Introduction: Organized recess activities which stimulate to physical activity are important for developing social skills, academic performance, and creating a positive attitude towards physical activity. The aim of the study is to investigate key people's perceptions towards the implementation of organized recess activities, with an enforcement on physical activities in primary and secondary schools. Method: An exploratory study design with an inductive approach has been used. Five semi-structured interviews were performed to collect data based on the purpose and questions of the study. A purposive sampling has been performed to provide experienced and additional informative respondents. Collected data has been analysed with a qualitative content analysis within a manifest approach. Findings shows an active work and interest in organized recess activities. The importance of having secure adults at break times was reported by all respondents in this study. Perceptions is that recess does not receive the same priority as other subjects within schools. General barriers for the implementation of organized recess activities were lack of commitment, knowledge, planning time and staff resources. Conclusion: Additional knowledge about recess may be a prerequisite for whether schools choose to develop the work with organized recess activities with an enforcement on physical activities. / Introduktion: Organiserade rastaktiviteter som stimulerar till fysisk aktivitet är viktiga för att utveckla sociala färdigheter, förbättra skolprestationer och skapa en positiv inställning till fysisk aktivitet. Syftet med studien är att undersöka nyckelpersoners uppfattningar till implementering av organiserade rastaktiviteter, med fokus på fysiska aktiviteter på låg och mellanstadiet. Metod: En explorativ studiedesign med induktiv ansats har använts som metod. Fem semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts för att samla in data om studiens syfte och frågeställningar. Ett strategiskt urval har vidtagits för att tillhandahålla erfarna och informationsrika respondenter. Insamlade data har analyserats med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med fokuset på det manifesta innehållet. Resultatet visar ett aktivt arbete och intresse för organiserade rastaktiviteter med fokus på fysiska aktiviteter. Betydelsen av att det skall finnas trygga vuxna ute på rasten rapporterades av samtliga respondenter i denna studie. Generella uppfattningar förelåg om att rasten inte blir lika högt prioriterad som andra ämnen i skolan. Utmaningar för implementering av organiserade rastaktiviteter var brist på engagemang, kunskap planeringstid och personal. Slutsats: Ytterligare kunskap om rasten kan sannolikt vara en förutsättning för huruvida skolor väljer att utöka arbetet med organiserade rastaktiviteter med fokus på fysiska aktiviteter.

Bakgrund Volleyboll är en fysiskt ansträngande idrott som framför allt ställer höga krav på utövarens explosivitet, snabbhet och styrka, där behovet av förmågorna varierar beroende på spelarposition. Med beaktande av den begränsade mängd studier som undersöker olika prestationsförmågor mellan spelarpositioner hos kvinnliga volleybollspelare finns det ett behov av ytterligare studier som undersöker dessa aspekter. Syfte Undersökningens primära syfte var att statistiskt analysera fysiska prestationsförmågor under säsong hos kvinnliga volleybollspelare på semi-elitnivå med målet att identifiera lämpliga tester för populationen. Det sekundära syftet var att kartlägga och beskriva de fysiska prestationsförmågorna hos populationen. Metod Tvärsnittsundersökning med kvantitativ ansats. Datainsamlingen bestod av fem fältbaserade fysiska tester samt tre maximala styrketester. Tio (n=10) aktiva kvinnliga volleybollspelare på semi-elitnivå deltog i undersökningen. Resultat I analysen noterades vissa signifikanta korrelationer mellan testerna. 3 RM Squat korrelerade statistiskt med Vertikal Hoppförmåga (r= 0,668, p= 0,035) samt 3 RM Hip Thrust (r= 0,721, p= 0,019). 3 RM Hip Thrust korrelerade inte mot något av hopptesterna. För Standing Long Jump (SLJ) noterades ingen signifikant korrelation mot övriga tester. Ett starkt signifikant samband konstaterades mellan Sittande Stöt Med Medicinboll (SMBT) och 3 RM Bänkpress (r= 0,775, p= 0,008). RAST och Beep-testet korrelerade signifikant mot varandra (r= 0,690, p= 0,040), dock inte mot övriga tester. I kartläggningen noterades skillnader i prestationsförmåga hos populationen, där de största skillnaderna observerades hos centerspelarna i styrketesterna och VJT.  Slutsats VJT och 3 RM Squat tycks vara de mest lämpliga testerna för utvärdering av hopp och styrkeförmåga hos kvinnliga volleybollspelare under säsong. Även SMBT och 3 RM Bänkpress verkar vara lämpliga test för utvärdering av prestationsförmåga för övre extremiteterna. RAST-testet var inte ett användbart test för populationen, Beep-testet kan dock användas för att kartlägga konditionsnivån. Med beaktning till resultatet av undersökningen förefaller kartläggning av kvinnliga volleybollspelares prestationsförmågor under säsong genom lämpliga tester vara viktigt för att kunna identifiera skillnader i prestationsförmågor mellan olika spelarpositioner och inom samma spelarposition. / Background Volleyball is a physically demanding sport which puts a high demand on the player's anaerobic, speed, and muscular capabilities, where the requirement for these capabilities is dependant on the player's position. Considering the small number of studies examining physical capabilities in various player positions in female volleyball, more studies examining these aspects are needed.  