, the choice of gear ratios, the use of reverse engineering to model the interior of the gear housing and the actual structural design of the internal components and strength analysis. Moreover, this work should fill the gap in the available literature which is publicly accessible.

his thesis deals with the analysis of particular road resistances that affect the car. It describes their importance and factors that influence their size. This thesis defines steps that determine particular quantities that are necessary to assess road resistances. Describing, it qualifies transfer and sizes of driving force that is needed to overcome total road resistance, measuring methods of road range tests upon appropriation of road resistances and influence of road resistances on economy of traffic. Practical part discusses the plan and course of realized measuring of selected sample of cars. Final part deals with the evaluation of measured values of realized measuring.

Ce travail porte sur l'élaboration et l'analyse du comportement mécanique d'alliages à distribution bimodale de taille de grains. Les applications concernent les aciers inoxydables austénitiques 304L et 316L. Une approche couplée expérience-modélisation est menée pour comprendre les réponses mécaniques macroscopiques et locales de ces nouveaux alliages en se basant notamment sur l'étude des mécanismes de déformation associés. L'utilisation de deux voies d'élaboration et l'optimisation de leurs paramètres a conduit à l'obtention d'un large choix d'échantillons avec différentes distributions bimodales et différentes proportions de chaque famille de taille de grains. L'influence de ces caractéristiques microstructurales sur le comportement a été analysée sur la base d'essais en traction simple sous chargement monotone ou en charges-décharges alternées. Une base de données étendue de propriétés a ainsi été constituée et des éléments de réponse concernant les mécanismes de déformation propres aux alliages bimodaux ont pu être apportés. La présence de grains de taille conventionnelle (Coarse Grain -CG) au sein d'une matrice à grains ultrafins (UltraFine Grain - UFG) semble favoriser la relaxation d'une partie des contraintes internes de la matrice et tend ainsi à retarder l'endommagement des alliages bimodaux en comparaison aux alliages unimodaux à grains ultrafins. Une modélisation à champs complets selon deux lois de plasticité cristalline tenant compte explicitement d'une longueur interne a été proposée. Sa première motivation est de fournir un outil de prédiction du comportement effectif des alliages bimodaux en fonction de leurs caractéristiques microstructurales. Elle donne par ailleurs accès aux champs locaux et permet d'appuyer les analyses expérimentales en partition des contraintes en montrant à la fois une relaxation partielle des contraintes dans la matrice UFG mais aussi des concentrations de contrainte aux interfaces CG/UFG. / This work is focused on the elaboration and the mechanical behaviour of 304L and 316L austenitic stainless steel alloys with bimodal grain size distribution. The complementary approach between experiments and modelling enables a better understanding of both macroscopic and local mechanical responses and also of the associated deformation mechanisms.The use of two elaboration routes and optimized process parameters results in a wide range of samples with different bimodal grain size distributions. Grain sizes and fractions of each population are modified in order to study the influence of these microstructural characteristics on mechanical behavior. Uniaxial tensile tests are used to realize a database of mechanical properties of bimodal alloys and loading-unloading tests provides valuable informations about deformation mechanisms in these materials. With coarse grains (CG) embedded in an ultrafine grained (UFG) matrix, a relaxation of a part of the internal stresses seems to take place and leads to a delayed embrittlement of bimodal alloys as compared to their unimodal counterparts. Full-field modelling, based on two crystal plasticity laws with an explicit account of an internal length, is proposed. It constitutes a valuable prediction tool of effective properties of bimodal alloys in order, in particular, to study the effect of several microstructural characteristics. An access to local fields is also possible and tend, so far, to show similar results compared to experimental ones : stress relaxation is observed in the UFG matrix as well as stress concentrations at the CG/UFG interfaces.

Nous étudions deux problèmes différents qui ont leur origine dans la théorie du contrôle géométrique. Le Problème I consiste à étendre le concept du groupe d'holonomie horizontale sur une variété affine. Plus précisément, nous considérons une variété connexe lisse de dimension finie M, une connexion affine ∇ avec le groupe d'holonomie H∇ et une distribution lisse ∆ complètement non intégrable. Dans un premier temps, nous définissons le groupe d'holonomie ∆-horizontale H∆∇ comme le sous-groupe de H∇ obtenu par le transport parallèle le long des lacets tangents à ∆. Nous donnons les propriétés élémentaires de H∆∇ et ensuite nous faisons une étude détaillée en utilisant le formalisme de roulement. Il est montré en particulier que H∆∇ est un groupe de Lie. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié un exemple explicite où M est un groupe de Carnot libre d'ordre 2 avec m ≥ 2 générateurs, et ∇ est la connexion de Levi-Civita associé à une métrique riemannienne sur M. Nous avons montré dans ce cas particulier que H∆∇ est compact et strictement inclus dans H∇ dès que m≥3. Le Problème II étudie la modélisation du problème du solveur d'esquisse. Ce problème est une des étapes d'un logiciel de CFAO. Notre but est d'arriver à une modélisation mathématique bien fondée et systématique du problème du solveur d'esquisse. Il s'agira ensuite de comprendre la convergence de l'algorithme, d'en améliorer les résultats et d'en étendre les fonctionnalités. L'idée directrice de l'algorithme est de remplacer tout d'abord les points de l'espace des sphères par des déplacements (éléments du groupe) et puis d'utiliser une méthode de Newton sur les groupes de Lie ainsi obtenus. Dans cette thèse, nous avons classifié les groupes de déplacements possibles en utilisant la théorie des groupes de Lie. En particulier, nous avons distingué trois ensembles, chaque ensemble contenant un type d'objet: le premier est l'ensemble des points, noté Points , le deuxième est l'ensemble des droites, noté Droites, et le troisième est l'ensemble des cercles et des droites, que nous notons ∧. Pour chaque type d'objet nous avons étudié tous les groupes de déplacements possibles, selon les propriétés souhaitées. Nous proposons finalement d'utiliser les groupes de déplacements suivant: pour le déplacement des points, le groupe des translations, qui agit transitivement sur Points ; pour les droites, le groupe des translations et rotations, qui est de dimension 3 et agit transitivement (globalement mais pas localement) sur Droites ; sur les droites et cercles, le groupe des anti-translations, rotations et dilatations qui est de dimension 4 et agit transitivement (globalement mais pas localement) sur ∧. / We study two problems arising from geometric control theory. The Problem I consists of extending the concept of horizontal holonomy group for affine manifolds. More precisely, we consider a smooth connected finite-dimensional manifold M, an affine connection ∇ with holonomy group H∇ and ∆ a smooth completely non integrable distribution. We define the ∆-horizontal holonomy group H∆∇ as the subgroup of H∇ obtained by ∇-parallel transporting frames only along loops tangent to ∆. We first set elementary properties of H∆∇ and show how to study it using the rolling formalism. In particular, it is shown that H∆∇ is a Lie group. Moreover, we study an explicit example where M is a free step-two homogeneous Carnot group with m≥2 generators, and ∇ is the Levi-Civita connection associated to a Riemannian metric on M, and show in this particular case that H∆∇ is compact and strictly included in H∇ as soon as m≥3. The Problem II is studying the modeling of the problem of solver sketch. This problem is one of the steps of a CAD/CAM software. Our goal is to achieve a well founded mathematical modeling and systematic the problem of solver sketch. The next step is to understand the convergence of the algorithm, to improve the results and to expand the functionality. The main idea of the algorithm is to replace first the points of the space of spheres by displacements (elements of the group) and then use a Newton's method on Lie groups obtained. In this thesis, we classified the possible displacements of the groups using the theory of Lie groups. In particular, we distinguished three sets, each set containing an object type: the first one is the set of points, denoted Points, the second is the set of lines, denoted Lines, and the third is the set of circles and lines, we note that ∧. For each type of object, we investigated all the possible movements of groups, depending on the desired properties. Finally, we propose to use the following displacement of groups for the displacement of points, the group of translations, which acts transitively on Lines ; for the lines, the group of translations and rotations, which is 3-dimensional and acts transitively (globally but not locally) on Lines ; on lines and circles, the group of anti-translations, rotations and dilations which has dimension 4 and acts transitively (globally but not locally) on ∧.