Aim The primary aim of the study was to statistically analyze physical capabilities during the season in female volleyball players at the sub-elite level to identify appropriate tests for the population. The secondary aim was to map and describe the physical capabilities of the population. Method A Cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach was conducted. The subjects performed five field-based physical tests and three maximal muscular tests. Ten (n=10) female volleyball players at the sub-elite level participated in the study. Results Significant correlations were noted between some of the tests. 3 RM Squat correlated significantly with Vertical Jump Test (VJT) (r= 0,668, p= 0,035) and 3 RM Hip Thrust (r= 0,721, p= 0,019). 3 RM Hip Thrust did not correlate with any of the jump tests. No significant correlation was noted between the Standing Long Jump (SLJ) and other tests. A strong correlation was observed between the Seated Medicine Ball Toss Test (SMBT) and 3 RM Bench press (r= 0,775, p= 0,008). The RAST and Beep-test correlated significantly but not against any other test. (r= 0,690, p= 0,040). Differences in physical capabilities were observed in the mapping, where the largest differences were noted in the middle-blocker position for the maximum strength tests and VJT. Conclusion VJT and 3 RM Squat seem to be the most appropriate tests for evaluating jump and strength capabilities in the lower extremities. In addition, the SMBT and 3 RM Bench press both seem to be appropriate tests for evaluating performance in the upper extremities. The RAST-test does not seem to be a useful test for the population, the Beep-test however can be used to evaluate aerobic performance. Based on the findings of this study, mapping physical capabilities in female volleyball players through appropriate tests during the season seems to be important in order to detect differences in physical capabilities between player positions and within player positions.

This diploma thesis deals with the development of human capital in China, India, and South Africa. It focuses on the historical development and the main milestones in the development of education systems in individual countries and subsequently their current state. The aim is to compare individual countries in terms of human capital development and to figure out why South Africa is ranked worse than the other two countries in the World Bank's Human Capital Index, even though it is one of the upper middle-income countries along with China and India is a country with a lower middle income and yet it is ranked higher in this ranking. The work examines the history of the development of education systems in individual countries and describes their significant milestones that have influenced education to such an extent that the country is still struggling with the consequences. Firstly, this thesis describes the current state of education systems and gathers important characteristics and major problems. These problems stem mainly from historical developments, which have caused China to reform its education in order to get rid of the consequences of Soviet influence. India has been particularly influenced by British influence, which has changed its traditional education and is currently struggling with...

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden Methoden präsentiert, die Anwender bei der Auslegung von taktzeitoptimalen Bewegungen für typische Rast-in-Rast-Charakteristiken unter Verwendung von normierten Bewegungsgesetzen nach der VDI-Richtlinie 2143 unterstützen. Es wird eine Herangehensweise vorgestellt, die bei Vorgabe von kinematischen Bewegungsgrenzen zu verwenden ist. Führt dabei die resultierende Bewegung zu einer unzulässigen Erwärmung des Antriebs, lässt sich mit Hilfe anderer Werkzeuge die minimal mögliche und somit optimale Taktzeit effizient bestimmen.:1 Einleitung 2 Stand der Forschung 3 Grundlagen 4 Taktzeitoptimierung bei kinematischen Restriktionen 5 Taktzeitoptimierung bei thermischen Restriktionen 6 Anwendungsbeispiele 7 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick / This paper presents methods to help users design motions with ideal cycle times for rest in rest applications by using the normalized laws of motion according to the VDI guideline 2143. The approach shown is used for systems that are limited by their kinematic parameters. If the resulting movement leads to inadmissible heating of the drive, other tools are able to determine the minimal cycle time considering the thermal limit.:1 Einleitung 2 Stand der Forschung 3 Grundlagen 4 Taktzeitoptimierung bei kinematischen Restriktionen 5 Taktzeitoptimierung bei thermischen Restriktionen 6 Anwendungsbeispiele 7 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick

Competition is a very important natural phenomenon, which causes the rivalry of organisms, in cases such as space limitation or lack of nutrients. It occurs mainly in situations where organisms, including microorganisms live in large populations. Multicellular yeast colonies represent an example of such a population. After the population of yeast cells spends nutrients from the environment, the cells in colonies are able to respond to these changes by production of ammonia functioning as a signaling molecule. Subsequently, the cells are able to change their morphology and metabolism and, dependently on their location within the colony, to create a subpopulation of cells with specific characteristics and functions. It is likely that in the case of mixed colonies formed by the two different strains, a competition between the cells of these two strains could exist. Such rivalry can result in changes in the ratio of cells of the two strains within the colony population, so that the cells of one strain outweigh the other. In this diploma thesis, I compared the growth and development of giant colonies and competition between the cells of selected pairs of strains forming mixed colonies. I focused on the parental strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY and its variants labeled with fluorescent proteins. For...

Do Structural Funds and Cohesion Fund contribute to the improvement of economic performance across Slovak districts? In order to answer the question this thesis explores the impact of EU funds invested within specific operational programmes over the programming periods 2007-2013 and 2014-2020 on the decrease in unemployment rate and on the increase in real wage and employment rate. Besides the standard panel data regression technique we also apply a spatial autoregressive model due to the presence of spillover effects between regions. This thesis thus goes beyond the existing literature on the evaluation of the impact of EU funds in Slovakia as it incorporates spatial effects in the analysis. In comparison with the results of the baseline fixed effects model, the estimated impact of EU funds in the spatial autoregressive model is smaller and in certain cases even negative. Hence the results raise doubts about the efficiency of EU funds. Furthermore, after including the spatial effects we find that the existence and significance of the economic convergence across Slovakia depends not only on the chosen economic indicator but also on the specification of regional units.

Bakgrunden till studien baseras på aktuell forskning om barns hälsa, sociala utveckling och samspel. Barndomen kan vara avgörande för en individs framtida hälsa. Skolan är under denna tidsperiod en viktig arena som når ut till större delen av landets barn. Tidigare forskning om barn har till stor del utgått från ett vuxet perspektiv, vilket inneburit att den verkliga målgruppens upplevelser kan ha gått förlorade. Den här studien avsåg därför att belysa barns perspektiv. Studiens syfte var att undersöka elevernas egen uppfattning av skolrasten med en inriktning på socialt samspel elever emellan samt med vuxna. För att besvara syftet valdes en metod med kvalitativ ansats och fokusgruppsintervjuer som insamlingsmetod. Totalt fyra fokusgruppsintervjuer sammansatta av totalt 17 elever genomfördes. Studiens resultat presenteras under huvudkategorierna Socialt samspel i relation till vuxna samt Lek och gemenskap elever emellan. Det visade elevernas upplevelser av skolrasten och de samspel som uppstår elever emellan och med vuxna. Det framkom att den här period i livet är en tid för träning och inlärning av metoder för kommunikation och sociala normer. Både vuxennärvaro och makt att kunna påverka sin situation beskrevs som viktig faktorer för elevernas välbefinnande. Utifrån resultatet sammanställdes en konklusion som motiverar vikten av elevernas möjlighet att påverka sin situation för att de ska uppleva god hälsa. Rasten är viktig för eleverna och deras välbefinnande. Genom att prioritera hälsa tidigt hos barn ger bra förutsättningar för god hälsa genom hela livet. / The background to this study is based on current research about the health of children, social development and interplay. Childhood may be crucial to an individual’s future health. During this period of time school is an important arena that reaches most of the country’s children.  Previous research about children is mainly formed out of an adult perspective, and due to this the experience of the actual primary group may have been lost. Therefore, this study intended to illustrate the perspective of the children. The purpose of the study was to investigate the students’ own experiences of the recess in school with focus on the interplay between the students and to the adults. To answer the purpose of the study a method of a qualitative approach and focus group interviews were selected. A total of four focus groups composed out of 17 students were completed. The results of the study are presented under the main categories Social interaction in relation to adults as well as Play and solidarity between students. It shows the students experience of the recess in school and the interplay between the students and in relations to the adults. It appears that this period in life is a time for practice and learning methods for communication and social norms. It turns out that the presents of adults and the power to be able to affect your own situation both are important factors for the well being of the students. Based on the result a conclusion is compiled that motivates the importance of students possibility to affect their own situation and experience good health. The recess is important for the students and their well being. By making a health early among children a priority better presumptions for good health all through life is given.