In der Präsentation werden typische Engineeringaufgaben präsentiert, die mit modernen IT-Werkzeugen erledigt werden. Es wird auf die Einführung und die Durchgängigkeit eines 3D-CAD-Systems eingegangen und gezeigt, wie mit diesem System Simulations- und Prozesskettenthemen in der Praxis bei der SMS Siemag AG behandelt werden. Ebenfalls anhand von Beispielen wird die Thematik der großen Baugruppen und der Anlagenplanung im 3D-Engineering dargestellt.

Das Ausmaß der Korrosion kann durch den Werkstoff- und Oberflächenzustand gesteuert werden. Wichtige Einflussgrößen sind die Rauheit, Kristallitgröße, Mikroverzerrung, Textur und Eigenspannungen. Am Beispiel von Kaltwalzprozessen werden Abhängigkeiten dieser Größen vom Umformgrad aufgezeigt, die in numerische Simulationen implementierbar sind und somit die Aussagefähigkeit der Berechnungen maßgeblich erhöhen können. Es wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit ein Modell zur qualitativen und quantitativen Erfassung der Zusammenhänge zwischen den Einflussgrößen und der Korrosionsrate vorgeschlagen. Am Beispiel eines unlegierten Stahls (DC04) kann damit die minimal mögliche Korrosionsrate in Schwefelsäure berechnet sowie ein optimierter Ablauf der Prozessroute beim Kaltwalzen abgeleitet werden, um dieses Minimum zu erreichen. Das Modell ist auf weitere Korrosionssysteme übertragbar, was am Beispiel von EN AW-1050/Schwefelsäure aufgezeigt wird. / The extent of corrosion can be controlled by the material and surface state. Important parameters are: roughness, crystallite size, microstrain, texture and residual stresses. Using the example of cold-rolling processes, the dependencies of these parameters on the plastic strain are shown that can be implemented in numerical simulations and allow increasing the information extracted from the calculations significantly. A model is proposed for determining qualitative and quantitative correlations between the corrosion-affecting parameters and the corrosion rate. Using a carbon steel (DC04), the minimal corrosion rate in sulphuric acid can be calculated and an appropriate processing route is suggested. The model can be adopted for other corrosion systems, which is shown for EN AW-1050/sulphuric acid.

This thesis is focused on the design and development of an approach, allowing the fabrication of biocompatible/biodegradable self-rolled polymer tubes, which are sensitive to stimuli at physiological conditions, can be homogenously filled with cells and are able to self-assemble into a complex 3D construct with uniaxially aligned pores. These constructs are aimed to recreate the microstructure of tissues with structural anisotropy, such as of muscles and bones. The approach consists of two steps of self-assembly. As a first step, cells are adsorbed on the top of an unfolded bilayer; triggered rolling results in a parallel encapsulation of cells inside the tubes. As a second step, the formed self-rolled tubes with encapsulated cells can be assembled in a uniaxial tubular scaffold. Three polymer systems were designed and investigated in the present work in order to allow triggered folding of the bilayer. These systems allow either reversible or irreversible tube formation. The possibility to encapsulate microobjects inside self-rolled polymer tubes was demonstrated on the example of silica particles, yeast cells and mammalian cells. At conditions when bilayer film is unfolded, particles or cells were deposited from their aqueous dispersion on the top of bilayer. An appropriate change of conditions triggers folding of the bilayer and results in encapsulation of particles or cells inside the tubes. One way swelling of an active polymer allows irreversible encapsulation of cells in a way that tubes do not unroll and cells cannot escape. It was demonstrated that encapsulated cells can proliferate and divide inside the tubes for a long period of time. Since used polymers are optically transparent, encapsulated cells can be easily observed using optical and fluorescent microscopy. Reversible swelling of an active polymer provides the possibility to release encapsulated objects. It was demonstrated that in aqueous media microtubes possessing small amount of negatively charged groups on external walls self-assemble in the presence of oppositely charged microparticles that results in a formation of 3D constructs. In obtained aggregates tubes and therefore pores were well-aligned and the orientation degree was extremely high. Moreover, the approach allows the design of porous materials with complex architectures formed by tubes of different sorts. The assembly of cell-laden microtubes results in a formation of uniaxial tubular scaffold homogeneously filled with cells. The results presented in this work demonstrate that the proposed approach is of practical interest for biotechnological applications. Self-rolled tubes can be filled with cells during their folding providing the desired homogeneity of filling. Individual tubes of different diameters could be used to investigate cell behaviour in confinement in conditions of structural anisotropy as well as to mimic blood vessels. Due to their directionality tubes could be used to guide the growth of cells that is of interest for regeneration of neuronal tissue. Reversibly foldable films allow triggered capture and release of the cells that could be implemented for controlled cell delivery. In perspective, self-assembled 3D constructs with aligned pores could be used for bottom-up engineering of the scaffolds, mimicking such tissues as cortical bone and skeletal muscle, which are characterized by repeating longitudinal units. Such constructs can be also considered as a good alternative of traditional 2D flat cell culture.