<p>Hormon rasta ima ključnu ulogu u mnogim fiziolo&scaron;kim procesima, anabolički efekti, stimulisanje rasta dugih kostiju, regulacija transkripcije gena u ciljnim ćelijama su uglavnom posredovani preko mitogenog polipeptida, insulinu sličan faktor rasta tip 1 (insulin like growth factor 1-IGF-1). Hormon rasta indukuje proizvodnju IGF-1 u jetri, koji reaguje sa receptorima ciljnih organa indukujući rast, odnosno IGF-1 posreduje svim stimulativnim dejstvima hormona rasta na kost, hrskavicu, rast mi&scaron;ić a i na metabolizam masti i ugljenih hidrata. U proceni redovnosti, bezbednosti i efikasnosti terapije hormonom rasta koristi se merenje koncentracije IGF-1 u serumu. Istraživanje je urađeno kao retrospektivno-prospektivna studija, a obuhvatilo je 80 pacijenata na terapiji hormonom rasta koja se kontroli&scaron;u i leče na Odeljenju za endokrinologiju, dijabetes i bolesti metabolizma Instituta za zdravstvenu za&scaron;titu dece i omladine Vojvodine u Novom Sadu. Istraživani uzorak je obuhvatio 80 pacijenata, od kojih 35 dece sa nedostatkom hormona rasta, 24 dece rođene male za gestacionu dob i 21 devojčicu sa Tarnerovim sindromom. Svi ispitanici su praćeni od početka primene hormona rasta i tokom prve dve godine terapije hormonom rasta. U ovom istraživanju su praćeni auksolo&scaron;ki i laboratorijski parametri u cilju ispitivanja odgovora na terapiju hormonom rasta. Praćene su bazalne vrednosti IGF-1 i promene nivoa IGF-1 u serumu tokom terapije hormonom rasta i kori&scaron;ćene da bi se ispitao odgovor na terapiju hormonom rasta, praćenjem brzine rasta, promena skora standardnih devijacija - SSD za telesnu visinu i ko&scaron;tanog sazrevanja. Ciljevi istraživanja su bili da se utvrdi povezanost vrednosti insulinu sličnog faktora rasta tip 1, brzine rasta i ko&scaron;tanog sazrevanja tokom terapije hormonom rasta. Takođe je poređena brzina rasta dece sa deficitom hormona rasta, devojčica sa T arnerovim sindromom i dece rođene male za gestaciono doba na terapiji hormonom rasta. U istraživanom uzorku, dvogodi&scaron;njim praćenjem terapije hormonom rasta je postignut dobar odgovor na terapiju, među decom sa nedostatkom hormona rasta je 71,5% postiglo normalnu telesnu visinu (&plusmn;2 SSDTV) posle dve godine terapije hormonom rasta, 79,2% dece rođene male za gestacionu dob i 42,9% devojčica sa Tarnerovim sindromom. Značajna zastupljenost dece prepubertetskog uzrasta na početku terapije hormonom rasta, među decom sa nedostatkom hormona rasta 77,2%, među decom rođenom malom za gestacionu dob 79,1% i među devojčicama sa Tarnerovim sindromom 90,5% &scaron;to je značajno uticalo na uspe&scaron;nost terapije. Tokom terapije hormonom rasta je utvrđeno povećanje brzine rasta i SSD TV kod sve tri grupe ispitanika. U sve tri grupe ispitanika je tokom terapije hormonom rasta utvrđen porast nivoa IGF-1 seruma i SSDIGF-1 i ubrzanje ko&scaron;tanog sazrevanja tokom terapije hormonom rasta. Za prvih &scaron;est meseci terapije nema statistički značajnih razlika među grupama u brzini rasta (p&gt;0,05), dok je za period prve i druge godine terapije hormonom rasta utvrđeno da postoji statistički značajna razlika među grupama (p&lt;0,05), da je brzina rasta kod devojčica za Tarnerovim sindromom statistički značajno manja i od brzine rasta kod dece sa nedostatkom hormona rasta (p &lt;0,05), i od brzine rasta kod dece rođene male za gestacionu dob (p&lt;0,05). Među decom sa nedostatkom hormona rasta i dece rođene male za gestacionu dob nema statistički značajne razlike u brzini rasta (p&gt;0,5). U ovom istraživanju je praćenjem auskolo&scaron;kih i laboratrijskih parametara tokom dvogodi&scaron;nje primene hormona rasta, konstruisano vi&scaron;e matematičkih modela za predviđanje odgovora na terapiju hormona rasta koji su statistički veoma značajani sa visokim koeficijentom vi&scaron;estruke linearne korelacije. U ovom istraživanju nije dobijena statistički značajna korelacija izmedju nivoa promene IGF-1 i brzine rasta za ceo uzorak, kao ni za decu sa nedostatkom hormona rasta, decu rođenu malu za gestacionu dob i devojčice za Tarnerovim sindromom. Nije dobijena statistički značajna korelacija izmedju nivoa promene IGF-1 i ubrzanja ko&scaron;tanog sazrevanja za ceo uzorak i za tri grupe pacijenata.