The thesis deals with the evaluation of the influence of foam rolling on selected parameters of somatosensory perception (pressure-algic threshold, vibrotactile sensation). The theoretical part discusses fascial tissue, summarizes the current knowledge of foam rolling and focuses on the mechanisms of pain and vibrotactile sensation. The research part consists of a randomized blind study on a group of 15 healthy probands (11 women, 4 men), which evaluates the effect of foam rolling. The effect is objectivized by pressure algometry and vibrametry on the m. rectus femoris and m. biceps femoris of both lower limbs (measured before and after therapy). The value of the pressure pain threshold (PPT) increased after foam rolling. Vibrotactile threshold (VT) was lower after foam rolling than before its use, which means that vibrotactile sensitivity was increased. The results show that these changes do not occur only in the interventioned m. rectus femoris, but some changes in parameters can be found in other muscles as well. Keywords fascial tissues, foam rolling, pressure algometry, pressure pain treshold, PPT, vibrametry, somatosensory system, nociception, diffuse noxious inhibitory control, DNIC

In this study, the effect of speed was investigated on the breakage rate of UG2 platinum ore in a batch mill of 5 dm3 and 175 mm internal diameter. One size fraction method was carried out to perform the experiment. Five mono-sized fractions in the range of 1.180 mm to 0.212 mm separated by √2 series interval were prepared. The fractions were milled at different grinding times (0.5, 2, 4, 15 and 30 min) and three fractions of mill critical speed were considered (20%, 30%, and 40%). The target of critical speed below 50% was due to the need of lower energy consumption in milling processes. The selection and breakage function parameters were determined and compared for fractions of critical speed. First the grinding kinetics of the ore was determined and it was found that the material breaks in non-first order manner. Thereafter, effective mean rate of breakage was determined. It was found that the rate of breakage increased with increase of mill speed and optimum speed was not reached in the range of chosen mill speed fractions. Again the rate of breakage was plotted as a function of particle size, the optimum size was 0.8 mm when milling at 30% critical speed. As for 20% and 30% optimum size was not reached. The selection function parameters estimated at 30% critical speed were 𝑎0 = 0.04 min−1 , 𝛼 = 1.36, 𝜇 = 0.9 mm, and Λ = 3. Breakage function parameters were determined and was noticed that the material UG2 platinum ore is non-normalised, i.e. Φ value was changing from 0.25 to 0.90 depending on feed size and mill speed. The parameters 𝛽 and 𝛾 were constant at 7.3 and 1.17 respectively. / College of Science, Engineering and Technology / M. Tech. (Chemical Engineering)

Auf der Suche nach immer kompakteren koaxialen Getrieben für kleine Antriebe steht eine neue Bauweise bereit. Der Foliensatz stellt kurz die Baugruppen eines solchen Getriebes vor und klärt über einige der Herausforderungen auf, die die Entwicklung beeinflussen. Weiterhin wird auf die Berechnung der verbauten Hypoidzahnradstufe eingegangen. Die Berechnung der Zahngeometrie ausgehend von den Wälz-Gleit-Körpern wird losgelöst von den Einschränkungen betrachtet, die herkömmliche Serienfertigungsverfahren mit sich bringen. Ausblickend werden die Entwicklungsschritte umrissen, die zunächst zum Prototyp und darüber hinaus zur Serienreife führen.