</p> / <p>Growth hormone plays a key role in many physiological processes. The anabolic effects, the stimulation of growth of the long bones and the regulation of gene transcription in the target cells are mediated mainly via mitogenic polypeptide and insulin-like growth factor type 1 (insulin like growth factor 1-IGF-1). Growth hormone induces the production of IGF-1 in the liver, which interacts with receptors of the target organs inducing growth, that is, IGF-1 mediates all the stimulating effects of growth hormone on bone, cartilage, muscle growth and the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates. In assessing the regularity, safety and efficacy of growth hormone therapy, measuring the concentration of IGF-1 in serum is used. The survey was conducted as a retrospective-prospective study and involved 80 patients treated with growth hormone, monitored and treated at the Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, at the Institute for Health Protection of Children and Youth of Vojvodina in Novi Sad. Investigated sample included 80 patients, of whom 35 children have growth hormone deficiency, 24 children were born small for gestational age and 21 girls with Turner syndrome. All the patients were monitored from the beginning of the administration of growth hormone and during the first two years of growth hormone therapy. In this study, auxological and laboratory parameters were monitored for the purpose of examining the response to treatment of growth hormone. The basal values of IGF-1 and changes in IGF-1 levels in serum, along with monitoring the rate of growth velocity and recent changes in standard deviation - SSD for body height and bone maturation, were monitored during growth hormone therapy and used for the evaluation of the response to growth hormone therapy. The objectives of the study were to determine the correlation of insulin-like growth factor type 1 values, the growth velocity and maturation of bone during growth hormone therapy. Also, the growth velocity in children with growth hormone deficiency was compared with the growth velocity in girls with Turner syndrome and in children born small for gestational age while treated with growth hormone. Two-year monitoring of growth hormone therapy in the study sample has show n good response to therapy. 71.5% of children with growth hormone deficiency, 79.2% of children born small for gestational age, and 42.9% of girls with Turner syndrome achieved normal body height (&plusmn; 2 SSDTV) after two years of growth hormone therapy. There was a significant share of children at prepubertal age at the beginning of growth hormone therapy: 77.2% of children with growth hormone deficiency, 79.1% of children born small for gestational age and 90.5% of girls with Turner syndrome, which significantly influenced the success of the therapy. During the growth hormone therapy there was an increase of growth velocity and SSD TV in all three groups of children. An increase in levels of IGF-1 serum and SSDIGF-1 and acceleration of bone maturation were determined in all three groups of patients during growth hormone therapy. For the first six months of therapy there was no statistically significant difference between groups in growth velocity (p&gt; 0.05), while the period of the first and second year of growth hormone therapy showed a statistically significant difference between groups (p &lt;0.05). The growth velocity in girls with Turner syndrome was significantly lower than the growth velocity in children with growth hormone deficiency (p &lt;0.05) and in children born small for gestational age (p &lt;0.05). Between children with growth hormone deficiency and children born small for gestational age there was no statistically significant difference in growth velocity (p&gt; 0.5). By monitoring auxological and laboratory parameters during the two years of application of growth hormone, several highly statistically significant mathematical models for predicting the response to treatment of growth hormone were constructed in this study with a high coefficient of multiple linear correlation. In this study, there was no statistically significant correlation between the level of change in IGF-1 and growth velocity for the entire sample, as well as for children with growth hormone deficiency, children born small for gestational age and girls for Turner syndrome. There was no statistically significant correlation between the level of change in IGF-1 and acceleration of bone maturation for the entire sample and for the three groups of patients.</p>